VISVESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,BELGAUM

S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Department of Civil Engineering

PROJECT REPORT ON

STUDY ON WATER REQUIRMENT OF

CROPS FOR HUBLI AND DHARWAD
TALUKAS
Under The Guidance Of
Dr A.V.SHIVAPUR
Prof I T SHIRKOL

Submitted by

AMRUT KULKARNI 2SD01CV001

ANUP SHIRHATTI 2SD04CV003
SHIDDAPPA PUJAR 2SD04CV016
SHIVARANJAN PATIL 2SD04CV018
 S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

DHARWAD-02

Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Study on Water Requirement of
Crops for Hubli and Dharwad Talukas” is a bonafide work carried for fulfillment for
the award of degree Bachelor Of Engineering in Civil Engineering of the
Visveshwaraiah Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2007-
2008.
The project report has been approved as it has successfully satisfied the
academic requirements with respect to the seminar work prescribed for the
Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

………………. ……………….
Project Guides: HOD Civil Dept
Prof. Dr A V SHIVAPUR, Dean I.S.P.D
………………. ……………
Prof I T SHIRKOL PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Culmination of a PROJECT is that stage which makes the transformation a mere

theoretical idea into a visible reality. Our report acknowledges some guidance, some
provision and a lot of inspiration. It is time now to acknowledge our obligations to all
who have extended their co-operation all along our study tenure.

We wish to place on record our profound privilege and deep sense of gratitude to
Professor Dr A V SHIVAPUR and Professor I T SHIRKOL , Civil Department of their
wholehearted guidance without which this endeavor would not have been possible.

Our grateful regards are also due, to Prof. V. S. HEGDE HOD, Civil Department for his
continuous support and inspiration to us, which contributed to our success.

We also extend our warmest regards to UAS (UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL

SCIENCES), Dharwad and Tahashildar Office Dharwad and Hubli for continuous
support which we will be always indebted.

Lastly, with unquantifiable affection and reference we wish to express our sincere
feelings to our parents, family members and friends in the form of words, which are
restrictive in expression and quantum.
CHAPTERS
CONTENTS PAGENO

1.0 OBJECTIVES 1

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2

3.0 FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION 3

3.1 WEATHER PARAMETERS 4

3.2 CROP FACTORS 4

3.3 WATER MANAGEMENT 4

3.4 CROP COEFFICIENTS 5

3.4.1 KC (CROP CO-EFFICIENT) 5

3.4.2 WATER STRESS COEFFICIENT (KS) 5

4.0 STUDY AREA 6

5.0 SOURCES OF DATA 8

6.0 DATA CONVERSION 10

7.0 METHODOLOGY 14

7.1 BLANEY CRIDDLE METHOD 15

7.2 THE STEP BY STEP COMPUTATION BY BLANEY-CRIDDLE FORMULA 16

7.3 PENMAN MONTIETH EQUATION 20

7.3 1 CALCULATION PROCEDURE 21

8.0 CO-EFFICIENT FOR BLANEY CRIDDLE EQUATION 36

9.0 CONCLUSION 38

10.0 SCOPE 39

11.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 39
LIST OF TABLES

TABLES PARTICULARS PAGENO

1.0 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2004 10

2.0 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2005 10
3.0 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2006 11
4.0 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2007 11
5.0 AGRICULTURAL WATER REQUIREMENTS 12
6.0 MEAN DAILY PERCENTAGE ( P ) OF ANNUAL DAYTIME HOURS FOR DIFFERENT
LATITUDES 18
7.0 CALCULATION SHEET 23
8.0 COMPUTATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE BASED ON ALTITUDES 28
9.0 COMPUTATIONS OF PSYCHOMETRIC CONSTANT 29
10.0 SLOPE OF VAPOR PRESSURE CURVE ( Δ) FOR DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES 30
11.0 NUMBER OF THE DAY IN THE YEAR ( J ) 31
12.0 DAILY EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION 32
13.0 NO OF SUNSHINE HOURS DAILY 33
14.0 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ( T ) 34
15.0 SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE 35
16.0 WATER REQUIREMENT USING VARIOUS METHOD FOR D HARWAD 36
17.0 WATER REQUIREMENT USING VARIOUS METHOD FOR HUBLI 37
18.0 TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT 38
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES PARTICULARS PAGENO

1.0 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CONCEPTS 05

2.0 STUDY AREA : HUBLI-DHARWAD 07

3.0 GIS INTERPRETATIONS 09

4.0 WATER REQUIREMENT FOR BLANEY -CRIDDLE 16

5.0 WATER REQUIREMENT FOR PENMAN EQUATION 26

1 OBJECTIVES

 To determine the water requirement of various crops using modified

penman method (as suggested by FAO) and compare the water

requirement obtained by Blaney-Criddle method.

