A Seminar Report on

JET ENGINES WORKING, ITS APPLICATIONS AND RECENT

ADVANCEMENTS

Submitted to

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

Mr. GIRISH K B B.E, M.Tech, (PhD)

Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering

NITHISH.M 1SG07ME035

SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Bangalore- 560 057
 SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
14/5, Chikkasandra, Hessaraghatta Main Road, Bangalore – 560 057

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar report
entitled “Jet engines working, its applications and recent advancements ”,
carried out by Mr. NITHISH M, USN- 1SG07ME035, a bonafide student of
Sapthagiri college of engineering, in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum during the year 2010-2011

Mr. Girish K B B.E, M.Tech, (PhD) Mr. Dayanand B S B.E, M.Tech, (PhD)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe many thanks to the people, who have helped me.

My deepest thanks to Mr. GIRISH K B, the Guide for the

Seminar, for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and
care. He has taken pains to go through the seminar report and make necessary
corrections as and when required.

I owe my thanks to the HOD: Mr. DAYANANDA B S, for extending his

support.
I would also like to thank my Institution and my faculty members without
whom this Seminar would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt
thanks to my family and well wishers.

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 Jet Engines working, its applications and recent advancements

ABSTRACT

A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate thrust by jet
propulsion and in accordance with Newton's law of motion. All jet engines are reaction engines
that generate thrust by emitting a jet of fluid rearwards at relatively high speed. Air breathing jet
engines are gas turbines optimized to produce thrust from the exhaust gases, or from ducted fans
connected to the gas turbines. Jet engines that produce thrust primarily from the direct impulse of
exhaust gases are often called turbojets, whereas those that generate most of their thrust from the
action of a ducted fan are often called turbofans or (rarely) fan-jets. A gas turbine, also called a
combustion turbine, is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a flow of combustion gas. It has
an upstream compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-
between. Gas turbine may also refer to just the turbine component. The forces on the inside of
the engine needed to create this jet give a strong thrust on the engine which pushes the craft
forwards. Jet engines make their jet from propellant from tank that is attached to the engine (as in
a 'rocket') as well as in duct engines (those commonly used on aircraft) by ingesting an external
fluid (very typically air) and expelling it at higher speed. The term jet engine loosely refers to an
internal combustion air breathing jet engine (a duct engine). These typically consist of an engine
with a rotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine ("Brayton cycle"), with the leftover
power providing thrust via a propelling nozzle. These types of jet engines are primarily used by
jet aircraft for long distance travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were relatively
inefficient for subsonic (speeds less than that of sound) flight. Modern subsonic jet aircraft
usually use high-bypass turbofan engines which give high speeds, as well as (over long
distances) better fuel efficiency than many other forms of transport

The major components of a jet engine are similar across the major different types of engines,
although not all engine types have all components. The major parts include:

• Cold Section:
o Air intake (Inlet) — the standard reference frame for a jet engine is the aircraft itself. For
subsonic aircraft, the air intake to a jet engine presents no special difficulties, and consists
essentially of an opening which is designed to minimize drag, as with any other aircraft

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Jet Engines working, its applications and recent advancements

component. However, the air reaching the compressor of a normal jet engine must be
travelling below the speed of sound, even for supersonic aircraft, to sustain the flow
mechanics of the compressor and turbine blades. At supersonic flight speeds, shockwaves
form in the intake system and reduce the recovered pressure at inlet to the compressor. So
some supersonic intakes use devices, such as a cone or ramp, to increase pressure recovery,
by making more efficient use of the shock wave system.

Jet Engine

o Compressor or Fan — the compressor is made up of stages. Each stage consists of vanes
which rotate, and stators which remain stationary. As air is drawn deeper through the
compressor, its heat and pressure increases. Energy is derived from the turbine (see
below), passed along the shaft.
o Bypass ducts much of the thrust of essentially all modern jet engines comes from air from
the front compressor that bypasses the combustion chamber and gas turbine section that
leads directly to the nozzle or afterburner (where fitted).
• Shaft — the shaft connects the turbine to the compressor, and runs most of the length of
the engine. There may be as many as three concentric shafts, rotating at independent

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Jet Engines working, its applications and recent advancements

speeds, with as many sets of turbines and compressors. Other services, like a bleed of cool
air, may also run down the shaft.
• Diffuser section: - This section is a divergent duct that utilizes Bernoulli's principle to
decrease the velocity of the compressed air to allow for easier ignition. And, at the same
time, continuing to increase the air pressure before it enters the combustion chamber.

• Hot section:
o Combustor or Can or Flameholders or Combustion Chamber — this is a chamber
where fuel is continuously burned in the compressed air.
o Turbine — the turbine is a series of bladed discs that act like a windmill, gaining energy
from the hot gases leaving the combustor. Some of this energy is used to drive the
compressor, and in some turbine engines (i.e. turboprop, turboshaft or turbofan engines),
energy is extracted by additional turbine discs and used to drive devices such as
propellers, bypass fans or helicopter rotors. One type, a free turbine, is configured such
that the turbine disc driving the compressor rotates independently of the discs that power
the external components. Relatively cool air, bled from the compressor, may be used to
cool the turbine blades and vanes, to prevent them from melting.
o Afterburner or reheat (chiefly UK) — (mainly military) Produces extra thrust by burning
extra fuel, usually inefficiently, to significantly raise Nozzle Entry Temperature at the
exhaust. Owing to a larger volume flow (i.e. lower density) at exit from the afterburner, an
increased nozzle flow area is required, to maintain satisfactory engine matching, when the
afterburner is alight.
o Exhaust or Nozzle — hot gases leaving the engine exhaust to atmospheric pressure via a
nozzle, the objective being to produce a high velocity jet. In most cases, the nozzle is
convergent and of fixed flow area.

