Eco-Friendly Planning For Zoos: Bernard Harrison

Eco-friendly Planning for Zoos
Bernard Harrison
Principle Partner - Creativity & Design
Bernard Harrison & Friends Ltd
BERNARD HARRISON AND FRIENDS LTD SEAZA Conference Kuala Lumpur - Malaysia 2007
What this Talk is all about …
• The raison d'être of zoos is to
change attitudes & set
examples for the visiting public
on conservation
• Besides wildlife conservation

this should include
environmental conservation
Global warming
What this Talk is all about …
• The best ways to
demonstrate this is to
plan, design & build
everything in a zoo to be
eco-friendly & sustainable
• And offer our guests

examples of how to live
sustainably
Recycled tin can lamp
The Outline
• Elaborating on SEAZA’s 8-Point
Action Plan for Success
• To achieve eco-friendly status:

– Ensure the planners
understand & buy-into the
eco-friendly concept
Coke can car
– Follow principles of eco-
architecture & use recyclable
materials from sustainable
sources
The Outline
– Practice water harvesting,
storage & recycling
– Use & showcase

alternative sources of
energy
Baby-scorpion
– Understand the Clean
Development Mechanism
The Buzz Word
Global Warming
It’s not only about melting ice caps …
1979
2003
Global Warming
• Reduced polar ice - raises
the sea level
• Most vulnerable will be the

poor countries - most
affected by floods, droughts
& storms
• Singapore is studying 4m
high dyke system
An Inconvenient Truth
It took Al Gore to tell the

world
Why didn’t the zoo world

do it first?
Its our business!!

Desertification
Desert ecosystems are the only
ecosystem that are increasing in
size
Global Warming?
Drought in the Senegal
Earth’s Biocapacity
• Global Ecological Footprint
exceeds the Biocapacity by
21%
• Thus, we are spending

Nature’s Capital faster than
it can be regenerated
Developed world must adopt new models
Methane,means
Globalization produced by cows
everyone burping
wants & farting,
western has aof living
standards
global warming potential which is 21 times greater
than carbon dioxide
Should we promote vegetarianism?
Poverty is one of the most serious

causes of environmental destruction
Paris Hilton eating fast food
The Stern Report …
• Economic impacts of
climate change have
shaken world political &
industrial leaders
• Globally cities - have

inadequate & unsustainable
infrastructure to meet
growing populations
Sir Nicholas Stern - 2006
We now live in cities……. which
are totally unnatural
Cities are Unnatural
• 50% of 5.6 billion live in

cities
• 326 cities - over 1m
• 19 mega cities - over 10m
Need concentrations of:
– Food
– Water
– Energy
Lagos, Nigeria
Need to dispose of:
– Garbage
– Sewerage
– Grey water
– Air pollutants
• Cover 2% of earth’s
surface
• Account for:
– 78% carbon emissions
– 60% residence water
waste
– 76% wood for industry
Eco-friendly developments in our zoos
Eco-architecture
Eco-architecture
• Bioclimatic & sustainable architecture:
– Green roof buildings
– Orientation of buildings to maximize use of natural
light & natural wind ventilation
Twycross Zoo -
Entrance complex
with green roof
Natural Cooling Sources
• Tree planting to reduce
heat retention of
buildings
• Air movement is the

most important element
of passive cooling
• Reduces need for Passive shade

airconditioning & fans
Natural Cooling Sources
Design planting to funnel breezes through the building
Eco-efficient Tropical House
Good cross ventilation
Passive Climate Control
Air is drawn over a lake outside, which cools the
building
Building Materials
• Selection of building materials
- especially timber - from
sustainable sources, which
are recycled or can be
recycled
• Energy efficient materials
• Use of indigenous regional

architecture using tried &
tested designs & materials Artificial timber boardwalk
International Audits
1. Follow LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design) ratings for design,
construction, and operation of green buildings
2. And ISO 1402 (International Organization of
Standardization) for energy conservation
Eco-landscape
Eco-landscape
• Landscape provides functions & production as
well as aesthetic qualities
• Landscape supports biological climate control
• Soften impact of hard landscape
• Provides space for food production
Pekarangan - Edible Landscapes
Yield
calories Vertical
A: (over 10m) Coconut,
m2/yr Strata albizia
B: (5-10m) fruit trees:
soursop, jackfruit,
4 50 Over 10 m pisitam, guava,
mountain apple, cloves,
breadfruit, avocado,
mango, mangosteen,
rambutan
C: (2-5m) banana,
papaya, small fruit trees
50 0 5-10 m (belimbil, starfruit) salek,
coffee, ipil ipil
30 0 D: (1-2m) cassava,
2-5m Xanthosoma, arrowroot,
gembili (D.esculenta)
cardamom, galangal
45 1-2m E: (0-1m) starch foods,
vegetables & spices e.g.
sweet potato, taro, chilli,
eggplant tumeric
15 0 -1m
Organic Pest Control
• Natural pest
management
• Creative non-
pesticide solutions
Ladybird Preying mantis
Ducks in paddy fields
Water Conservation
Water
• Saving & management of water through
drainage systems:
– Collection - take advantage of natural run-off