 To suggest a suitable multiplying co-efficient for Blaney-Criddle

equation for Hubli and Dharwad talukas.

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2 INTRODUCTION

Water requirement is a combination of two separate processes soil

evaporation and evapo-transpiration. Where the evaporating surface is the

soil surface, the degree of shading of the crop canopy and the amount of

water available at the evaporating surface are other factors that affect the

evaporation process, where the interval between rains and irrigation

becomes large and the water content in the topsoil drops and the soil

surface dries out. Under these circumstances the limited availability of

water exerts a controlling influence on soil evaporation. In the absence of

any supply of water to the soil surface, evaporation decreases rapidly and

may cease almost completely within a few days.

Evaporation and transpiration occur simultaneousl y. Apart from the water

availability in the topsoil, the evaporation from a cropped soil is mainly

determined by the fraction of the solar radiation reaching the soil

surface. This fraction decreases over the growing period as the crop

develops and the crop canopy shades more and more of the ground area.

When the crop is small, water is predominately lost by soil evaporation,

but once the crop is well developed and completely covers the soil,

transpiration becomes the main process.

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3 FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION

Weather parameters, crop characteristics, water management are

factors affecting evaporation and transpiration.

3.1 WEATHER PARAMETERS

The principal weather parameters affecting evapotranspiration are

radiation, air temperature, humidity and wind speed. The evaporation

power of the atmosphere is expressed by the reference crop

evapotranspiration (Evapotranspiration). The reference crop

evapotranspiration represents the evapotranspiration from a standardized

vegetated surface.

3.2 CROP FACTORS

The crop t ype, variety and development stage are considered when

assessing the evapotranspiration from crops grown in large, well -managed

fields. Differences in resistance to transpiration, crop height, crop

roughness, reflection, ground cover and crop rooting characteristics result

in different ET levels in different t ypes of crops under identical

environmental conditions. Under optimum soil water, excellent

management and environmental conditions will achieve full production

under the given climatic conditions.

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3.3 WATER MANAGEMENT

Factors to be considered when assessing ET are ground cover, plant

density and the soil water content. The effect of soil water content on ET

is conditioned primarily by the magnitude of the water deficit and the

t ype of soil. Too much water will result in water logging which might

damage the root and limit root water uptake by inhibiting respiration.

3.4 CROP COEFFICIENTS

3.4.1 Kc (CROP CO-EFFICIENT):

The crop factor which involves Kc mainl y depends on: The t ype of crop,

the growth stage of the crop and the climate. Kc when multiplied with

reference evapo-transpiration gives water requirement of crop.

(Figure1.0.a)

3.4.2 Water stress coefficient (Ks)

The effects of soil water stress on crop ET are described by reducing the

value for the crop coefficient. This is observed in unirrigated area where

the water requirement can be assessed by multiplying the crop coefficient

by the water stress coefficient Ks with crop factor and also reference

evapo-transpiration to get the total water requirement of area. (figure1.0

(b))

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 .(a) Irrigated crops

b) Unirrigated crops

FIG.1 Evapotranspiration concepts

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4 STUDY AREA

The study area of Hubli and Dharwad talukas (FIGURE2.0)was judiciously

chosen on the criteria of availability of crop area information, and also

Hubli and Dharwad fall in zone 8 of evapotranspiration hence the

calculation done for evapotranspiration is applicable throughout which

comes in the northern part of Karnataka. Area of irrigated and un-

irrigated agricultural land in which Rabi and kharif, and plantations area

of crops grown in these villages are 552.73, 365.05 and 13.62km2

respectivel y. The region is having an elevation ranging from 62 0msl to

731.5msl. The longitude and latitude are taken into account and lies

between 74040’31”, 15040’10” And. 750 5’ 31”, 1505’22”.Crops grown in

different villages is taken from the Tahashildar office and is digitized

into excels sheets. These areas are in hectares and are converted to m2

and then these are multiplied with corresponding water requirements of

different methods to get the total water requirement of HUBLI and

DHAR WAD talukas.

