TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

HERBAL MEDICINE

Disusun oleh :

Aulia Septicharah

Ayunda Budisetya

Bil Islahi

Gesit Anggoro Wati

Mita Fitriani

Rifa’atul Huda

Syaiful bahri

Siska Budi Utomo

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH JAKARTA

2010
 Herbal medicine

A thousand years ago gardens were also scientific ‘field’ laboratories, looked after by
eminent scientists who wrote manuals on the medical properties of plants. Herbal
medicine wasn’t seen as an alternative medicine but very much part of medical practice
with many hospitals keeping gardens full of herbs, to be used in medicine, and new
drugs were discovered and administered.

(since a thousand years ago, herbal medicine took a very much part of medical practice)

This kind of herbal discovery has been made since the dawn of civilization. There are
records from Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and India to reflect a tradition that existed
before we discovered writing. In the west, the first herbal was Greek and written in
the 3rd century BCE by Diocles of Carystus, followed by Crateuas in the 1st century
CE. The only work that has survived was done in 65 CE by Dioscorides called ‘De
Materia Medica’. He remains the only known authority amongst the Greek and Roman
herbalists.

(herbal discovery has been made since the dawn of civilization)

As the muslim lands grew, merchants and travellers came across exotic plants and
trees, seeds and spices previously unknown to them. They collected and brought back a
huge raw sample of ingredients, knowledge and information, combing the world and its
harshest of environments, going as far a field as the Steppes of Asia and the
Pyrenees. The discovery and wide use of paper also meant that on—the—spot detailed
recording of their journeys and observations could be made.

(As the muslim lands grew, merchants and travellers came across exotic plants and
trees, seeds and spices previously unknown to them)

With this vast amount of data and material, coupled with their scientific medical
knowledge, many new medicines, and herbal medicines, became available. All these
discoveries meant that a huge amount of informatlon built up and spilled out of colossal
encyclopedic works

(All these discoveries meant that a huge amount of informatlon built up and spilled out
of colossal encyclopedic works)

Ibn samajun, who died in 1002, wrote ‘Collection of simples, medicinal plants and
resulting medicines’. This was a classification of plants and their medical properties
based on work of his predecossrs. Also in the 11th century, Ibn Sina in his ‘Canon’ listed
142 properties of herbal remedies.
(‘Collection of simples, medicinal plants and resulting medicines’ was a classification of
of plants and its medical properties, ‘Canon’ from Ibn Sina listed 142 properties of
herbal remedies)

Botany, the scientific study of plants , and the use of plants in medicine went hand in
hand. While men like Abu Hanifah al-Dinawari, called ‘the father of modern botany’,
were compling vast lists of plants in books like his ‘A Treatise on plants’ ; others, like al-
Razi, a 10th century medical scholar used colchicum as a drug for treatment of got.

(Botany, the scientific study of plants , and the use of plants in medicine went hand in
hand.)

As botany became an academic science, chemistry was advancing at an incredible

rate, and both these developments helped to propel herbal medicine into the
mainstream. Coupled with the appearence of 10th century improved water raising
machines and new irrigation techniques, experimental gardens sprouted and herbs were
cultivated.

(As botany became an academic science, chemistry was advancing at an incredible rate,
and both these developments helped to propel herbal medicine into the mainstream.)

Al-Andalus or Muslim Spain was a springboard for herbal development. In 11th

century Toledo, Spain , and later in Seville, the first royal botanical gardens of Europe
made their appearance. Initially they were pleasure gardens, but they also functioned
as trial grounds for the acclimatization of plants brought from the Near and Middle
East.
(Al-Andalus or Muslim Spain was a springboard for herbal development, The first royal
botanical gardens of Europe made their appearance)

you can read about Ibn al-Baytar of Malaga in the 'Pharmacy' section, but the basis for
his work 'Dictionary of Simple remedies and food', an enormous pharmacological
encyclopaedia, reflects his botanical skills which meant he studied three thousand
different plants and their medical properties.
(All of part of this paragraph are the main idea)

one of the best herbal medicine books was produced by al-Ghafiqi who died in 1165. this
was called 'the Book of Simple Drugs'. it was exceptionally accurate and was
republished by Max Meyerhof in Egypt in 1932.

(‘the book of simple drugs’ which produced by Al-Ghafiqi was one of the best herbal
medicine books)
In the 10th century Ibn Juljul wrote a
commentary on Dioscorides’s nine hundred—year—old book and translated it into
Arabic adding many new substances such as tamarind, camphor, sandalwood and
cardamom. He also identified many new plants and their properties along with their
medicinal values in varioust diseases.

(Ibn Juljul Translated his commentar on Dioscorides’s into Arabic adding many new
substance and he also identified many new plants and their properties along their
medicinal values)

A very simple but major breakthrough

the Muslims made in herbal medicine was watching how the herb affected the patient.
Now this seems quite an obvious thing to do, but they were the only ones using and
relying on scientific methods of experimentation and observation at that time.