– Purification
– Storage
– Use as wildlife refuges
– Aquaculture
Knowing the Site Conditions
Allows for early environmental design solutions
Like wastewater &

sewerage treatment
with low-cost
constructed & natural
wetlands
Putrajaya Wetlands
Then turning wetlands into wildlife sanctuaries
Compost Toilets!
Dry & wet systems
Hmmmmm…
Compost Toilets!
Smell is reduced considerably Worms create excellent compost
Waterless Urinals
• Urine passes through
floating, lighter weight liquid
which traps & seals it,
preventing odour
Alternative Energy Systems
Solar or Photovoltaic Systems
(PV)
Photovoltaic Systems
Integration of PV panels into the construction initially reduces

costs considerably
Photovoltics for Drinking Water
• A small electric pump
can lift 30 m³ water per
day from 5m depth
PV cells powering a small electric pump
All sorts of practical applications …
Thin-film solar cell bikini powering an MP3 player
Hydro-Power
3 Gorges dam
Environmental Impact
• Hydro power presently
produces 90% of all
power from renewable
energy sources
• The problem is the

environmental impact
3 Gorges dam
Small Hydro-electric Energy
• Small-scale
hydroelectric facilities
do not require
building expensive
facilities
Can provide power for 800 people
Micro Hydroelectric Energy
• Require minor civil engineering works - reducing
costs & environmental impact
Micro hydroelectric turbine
Biogas & Biofuel
Biogas
• Bio-methanization is
the fermentation of
organic matter into
clean burning
methane & carbon
dioxide
Indian kitchen using biogas
Biogas
Uses:
– zoo sewerage
sludge
– municipal solid
waste
– agricultural or
biodegradable This biogas digester will convert
waste animal dung and waste into biogas
Bio-Fuels
Used Cooking
Oil from main
kitchen (up to
1,000
meals/day)
Bio-fuel/diesel Cleaner fuel for

blending facility zoo vehicles
Biodiesel made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil or

recycled cooking greases
Can be used as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel
engines
Wind Systems
Small Wind Systems
• Used by small
business &
householders
Small wind turbine
Micro Wind Systems
• Domestic wind turbine
normally on a mast
• Can be mounted on a zoo

building
Micro wind turbine mounted on house
Hybrids Applications
• Successful examples of
hybrid systems :
– PV/wind
– PV/biogas
PV & wind hybrid
The Clean Development Mechanism
CDM
The Kyoto Protocol
• Agreed in 1997 & a binding
international law in 2005
• Covers 160 countries for

global greenhouse gas
emissions
• Australia & USA have not

ratified
• Requires each industrialized

country to set a target to
control greenhouse pollution
The Clean Development Mechanism
• The United Nations
Framework Convention on
Climate Change
(UNFCCC) has established
a regulatory framework for
the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM)
Carbon Trading
• A developed country can
buy Certified Emissions
Reduction (CER)
certificates
• The CER sale will cover

the cost of projects such
as rural electrification
projects in developing
countries
Installing photovoltaic panel in Ethiopia
Carbon Trading
• The developed countries
uses the CERs to offset
their carbon footprint
• Eventually, planting
forests will be acceptable
for CERs
Carbon Trading Market
“Managing emissions has become one of the
fastest-growing specialties in financial services…
Their goal is a slice of a market
now worth about $30 billion
and that could grow to $1 trillion within a decade”
New York Times - 6th July 2007
The Return to Sustainability
Future developments should maintain harmony with
nature & their eco-systems
That’s the Moral reason to plan for sustainability
A Call For Action!
If our visitors knew all these things …
They might start voicing their concerns to their

Governments …
So why don’t you tell them?
For one lonely voice can do little
But many voices together can move
mountains
Thank You

Eco-Friendly Planning For Zoos: Bernard Harrison

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Eco-friendly Planning for Zoos

• Besides wildlife conservation

• And offer our guests

• To achieve eco-friendly status:

– Use & showcase

• Most vulnerable will be the

It took Al Gore to tell the

Why didn’t the zoo world

Its our business!!

Drought in the Senegal

• Thus, we are spending

Poverty is one of the most serious

• Globally cities - have

Sir Nicholas Stern - 2006

• 50% of 5.6 billion live in

• 326 cities - over 1m

• 19 mega cities - over 10m

• Air movement is the

• Reduces need for Passive shade

• Energy efficient materials

• Use of indigenous regional

• Landscape supports biological climate control

• Soften impact of hard landscape

• Provides space for food production

Ducks in paddy fields

– Collection - take advantage of natural run-off

Like wastewater &

Dry & wet systems

Smell is reduced considerably Worms create excellent compost

Integration of PV panels into the construction initially reduces

PV cells powering a small electric pump

Thin-film solar cell bikini powering an MP3 player

• The problem is the

Can provide power for 800 people

Micro hydroelectric turbine

Indian kitchen using biogas

Bio-fuel/diesel Cleaner fuel for

Biodiesel made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil or

Small wind turbine

• Can be mounted on a zoo

Micro wind turbine mounted on house

PV & wind hybrid

• Covers 160 countries for

• Australia & USA have not

• Requires each industrialized

• The CER sale will cover

New York Times - 6th July 2007

That’s the Moral reason to plan for sustainability

They might start voicing their concerns to their

So why don’t you tell them?

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