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DHARWAD

HUBLI

(a) (b)

FIG.2 STUDY AREA:HUBLI DHARWAD

(a) Study talukas

(b) Location of study talukas

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5 SOURCES OF DATA
 Crop area obtained from tahashildar office Hubli and Dharwad

 Rainfall data, humidit y, temperature, water requirements, obtained

from agricultural university, Dharwad.

 Topo sheets –obtained from survey of India

 Cadastral maps of all villages of Hubli and Dharwad Talukas

obtained From Department of land records

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6 Data Conversion

The temperature data was daily data was converted to monthly and

use for both blaney criddle method and penman equation (table 1-4). The

relative humidity data was also computed for monthly data. Also the

agricultural water requirement was got from book “adhika iluvarikigegage

sudharita besaya kramagalu”-University of agricultural sciences,

Dharwad”. (table5)

All the digitized data is fed into a Geographical Information System

software (GEOMEDIA) and interpretations can be made using the data so

that it can be utilized by decision makers to suit there needs. For e.g. we

have used all the water requirements and area extent in different villages

and can be shown by using a special ‘QUERY’ tool in software called

special intersection. (Fig 3)

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 (a)

(b)

Fig 3.0: GIS INTERPRETATIONS

(a) Total irrigated and unirrigated area with area of extent greater than 90

hectares of a particular village

(a) Total area of extents with water requirement greater than 5lakh cumec

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 T A B L E 1 : METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2004*

T A B L E 2 : METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2005*

* University of agricultural science, Dharwad

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 T A B L E 3 : METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2006,

T A B L E 4 : METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2007

* University of agricultural science, Dharwad

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 Table 5: AGRICULTURAL WATER REQUIREMENTS

WATER
DEMAND
WATER DEMAND PER
PER HECTARE HECTARE
SLNO CROP (LOCAL) (HYV) BASE PERIOD
Cm (CM) DAYS
1 JOWAR 45 60 100
2 MAIZE 50 65 110
3 HYBRID COTTON 80 90 180
4 GROUNDNUT 40 50 90
5 SOYABEAN 40 50 90
6 WHEAT 45 55 100
7 SAFFLOWER 40 55 90
8 BENGAL GRAM 30 35 90
9 SUNFLOWER 40 50 90
11 REDGRAM 50 60 90
12 COWPEA 40 45 90
13 GREENGRAM 35 40 90
14 SUNFLOWER 45 5 90
15 Sugarcane 100 110 300
16 SAVI 40 45 100
17 RAGI 40 45 100
18 NIGER 40 45 70
19 CHILLI 40 45 70
20 VEGETABLES 40 45 70
FRUIT AND
21 PLANTATION 40 50 70
22 CASTOR 80 90 110
23 CORIANDER SEEDS 40 45 70
24 FRENCH BEANS 40 45 70
25 POTATO 40 45 70
26 BRINJAL 40 45 70
28 CHILLI 40 45 70

*” a d h i k a i l u v a r i k i g e g a g e s u d h a r i t a b e s a y a k r a m a g a l u ” - source a p u b l i c a t i o n o f U A S

Dharwad

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7 METHODOLOGY

Here we have considered two methods for computing evapotranspiration.

1. Blaney criddle equation

2. Penman equation

Blaney criddle equation is a good equation which is used in estimating

evapo-transpiration but the only draw back is it does not consider the

effect of wind on evapotranspiration. PENMAN’S equation is one of the

most accurate methods in determining the evapotranspiration and widely

accepted.

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7.1 BLANEY CRIDDLE METHOD

Blaney Criddle method can be used to calculate Evapotranspiration. This

m e t h o d i s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d a n d r e q u i r e s o n l y d a t a o n m e a n d a i l y temperatures

(table1-4). The Blaney-Criddle formula is:

ET0  p  0.46  Tmean  8

where:

1. Evapotranspiration = reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)

2. Tmean = mean daily temperature (° C)

3. p = mean daily percentage of annual daytime hours.

