BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
B.Rushendra Kumar
(07BP1A0440)
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Successful completion of any project cannot be done without proper guidance and
encouragement of any people. This acknowledgement transcends the reality. Hence, I
would like to express my deep gratitude to all those who helped me directly or indirectly
I would like to thank my parents and friends, who have the greatest contributions
in all my achievements, for the great care and blessings in making as successful in all my
endeavors.
B.Rushendra Kumar
CONTENTS
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 About e-Wallet 3
Using the basic concepts of Embedded Systems, an idea for changing the future of Cards
(Banking, Petro, Health, Televoice, etc.) is proposed in this paper. Requirement of a
special card reader, limited lifetime, acceptance being the main disadvantages of today’s
traditional cards, led to the design of e-Wallet.
The main objective of e-Wallet is to make paperless money transaction easier.
The main idea behind this paper is to bring in a cheaper, more versatile and much more
easily usable kind of a card. Using this e-Wallet the transaction procedure can be as
simple as: the customer goes to the point of sale (POS), does the purchasing and when it
comes to the payment, the customer submits his e-Wallet to vender who connects it to his
terminal (PC).The vender displays the billing information to the customer who finalizes
it. The amount in the e-Wallet is updated accordingly. Later at periodic intervals, the
vender intimates the bank (in case of credit cards) which transfers the amount from the
customer’(s) account to his.
The advantages of e-Wallet are its ease of use (doesn’t require a separate card
reader), ease of maintenance, flexibility, safety, being the primary ones. The designing of
the card is similar to any other embedded card. The designing cost of the card (e-Wallet)
being as low as the price of a pizza. There are ample enhancements to this application
from credit cards to televoice cards. Unlike traditional cards which are application
oriented, all the applications’ software can be embedded into this e-Wallet which
provides multi-functionality.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
With the advent of computers many technologies are taking this world by a surprise.
These include Embedded Systems (ES), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Neural Networks
(NN), Fuzzy Logic, Bluetooth and many more are upcoming. This paper deals with
Embedded Systems in a new perspective.
Using the basic concept of ES, an idea for changing the future of Cards (Banking,
Petro, Health etc.) is proposed in this paper. To interpret this idea, it is first needed to
know the pros & cons of today’s ‘traditional’ cards. Consider the example of banking:
The magnetic stripe cards used for transactions are as simple as visiting cards, with a
magnetic tape to hold the user information. The basic advantages of these cards are:
Ease of mobility Ease of use
Coming to the disadvantages of these cards, few are listed here under:
Easy Duplication Limited lifetime
Requires a special card reader No particular user authentication
Networking problems Unsecured remote transaction
No memory to hold the Limited acceptance
current balance Vulnerable to moisture, heat, dirt etc.
and the list goes on……
Keeping these pros & cons in view, the Smart Technology is introduced to develop a new
class of cards. This stream of Smart Technology can be termed as Smart Card
Technology (SCT). This smart card has a microprocessor or memory chip embedded in it
that, when coupled with a reader, has the processing power to serve many different
applications. Such cards can be referred to as e-Wallet (electronic Wallet).
CHAPTER 2
e-WALLET
The main objective of e-Wallet is to make paperless money transaction easier. The
electronic wallet (e-Wallet) is just like a leather wallet as it does the same, in terms of e-
cash. In today’s life where monetary value and security both, go hand in hand, it is
difficult to satisfy customers using the routine cards. The main idea behind this paper is
to bring in a cheaper, more versatile and much more easily usable kind of a card.
The e-Wallet cardholder goes to a point of sale (POS) location where the e-Wallet is
accepted. Having chosen the goods he wishes to buy, he goes to the cash desk. Here, the
merchant calculates the total value and enters it on the payment terminal using a keypad.
The terminal then displays the amount on a small screen facing the cardholder, who
confirms the amount by pressing an "OK" button. In less than a second, the value is
transferred from the e-Wallet to the terminal, and the value remaining in the e-Wallet is
adjusted. This is an off-line transaction. A message is displayed to both the cardholder
and the merchant saying that the payment has been accepted.
Periodically, the merchant connects the terminal to his bank to do a collection that
is to transfer the value collected in the terminal to his bank account. This is an on-line
transaction. The terminal sends a message for each transaction to the e-Wallet host
system, identifying the card number and issuer and the amount. The host system debits
the float account of the issuer and credits the merchant's account. This typically takes a
few seconds per transaction.
Merchants can program their terminals to automatically do collections each day,
week or month, or when a specified value of transactions is reached. If merchants have a
number of terminals (e.g. a vending machine operator, or a large supermarket) then they
can use the "shuttle collection" system, where terminals download their data onto a
special collection card, which in turn then downloads it into a central terminal, which is
then used to perform an on-line collection.
CHAPTER 4
CARD DESIGNING
1. Once the card is given the power supply all the units are activated.
2. The password is sought and the password is sent. The first bit is chip select then
the start bit, two opcode bits, 6-address bits and 16 data bits.
The dedicated embedded microcontroller looks after this process.
3. Then the given password is sent to the RAM work space.
4. The password (original password) after decryption by the crypto processor is sent
to the RAM.
5. Here the passwords are compared by the microcontroller. Only if the both the
passwords are correct, the access control unit brings the flash ROM, EEPROM
units of low impedance state.
6. Otherwise the units are kept in high impedance state.
7. The on-chip security power management unit provides the correct voltage and
correct frequency (CLK signal) for functioning of the ASIC.
8. If the password is correct, then the microcontroller fetches the instructions from
the instruction set in the FLASH ROM.
9. The balance amount can be fetched form the EEPROM, through the D0 pin of the
serial interface.
10. After the transaction is over the balance amount is stored in the EEPROM through
D1 pin of the serial interface.
11. Once the transaction is over, the random word generator generates a random word
and sends it to the terminal ends and other buffers where the original password is
present.
This protects the original password from being hacked by hackers.
12. Thus the ASIC is designed for effective transaction with proper security to the
customers.
CHAPTER 6
FEATURES OF e–WALLET
Refillable
Infinite lifetime
Current balance can be stored and read
User authentication is provided
Universal access
Maximum possible cash
Cannot be duplicated
CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES OF e-WALLET
Ease of use:
Withdraw or deposit value by telephone No signature required
Pay the exact amount, no fiddling for Immediate payment
change
In the future, access points may include mobile phones
Flexibility:
Transfer value by telephone Multi-currency capability
Pay person to person No age limit, so suitable for all the
For low or high values family
With all the above mentioned features it is definite that the future of cards is
definitely e-Wallet’s. Besides credit cards, this e-Wallet can also be extended into the
following fields, namely:
Sim – card Insurance – card
Petro – card Access – card
Credit – card ATM
Health – card Televoice card
Intelligent web – surfing card
These are only the few to mention. Due to its ease of adaptability to its environment, this
e-Wallet would certainly change the way people transact (monetary transactions).
Bibliography:
www.way2students.com
www.jntuworld.com
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/activeync/default.mspx
http://awww.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/activeync/devicecenter.mspx
Newspaper article from: Herald-News (Joliet, IL)