(A very simple but major breakthrough

the Muslims made in herbal medicine was watching how the herb affected the patient. )

elsewhere in medieval Europe, books on herbals were rare and known only amongst a
small number of scholars, and until the end of the 15th century many Europeans were
using the Arabic texts and Arabic versions of greek texts translated into Latin. So
between 1500 and 1600 there were about seventy-eight cdii ions of Dioscorides, the
Greek scholar.

(In medieval Europe, books on herbals were rare and known only amongst a small
number of schoolars, and until the end of the 15th century many Europeans were using
the Arabic texts)

The success of the European scholars was measured by what they borrowed from
Muslim botanists and how they made dioscorides more prominent, but things were not
going well. The once great Salerno school was in decline because of a lack of language
ability in Latin, Greek and Arabic, and they did not fully understand the Greek texts as
most of the time they were second hand translations.

(The success of the European scholars was measured by what they borrowed from
Muslim botanists and how they made dioscorides more prominent, but things were not
going well.)

European herbalists were frustrated by ignorance, malpractice, faults in earlier bad

translations and also from not being aLIe to correctly identify ingredients because
they were described in local dialects. All this led Sir ‘I homas Elyot, a 16th century
English diplomat and scholar, to inform his readers that he derived no understanding
from the ancients and that they gave ‘no little profyte concernynge myne owne he1the

(European herbalists were frustrated by ignorance, malpractice, faults in earlier bad

translations and also from not being aLIe to correctly identify ingredients because
they were described in local dialects.)

Fortunate1y, herbal medicine has done away with using mummy’s blood, which was
sometimes added in certain medieval european recipes. Today in the United Kingdom,
one Briton in five uses complementary medicine, and according to a recent survey one in
ten uses herbalism or homeopathy. Around €130 million is spent on oils, potions and pills
every year in Britain, and the complementary and alternative medicine industry is
estimated to be worth €1.6 billion.

(Fortunate1y, herbal medicine has done away with using mummy’s blood, which was
sometimes added in certain medieval european recipes.)

For Muslims today herbal medicine is regaining its importance as many herbal physicians
have started to emerge, although in villages and rural areas herbal medicine has
persisted over the centuries, as an integrated part of tradition.

(All of part of this paragraph are the main idea)

New word :

 Eminent : istimewa, tinggi

 Merchant : pedagang

 Spices : bumbu

 Harshest : sangat keras

 Build up : membangun

 Spilled out : tumpah

 Hand in hand : berjabat tangan ( dlm kalimat tsb dpt berarti menyatu)

 Treatise : uraian

 Propel : mendorong

 Mainstream : Arus utama

 Cultivated : diusahakan
  Springboard : batu loncatan

 Acclimatization : aklimatisasi

 Enormous : besar

 Obvious : jelas

 Elsewhere : di tempat lain

 Medieval : abad pertengahan

 Prominent : menonjol

 Ancient : kuno

 Briton : orang inggris

The conclution…

since a thousand years ago, herbal medicine took a very much part of medical
practice. herbal discovery has been made since the dawn of civilization. As the
muslim lands grew, merchants and travellers came across exotic plants and
trees, seeds and spices previously unknown to them. All these discoveries meant
that a huge amount of informatlon built up and spilled out of colossal
encyclopedic works. Collection of simples, medicinal plants and resulting
medicines’ was a classification of of plants and its medical properties, ‘Canon’
from Ibn Sina listed 142 properties of herbal remedies. Botany, the scientific
study of plants , and the use of plants in medicine went hand in hand. As botany
became an academic science, chemistry was advancing at an incredible rate,
and both these developments helped to propel herbal medicine into the
mainstream. Al-Andalus or Muslim Spain was a springboard for herbal
development, The first royal botanical gardens of Europe made their
appearance. the book of simple drugs’ which produced by Al-Ghafiqi was one of
the best herbal medicine books. Ibn Juljul Translated his commentar on
Dioscorides’s into Arabic adding many new substance and he also identified
many new plants and their properties along their medicinal values. A very simple
but major breakthrough. the Muslims made in herbal medicine was watching
how the herb affected the patient. In medieval Europe, books on herbals were
rare and known only amongst a small number of schoolars, and until the end of
the 15th century many Europeans were using the Arabic texts. The success of the
European scholars was measured by what they borrowed from Muslim botanists
and how they made dioscorides more prominent, but things were not going
well.European herbalists were frustrated by ignorance, malpractice, faults in
earlier bad translations and also from not being aLIe to correctly identify
ingredients because they were described in local dialects.Fortunate1y, herbal
medicine has done away with using mummy’s blood, which was sometimes
added in certain medieval european recipes.