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FIG. 4.0: WATER R EQUIR EMENT FOR BLANEY-C RIDDLE

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7.2 The step by step computation by Blaney-Criddle formula
Step 1: Determination of the mean daily temperature: T mean

The Blaney-Criddle method always refers to mean monthly values,

both for the temperature and the Evapotranspiration. If in a local

meteorological station the daily minimum and maximum temperatures

are measured, the mean daily temperature is

Calculated as follows:

Tmax = sum of all Tmax values during the month

Number of da ys of the month

Tmin = sum of all Tmin values during the month

Number of da ys of the month

Tmean = Tma x+ T min

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Step 2: Determination of the mean daily percentage of annual day -time

hours: ‘p’

Suppose the ‘p’ value for the month March has to be determined for an

area with latitude of 15° NORTH. From Table 6 it can be seen that the

AVERAGE ‘p’ value =0.28

Table 6 MEAN DAILY PERCENTAGE (p) OF ANNUAL DAYTIME HOURS FOR

DIFFERENT LATITUDES

Latitude North Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec AVG
South July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June p
60° 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.41 0.40 0.34 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.13
55 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.28 0.23 0.18 0.16
50 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.20 0.18
45 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.20
40 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.21
35 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.22
30 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23
25 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24
20 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.25
15 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.28
10 0.26 0.27 0.27 0. 8 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26
5 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27
0 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27

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STEP 3: CALCULATE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION:

Using the formula:

E v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n = ET0 = p  (0.46  Tmean + 8)

The relationship between the reference grass crop and the crop
actually grown is given by the crop factor, Kc, as shown in the following
formula: Evapotranspiration × Kc = ET crop

With ET crop = crop evapotranspiration

Kc = crop factor

Evapotranspiration = reference evapotranspiration (mm/day)

CALCULATION:

Tmean = (31.075+18.45+28.491+18.64+30.86+18.17+30.59+18.65)/8

=24.36

Evapotranspiration = p (0.46 T mean + 8)

=.28*(.46*24.36+8)

=5.25mm/day (obtained from FIG 3.0)

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7.3 PENMAN MONTIETH EQUATION

A consultation of experts and researchers was organized by FAO in May

1990, in collaboration with the International Commission for Irrigation

an d Drainage and with the World Meteorological Organization, to rev iew

the FAO methodologies on crop water requirements and to advice on the

revision and update of procedures.

THE PENMAN-MONTIETH EQUATION AS SUGGESTED BY FAO

0.408 (Rn - G)   (900/(T + 273))  u2  (es - ea)

ET0 =
 +  (1 + 0.34u2)

Where

Evapotranspiration reference evapotranspiration [mm day-1],

Rn= net radiation at the crop surface [MJ m-2 day-1],

G =soil heat flux density [MJ m-2 day-1],

T =mean daily air temperature at 2 m height [°C],

u2 =wind speed at 2 m height [m s-1],

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es =saturation vapor pressure [kPa],

ea =actual vapor pressure [kPa],

(es - ea) =saturation vapor pressure deficit [kPa],

∆=slope vapor pressure curve [kPa °C-1],

λ= psychometric constant [kPa °C-1].

7.3 1 C A L C U L AT I O N P R O C E D U R E

Evapotranspiration can be estimated by means of the calculation sheet

presented in calculation sheet. The calculation sheet refers to tables in

TABLES 7-15 for the determination of some of the climatic parameters.

The calculation procedure consists of the following steps:

1. Derivation of some climatic parameters from the daily maximum (T max)

and minimum (Tmin) air temperature (TABLE-1-4), altitude (z)=680metres

above mean sea level and mean wind speed (u2)=2m/s(Assumed).

2. Calculation of the vapour pressure deficit (es - ea). The saturation

vapor pressure (es) is derived from Tmax and Tmin, while the actual vapor

pressure from maximum (RHmax) and minimum (RHmin ) relative humidity,

from the maximum (RHmax) (tableno1-4), or from mean relative humidity

(RHmean).

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3. Determination of the net radiation (Rn) as the difference between the

net shortwave radiation (Rns) and the net long wave radiation (Rnl). In the

calculation sheet, the effect of soil heat flux (G) is ignored for daily

calculations as the magnitude of the flux in this case is relatively small.