Air is compressed by the fan blades as it enters the engine, and it is mixed and burned with fuel
in the combustion section. The hot exhaust gases provide forward thrust and turn the turbines
which drive the compressor fan blades.

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Jet Engines working, its applications and recent advancements

Jet engines can be classified as turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, pulse jets and pump-jets
under turbine powered, and as ramjet and scramjet under ram powered. The above mentioned
engines can be called Air Breathing jet engines as they require atmospheric air for combustion of
fuel in order to produce thrust or power. Jet engines also include rockets, hybrid and waterjet
engines. The rocket engine uses the same basic physical principles as the jet engine for
propulsion via thrust, but is distinct in that it does not require atmospheric air to provide oxygen;
the rocket carries all components of the propellant. Hybrid or Combined cycle engines
simultaneously use 2 or more different jet engine operating principles. A water jet, or pump jet,
is a marine propulsion system that utilizes a jet of water. The mechanical arrangement may be a
ducted propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal compressor and nozzle.

Applications: Jet engines find applications majorly in the field of aviation. They are used in
commercial airliners. All of the jet engines used in currently manufactured commercial jet
aircraft are turbofans. They are used commercially mainly because they are more efficient and
quieter in operation than turbojets. They are mainly used in subsonic commercial aircraft such as
Boeing 747,707,737. Turbofans are also used in many military jet aircraft, such as the F-15
Eagle and in unmanned aerial vehicles such as the RQ-4 Global Hawk. Turboprop jet engines are
also used in civil and military aircraft such as Cessna Caravan, Quest Kodiak, ATR 42, ATR 72,
BAe Jetstream 31, Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner, Saab 340, P-3
Orion and the C-130 Hercules.

Jet engines are used in cruise missiles. Cruise missiles are guided missile that carries an
explosive payload and is propelled, usually by a jet engine, towards its target. Cruise missiles are
designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high accuracy. Modern cruise
missiles can travel at supersonic or high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating, and can fly on a
non-ballistic, extremely low altitude trajectory. They are distinct from unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAV) in that they are used only as weapons and not for reconnaissance. In a cruise missile, the
warhead is integrated into the vehicle and the vehicle is always sacrificed in the mission. Cruise
missiles can be categorized by size, speed (subsonic or supersonic), and range, and whether
launched from land, air, surface ship, or submarine. Examples for these are BhraMos Supersonic
Cruise missile, USAF AGM 86B, Super Shadow, Boeing AGM-84 Harpoon.

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Jet Engines working, its applications and recent advancements

Pump-jet or hydrojet or water jet engines are used to drive submarines, torpedoes. A pump-jet,
hydrojet, or water jet, is a marine system that creates a jet of water for propulsion. The
mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal pump and
nozzle. They are also used in high speed jet boats, ski jets.

ThrustSSC is jet engine powered turbo fan high speed vehicle which holds the land speed record.
It achieved a speed of 1,228 km/h (763 mph) and became the first car to officially break the
sound barrier. It used a rolls-royce turbo fan engine. Jet engines are also used in wind tunnel
testing to produce winds of supersonic speeds. The 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel
(10x10) is the largest and fastest wind tunnel at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Although it
was designed to test supersonic engine components such as inlets and nozzles, some rocket
applications have also been investigated. Simulating the flight speeds of supersonic jet aircraft,
the 10x10 performs tests at airspeeds from 1400 to 2500 mph—that's up to 3.5 times the speed of
sound, which is about 670 mph. The tunnel gets its name from the dimensions of its test section:
10 feet wide by 10 feet high. The tunnel loop alone is 1200 feet long with sections as large as 50
feet in diameter. Its operation relies on a host of equipment housed in 10 buildings.

The US army M1 Abrams tank uses jet engine or turbine engine called AGT 1500 built by
Honeywell. It is capable of 1500 hp at 3000 rpm (speed measured at power output shaft), twice
that of a reciprocating engine. Although the AGT 1500 parallels other turbines in method of
operation (simply, a vaned wheel is made to revolve by the product of combustion), it is a free-
power turbine, which helps deliver more usable power to the drive sprocket

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Jet Engines working, its applications and recent advancements

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: History and Origin of Jet Engine

Chapter 3: Components of a jet engine and their working

Chapter 4: Types of Jet Engines

4.1. Airbreathing

4.1.1 Turbine powered

4.1.1.1 Turbojet

4.1.1.2 Turbofan

4.1.1.3 Turboprop

4.1.1.4 Turboshaft

4.1.1.5 Propfan

4.1.2 Ram powered

4.1.2.1 Ramjet

4.1.2.2 Scramjet

4.1.3 Non-continuous combustion

4.1.3.1 Motorjet

4.1.3.2 Pulsejet

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Jet Engines working, its applications and recent advancements

4.1.3.3 Pulse detonation

4.2 Rocket

4.3 Hybrid

4.3.1 Turborocket

4.3.2 Air augmented rocket

4.3.3 Precooled engines/LACE

4.4 Water jet

Chapter 5: General physical principles

Chapter 6: Applications Of Jet Engines

Chapter 7: Advancements In jet Engines

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Jet Engines working, its applications and recent advancements

Sapthagiri college of engineering