PERSEPSI (DEFINSI) (1)

Perception is the process through

which people
select, receive, organize, & interpret
information from their environment

(Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn)

 PERSEPSI (DEFINSI) (2)
• Situasi yang sama bisa dipersepsikan secara berbeda
oleh orang yang berlainan.

• Setiap individu memiliki pandangan yang berbeda

tentang dunia nyata.

• Informasi yang diperoleh dianalisa dan yang tidak

berharga dibuang, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa
persepsi adalah akar dari perilaku organisasi, karena
berbagai situasi dapat dianalisa dalam terminologi atau
konotasi berbeda.
 PERSEPSI
Manajer

Memiliki persepsi tentang realitas &

adanya perbedaan persepsi
diantara individu
yang dapat menyebabkan
timbulnya masalah dalam organisasi.
 PERSEPSI
• Faktor yang mempengaruhi persepsi:

– Situation Context: physical setting, social setting,

organinazional setting
– Characteristics of the Perceived: appearence,
behavior
– Characteristics of the Perceiver: needs,
experience, values, attitudes, personality.
 PERSEPSI
FA K TO R - FA K TO R Y A N G M EM PEN G A RU H I PERSEPSI

K O N T E K S S IT U A S I

S IT U A S I F IS IK
S IT U A S I S O S IA L
S IT U A S I O R G A N IS A S I

K A R A K T E R IS T IK D A R I K A R A K T E R IS T IK D A R I
O RANG YANG
O B JE K P E S E P S I
M ELA K U K A N PESEPSI

S IT U A S I F IS IK P E N A M P IL A N
S IT U A S I S O S IA L
S IT U A S I O R G A N IS A S I
P E R IL A K U

D E F IN IS I IN D IV ID U
T E R H A D A P S IT U A S I
PERSEPSI
PERSEPSI (Perceptual Selectivity) (1)
• A. External Attention Factors:

– Intensity
– Size
– Contrast
– Repetition
– Motion
– Novelty & Familiarity
PERSEPSI (Perceptual Selectivity) (2)
• B. Internal set Factors:

– Learning & Perception

– Motivation & Perception
– Personality & Perception
PERSEPSI (Organizing Perceptual Data)

• 1. Figure – Ground
• 2. Perceptual Grouping:
– Closure (Gestalt)
– Continuity
– Proximity
– Similarity
• 3. Perceptual Constancy
• 4. Perceptual Context
• 5. Perceptual Defense:
bila dihadapkan pada fakta yang tidak konsisten
dengan gagasan/pikiran/ide yang sudah dimilikinya
PERSEPSI (Organizing Perceptual Data)

A . C l o s u r e ( G e s t a l t )

B . C o n t o n u i t y

C . P r o x i m i ty

D . S im i la r i t y
. . . . . - - - - - - x x x
. . . . .
. . . . . -- -- -- - x
- -
x x x
x
. . . . . . . . - - - - x x
PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (1)
• Stereotypes: Generating attributes of a group to
an individual group member.

– Sex-role stereotypes: secretary vs boss

– Age stereotypes: resistant to change, lack
creativity, risk avoider, cautions, weak (declined
physical strength)

• Hallo-effects: Using one trait to create a total

evaluation of the individual/situation

– Attendance record: responsibility, intelligence

PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (2)
• Selective Perception: The tendency to single
out for attention those aspects of a situation or
person which reinforce (consistent) with the existing
beliefs, values and needs.

– Marketing Manager vs Production Manager

• Projection: The assignment of personal attributes

to their individuals.

– Manager’s needs vs subordinate’s needs (dapat

diatasi dengan empaty)
 PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS (3)
• Expenctancy: Anticipating the presence of
something and then creating it by a self-fulfilling
prophecy.

– Sebaiknya Manager mendekati bawahan

secara optimistic (positive).
 PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (1)

Atribusi:
• Merupakan suatu elemen dari proses persepsi yang
bisa sangat mempengaruhi sikap/tingkah laku
seseorang (menduga penyebab).

• Suatu elemen persepsi yang dapat diartikan sebagai

suatu proses bagaimana seseorang mencari
kejelasan terhadap sebab akibat dari perilaku
orang lain.

• Event Ö Attribution of Causality Ö Response

PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (2)
 PERSEPSI & ATRIBUSI (3)

• I received a promotion Ö … because I

developed special relatinship with the «boss»
Ö I will continue to seek out « special »
relationships with higher level persons.

• I received a promotion Ö … because I am a

high performer Ö I will continue to work hard.
 Managing the Perception Process (1)

• Have a high level of self-awareness.

• Seek information from various sources to

confirm (or discorfirm) personal impressions
of a decision situation.

• Be empathetic – that is be able to see a

situation as it perceived by other people.
 Managing the Perception Process (2)

• Influence the perceptions of other people

when they are drawing incorrects or incomplete
impressions of events in the work setting.

• Avoid common perceptual distortions that

bias our views of people and situation.

• Avoid in-appropriate atributions.