The net radiation, expressed in MJ m-2 day-1, is converted to mm/day

(equivalent evaporation) in the FAO Penman-Monteith equation by using

0.408 as the conversion factor within the equation.

4. Evapotranspiration is obtained by combining the results of the previous

steps.

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 TABLE 7 : CALCULATION SHEET

Given the monthly average climatic data of of study are located at15°N and at an elevation of 2 m:

Parameters values units remarks

Monthly average daily maximum 31.08 °C Values of temperature Obtained
temperature (Tmax) = from table 1-4
Monthly average daily minimum 18.45 °C
temperature (Tmin) =
Monthly average daily vapour pressure 3.08 -
(ea) =
Monthly average daily wind speed (u2) = 2.00 m/s WIND SPEED Measured at 2 m
(assumed)
Monthly average sunshine duration (n) = 8.50 - -
Mean monthly average temperature 28.60 TEMPERATURE for April
(Tmonth, i) =
Mean monthly average temperature 28.05 TEMPERATURE For March
(Tmonth, i-1) =
Tmean = [(Tmax = 34.8) + (Tmin = 25.6)]/2 24.75 °C
=
Δ= 0.18 kPa/°C VAPOUR PRESSURE
OBTAINED FROM TABLE 10
Altitude = 2.00 m ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
P(atmospheric constant)= 93.30 kPa AND PSYCHOMETRIC
CONSTANTS
λ (psychometric constant)= 0.06 kPa/°C 8 AND 9
(1 + 0.34 u2) = 1.68
Δ /[Δ+ g (1 + 0.34u2)] = 0.246/[(0.246 + 0.64 CALCULATION (1)
0.0674 (1.68)] =
g /[D + g (1 + 0.34u2)] = 0.0667/[0.246 + 0.19
0.0674 (1.68)] =
900/(Tmean + 273) u2 = 6.05

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Vapour pressure deficit
e°(Tmax) = 4.62 kPa VAPOUR PRESSURE
OBTAINED FROM
Table 15
Tmin = 18.45 °C
e°(Tmin) = 2.13 kPa
es = (5.56 + 3.28)/2 = 3.375 kPa
ea = 3.075 kPa
Vapour pressure deficit (es - ea) = (4.42 - 0.3 kPa
2.85) =
Radiation (for month = April)
J = (for 15 April) 365 - RADIATION AND
Latitude = 13°44'N = (13 + 44/60) = 15.25 °N DAYLENGTH
Ra = 38.06 MJ m-2 OBTAINED From Table
day-1 11 AND 12
Day length N = 12.51 hours
n/N = (8.5/12.31) = 0.68 -
Rs = [0.25 + 0.50 (0.69)] 38.06 = 22.45 MJ m-2
day-1
Rso = (0.75 + 2 (2)/100000) 38.06 = 28.55 MJ m-2 -
day-1
Rs/Rso = (22.65/28.54) = 0.79 - -
Rns = 0.77 (22.65) = 17.65 MJ m-2 -
day-1
Tmax = 30.75 °C Stefan-Boltzmann values
From Table 14
δTmax K4 40.75 MJ m-2
day-1
Tmin = 18.50 °C From Table15
35.48 MJ m-2
day-1

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(δTmax K4+ δTmin K4 )/2 38.12 MJ m-2
day-1
ea = 2.85 kPa Table 15
0.10 -
Rs/Rso = 0.79 -
(1.35 Rs/Rso-0.35) = 0.72 -
-
Rnl = 41.58 (0.10)0.72 = 2.84 MJ m-2
day-1
Rn = (17.44-2.84) = 14.80 MJ m-2 -
day-1
G =0.14 (30.2-29.2) = 0.08 MJ m-2 -
day-1
(Rn - G) = (14.33-0.14) = 14.73 MJ m-2 -
day-1
0.408 (Rn - G) = 6.01 mm/day -calculation 2
Grass reference evapotranspiration
0.408 (Rn - G) Δ /[Δ + g (1+0.34 u2)] =
(5.79) 0.685 = 3.82 mm/day (1)
900 u2/(T + 273) (es - ea) g /[D + g (1+0.34 0.30 mm/day
u2)] = 5.94(1.57)0.188 = (2)
ETo = (3.97+1.75) = 4.12 mm/day (1)+(2)
The grass reference evapotranspiration is 4.12 mm/day.

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FIG 5.0: water requirement of crop by penman

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 CALCULATION DATA

TABLE8-COMPUTATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREBASED ON

ALTITUDES
z P z P z P z P
(m) (kPa) (m) (kPa) (m) (kPa) (m) (kPa)

0 101.3 1000 90.0 2000 79.8 3000 70.5

50 100.7 1050 89.5 2050 79.3 3050 70.1

100 100.1 1100 89.0 2100 78.8 3100 69.6

150 99.5 1150 88.4 2150 78.3 3150 69.2

200 99.0 1200 87.9 2200 77.9 3200 68.8

250 98.4 1250 87.4 2250 77.4 3250 68.3

300 97.8 1300 86.8 2300 76.9 3300 67.9

350 97.2 1350 86.3 2350 76.4 3350 67.5

400 96.7 1400 85.8 2400 76.0 3400 67.1

450 96.1 1450 85.3. 2450 75.5 3450 66.6

500 95.5 1500 84.8 2500 75.0 3500 66.2

550 95.0 1550 84.3 2550 74.6 3550 65.8

600 94.4 1600 83.8 2600 74.1 3600 65.4

650 93.8 1650 83.3 2650 73.7 3650 65.0

700 93.3 1700 82.8 2700 73.2 3700 64.6

750 92.7 1750 82.3 2750 72.7 3750 64.1

800 92.2 1800 81.8 2800 72.3 3800 63.7

850 91.6 1850 81.3 2850 71.8 3850 63.3

900 91.1 1900 80.8 2900 71.4 3900 62.9

950 90.6 1950 80.3 2950 71.0 3950 62.5

1000 90.0 2000 79.8 3000 70.5 4000 62.1

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 TABLE 9-COMPUTATION OF PSYCHOMETRIC CONSTANT BASED ON
ALTITUDES
z  z  z  z 
(m) kPa/°C (m) kPa/°C (m) kPa/°C (m) kPa/°C

0 0.067 1000 0.060 2000 0.053 3000 0.047

100 0.067 1100 0.059 2100 0.052 3100 0.046

200 0.066 1200 0.058 2200 0.052 3200 0.046

300 0.065 1300 0.058 2300 0.051 3300 0.045

400 0.064 1400 0.057 2400 0.051 3400 0.045

500 0.064 1500 0.056 2500 0.050 3500 0.044

600 0.063 1600 0.056 2600 0.049 3600 0.043

700 0.062 1700 0.055 2700 0.049 3700 0.043

800 0.061 1800 0.054 2800 0.048 3800 0.042

900 0.061 1900 0.054 2900 0.047 3900 0.042

1000 0.060 2000 0.053 3000 0.047 4000 0.041

Based on  = 2.45 MJ kg-1 at 20°C.

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 TABLE 10 - Slope of vapor pressure curve (Δ) for different temperatures (T)

T  T  T  T 
°C kPa/°C °C kPa/°C °C kPa/°C °C kPa/°C

1.0 0.047 13.0 0.098 25.0 0.189 37.0 0.342

1.5 0.049 13.5 0.101 25.5 0.194 37.5 0.350

2.0 0.050 14.0 0.104 26.0 0.199 38.0 0.358

2.5 0.052 14.5 0.107 26.5 0.204 38.5 0.367
3.0 0.054 15.0 0.110 27.0 0.209 39.0 0.375
3.5 0.055 15.5 0.113 27.5 0.215 39.5 0.384
4.0 0.057 16.0 0.116 28.0 0.220 40.0 0.393
4.5 0.059 16.5 0.119 28.5 0.226 40.5 0.402
5.0 0.061 17.0 0.123 29.0 0.231 41.0 0.412
5.5 0.063 17.5 0.126 29.5 0.237 41.5 0.421
6.0 0.065 18.0 0.130 30.0 0.243 42.0 0.431
6.5 0.067 18.5 0.133 30.5 0.249 42.5 0.441
7.0 0.069 19.0 0.137 31.0 0.256 43.0 0.451
7.5 0.071 19.5 0.141 31.5 0.262 43.5 0.461
8.0 0.073 20.0 0.145 32.0 0.269 44.0 0.471

8.5 0.075 20.5 0.149 32.5 0.275 44.5 0.482

9.0 0.078 21.0 0.153 33.0 0.282 45.0 0.493
9.5 0.080 21.5 0.157 33.5 0.289 45.5 0.504
10.0 0.082 22.0 0.161 34.0 0.296 46.0 0.515
10.5 0.085 22.5 0.165 34.5 0.303 46.5 0.526
11.0 0.087 23.0 0.170 35.0 0.311 47.0 0.538
11.5 0.090 23.5 0.174 35.5 0.318 47.5 0.550
12.0 0.092 24.0 0.179 36.0 0.326 48.0 0.562
12.5 0.095 24.5 0.184 36.5 0.334 48.5 0.574

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 TABLE11- Number of the day in the year (J)
Da Januar Februar March April May June July August September October November December
y y y * * * * * * * * * *
1 1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335
2 2 33 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336
3 3 34 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337
4 4 35 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338
5 5 36 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 339
6 6 37 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 340
7 7 38 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 341
8 8 39 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 342
9 9 40 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343
10 10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344
11 11 42 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 345
12 12 43 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 346
13 13 44 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 347
14 14 45 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 348
15 15 46 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 349
16 16 47 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 350
17 17 48 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 351
18 18 49 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 352
19 19 50 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 353
20 20 51 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 354
21 21 52 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 355
22 22 53 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 356
23 23 54 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 357
24 24 55 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 358
25 25 56 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 359
26 26 57 85 116 146 177, 207 238 269 299 330 360
27 27 58 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 361
28 28 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362
29 29 (60) 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 363
30 30 - 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 364
31 31 - 90 - 151 - 212 243 - 304 - 365

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TABLE 12 Daily extraterrestrial radiation (Ra) for different latitudes for the 15th
day of the month

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TABLE 13: No of sunshine hours daily

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 TABLE-14 Stefan-Boltzmann law at different temperatures (T)

With = 4.903 10-9 MJ K-4 m-2 day-1 and TK = T[°C] + 273.16

T T T
(°C) (MJ m-2 d-1) (°C) -2
(MJ m d ) -1 (°C) (MJ m-2 d-1)
1.0 27.70 17.0 34.75 33.0 43.08
1.5 27.90 17.5 34.99 33.5 43.36
2.0 28.11 18.0 35.24 34.0 43.64
2.5 28.31 18.5 35.48 34.5 43.93
3.0 28.52 19.0 35.72 35.0 44.21
3.5 28.72 19.5 35.97 35.5 44.50
4.0 28.93 20.0 36.21 36.0 44.79
4.5 29.14 20.5 36.46 36.5 45.08
5.0 29.35 21.0 36.71 37.0 45.37
5.5 29.56 21.5 36.96 37.5 45.67
6.0 29.78 22.0 37.21 38.0 45.96
6.5 29.99 22.5 37.47 38.5 46.26
7.0 30.21 23.0 37.72 39.0 46.56
7.5 30.42 23.5 37.98 39.5 46.85
8.0 30.64 24.0 38.23 40.0 47.15
8.5 30.86 24.5 38.49 40.5 47.46
9.0 31.08 25.0 38.75 41.0 47.76
9.5 31.30 25.5 39.01 41.5 48.06
10.0 31.52 26.0 39.27 42.0 48.37
10.5 31.74 26.5 39.53 42.5 48.68
11.0 31.97 27.0 39.80 43.0 48.99
11.5 32.19 27.5 40.06 43.5 49.30
12.0 32.42 28.0 40.33 44.0 49.61
12.5 32.65 28.5 40.60 44.5 49.92
13.0 32.88 29.0 40.87 45.0 50.24
13.5 33.11 29.5 41.14 45.5 50.56
14.0 33.34 30.0 41.41 46.0 50.87
14.5 33.57 30.5 41.69 46.5 51.19
15.0 33.81 31.0 41.96 47.0 51.51
15.5 34.04 31.5 42.24 47.5 51.84
16.0 34.28 32.0 42.52 48.0 52.16

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 .

Table 15: Saturation vapor pressure (e°(T)) for different temperatures (T)
T es T e°(T) T e°(T) T es
°C kPa °C kPa °C kPa °C kPa
1.0 0.657 13.0 1.498 25.0 3.168 37.0 6.275
1.5 0.681 13.5 1.547 25.5 3.263 37.5 6.448
2.0 0.706 14.0 1.599 26.0 3.361 38.0 6.625
2.5 0.731 14.5 1.651 26.5 3.462 38.5 6.806
3.0 0.758 15.0 1.705 27.0 3.565 39.0 6.991
3.5 0.785 15.5 1.761 27.5 3.671 39.5 7.181
4.0 0.813 16.0 1.818 28.0 3.780 40.0 7.376
4.5 0.842 16.5 1.877 28.5 3.891 40.5 7.574
5.0 0.872 17.0 1.938 29.0 4.006 41.0 7.778
5.5 0.903 17.5 2.000 29.5 4.123 41.5 7.986
6.0 0.935 18.0 2.064 30.0 4.243 42.0 8.199
6.5 0.968 18.5 2.130 30.5 4.366 42.5 8.417
7.0 1.002 19.0 2.197 31.0 4.493 43.0 8.640
7.5 1.037 19.5 2.267 31.5 4.622 43.5 8.867
8.0 1.073 20.0 2.338 32.0 4.755 44.0 9.101
8.5 1.110 20.5 2.412 32.5 4.891 44.5 9.339
9.0 1.148 21.0 2.487 33.0 5.030 45.0 9.582
9.5 1.187 21.5 2.564 33.5 5.173 45.5 9.832
10.0 1.228 22.0 2.644 34.0 5.319 46.0 10.086
10.5 1.270 22.5 2.726 34.5 5.469 46.5 10.347
11.0 1.313 23.0 2.809 35.0 5.623 47.0 10.613
11.5 1.357 23.5 2.896 35.5 5.780 47.5 10.885
12.0 1.403 24.0 2.984 36.0 5.941 48.0 11.163
12.5 1.449 24.5 3.075 36.5 6.106 48.5 11.447

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Table16: WATER REQUIRMENT OF CROP: DHARWAD

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Table17: WATER REQUIRMENT OF CROPS: HUBLI

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8 CO-EFFICIENT FOR BLANEY CRIDDLE EQUATION

We know that blaney cradle equation does not consider wind as a

factor ut as we can see that if we give a suitable rectification for blaney

criddle equation we can apply it for this region.

As we can see in both tables 15 and 16 the standard deviation is almost

the same as per our calculation we are suggesting MULTIPLYING

FACTOR of 0.35 TABLE for blaney criddle equation for DHARWAD

AND.29 for Hubli region. But for individual crops we can use individual

crop coefficients in table 15 and 16.from the below table we observe that

penman gives the least amount of water requirement.

Table 18: TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT

Total
Estimation method Hubli (cum) Dharwad ( cum) (cum)
Agriculture 1,427,834,197 3,081,152,000 4508986197
Penman 335,775,822.9 861,316,096.6 1197091919.5
Blaney-CRIDDLE 1,177,136,453 2,586,364,435 3763500888

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 9 CONCLUSION

Water requirement of various crops for both un-irrigated and irrigated

under different villages of Hubli and Dharwad taluk is estimated by both

Penmen and Blaney-criddle equation and the data are fed into GIS mode.

Using a GIS tool water requirement for any village under study can be

obtained. The water requirement of crop is determined using Modified

Penman Equation suggested by FAO Standards. Modified penman montieth

The values obtained are compared with values obtained by Blaney-criddle

method also. And a suitable multipl ying factor for Blaney criddle

equation applicable for Dharwad and Hubli region

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10 SCOPE

 Identification of water sources, locations both surface and

groundwater to calibrate the need of local demand.

 Refinement and calculation using the rainfall data.

 Suggestion for alternate crops or switching to commercial crops

based on suitability and land availabilit y, water-resources and

climate.

 Estimation of soil erosion.

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.0 Garg, S .K, ‘ I r r i g a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g ’ , Khanna Publishers, fourth edition, 1996.

2.0 Michael ‘ I r r i g a t i o n t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e ’ , New Delhi, EDITION: 1983

3.0 www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/x0490e00.htm

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