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Navigable: deep and wide enough to allow the passage of ships. Siroccos: A hot, dry wind from N. Africa. Hub: A central point of concentrated activity and influence. Subsidence: A geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks.
Navigable: deep and wide enough to allow the passage of ships. Siroccos: A hot, dry wind from N. Africa. Hub: A central point of concentrated activity and influence. Subsidence: A geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks.
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Navigable: deep and wide enough to allow the passage of ships. Siroccos: A hot, dry wind from N. Africa. Hub: A central point of concentrated activity and influence. Subsidence: A geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks.
Hak Cipta:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai DOC, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
• Navigable: deep and wide enough to allow the passage of ships.
• Dry farming: A farming technique that leaves land unplanted every few years in order to gather moisture. • Siroccos: A hot, dry wind from N. Africa. • Hub: A central point of concentrated activity and influence. • Seismic activity: Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. • Subsidence: A geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks. • Renaissance: The revival of art, literature, and learning that took place in Europe during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. • Grabens: A long, narrow area that has dropped between 2 faults. • Inhabitable: Able to support permanent residents. • Tsunamis: A huge wave caused primarily by a disturbance beneath the ocean, such as an earthquake or a volcanic eruption.
1. What are the physical characteristics of Spain?
• Castle—symbol of Spain’s history + physical characteristics • Geographically, Spain is like a well-guarded castle • Pyrenees Mountains block easy passage across the nation’s only land border with the rest of Europe— approaches by water = no easier • Steep cliffs rise directly from the water along large stretches of coastline—elsewhere coastal plains are very narrow • Rising form the slender coastal plains are the high plateaus that form most of Spain • Central plateau—Meseta (Spanish world for plateau) • Several large rivers flow across the Meseta + between mountain ranges that divide the plateau • Only the Guadalquivir river is navigable—dangerous rapids make all other rivers unnavigable • Almost all of Spain has a Mediterranean climate of mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers • Elevation—major influence on climate • Moist, Atlantic winds rising over the Cantabrian Mts. Along the N. coast drop ample rain for farmers to raise corn and cattle • Meseta in the interior—rain shadow of the mountains and is much drier • Farmers in Meseta grow wheat or barley, using dry farming methods that leave land unplanted every few years in order to gather moisture • Sheep + goats graze on slopes too steep/dry for growing crops • SE. Spain much drier than rest of country—semiarid • Siroccos blow over SE. Spain—irrigation provides water for growing citrus fruits + olive trees on E. coastal plains near Valencia and Barcelona 2. How is Spain’s economy changing? • Agriculture to new industries • Major export—transportation equipment • 1 major industrial center—Bilbao—local iron ore provides material for producing steel • Barcelona (nation’s largest port)—center for textiles and plastics • Despite this economic shift, Spain often suffers from high unemployment rates 3. What patterns of settlement exist in Spain? • Madrid—largest city + capital due to its center location • Central control grew easier as Madrid became the hub of new transportation routes • Madrid prospered y tapping the wealth of other Spanish regions • Recent decades—Spanish built newer industries around Madrid—migrants from poor farming areas have moved to the city—metropolis now has more than 3 million residents • Problems—large population, including heavy traffic and air pollution 4. How is Spain an example of cultural divergence? • Despite nearly 500 years of central control, Spain’s regions hold on to their strong independent identities • Basques number fewer than 1 million people, yet they inhabit 1of Spain’s richest areas • Basque language—not related to any other European language and is difficult to learn • Basques have a strong tradition of cultural divergence • Although the region has been granted limited autonomy, some Basques demand total independence— a few of these separatists have engaged in violent acts against the central Spanish government • Political tensions less severe in Catalonia—however, pressures for greater use of the Catalan language (mixture of French + Spanish) are evident • Other parts of Spain also asking for greater local control 5. Compare Portugal’s position of power today to that of the past, including global trade patterns and migrations. • Global Trade Patterns o Portugal—large impact on world affairs o Emerged as independent nation in 1143—quickly became a trading nation o 15th century—Portugal explored new sea routes to E. Asia around Africa + est. many trading colonies o Spain + Portugal both expanded colonial empires to S. America—conflicts rose so treaty was signed—Portugal gained control of large parts of Africa + Brazil • Migrations o Empires of Spain + Portugal shrank in early 1800s as many colonies gained independence o Not until 1975 did Portugal grant independence to their largest African colonies—since then, nearly 1 million people from former colonies have immigrated to Portugal, seeking greater opportunities o When Portugal gave back its colonies, it turned toward Europe—joined EU in 1986 6. What is the basis of Portugal’s current economy? • Industry • Late 1990s==Ford + Volkswagen built a motor vehicle plant near Lisbon • Exports include cork, textiles, clothing, and footwear • Nation is working to increase literacy rate of 87% • Industrial pollution—growing problem • Portugal faces economic, environmental, and human challenges 7. Which nation’s economy profits most from trade? • Italy—total exports = 242.6 billion $, total imports = 206.9 billion $ 8. What European languages have diffused the most throughout the world? • English, Spanish, French 9. How has the environment in Italy changed? • Apennine Mountains experiences seismic activity • Aeolian Islands off S. Italy and Sicily have been sites of historic + recent volcanic eruptions • Italy’s climate S. of the Alps is Mediterranean—hot and try in summer + mild and wet in winter • Trees that once covered many hillsides have been cleared for space + fuel over the centuries—only scrub vegetation remains • Large volumes of soil have eroded through overgrazing by goats + sheep • Until recently Italy relied heavily on agriculture—only 10% of Italy’s work force is agricultural today 10. What are the migration patterns in Italy? • People can’t easily make their homes on mountains that dominate much of Italy’s landscape, so the populated areas are very crowded • Early 1900s—many Italians forced to move because small amount of farmland couldn’t support population • Unemployment in rural areas still high, especially in S. Italy • Since WW2, many workers migrated from poor S. regions to N. provinces of Lombardy and Piedmont to find jobs in factories 11. Describe the changing face of Italy’s economic activities. • Government has encouraged growth of factories and services recently • Automobiles, home appliances, other metal goods—most successful products • Commercial industries have boosted Italy’s steel industry and helped growth of smaller factories that supply parts + machines • Turned geographic disadvantages into opportunities • Until 1950s—relatively poor—worked hard to for EU to reach a larger and richer market • Creativity played a role in industrial boom—Italian businesses developed new styles, designs, + methods for making products—made innovations such as sleek home furnishings + high-fashion clothes more attractive to foreign markets 12. What are the economic activities in the regions of Italy? • Northern Italy o Since drainage was improved in the Middle Ages, the valley has been Italy’s most productive agricultural area—wheat and rice o Po Valley important center of commercial industry—2/3 of Italy’s factory products made there o Hydroelectricity from rivers in the Alps powers many factories o Ski resorts in the Alps and splendid lakes attract visitors all year round o Dairy farms very productive and profitable o Frequent flooding around Venice has stunted agricultural and industrial growth o Venice faces problems of pollution and subsidence—yet still remains popular with tourists for its intricate network of canals that serve as streets • Central Italy o Rome—Colosseum, Forum, Vatican City (headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church) o Bologna—leading agricultural center know for wonderful variety of foods o Florence—cultural center made famous by Michelangelo and Italian painters during the Renaissance • Southern Italy o Freeways bring this region closer to the rest of the nation o Agriculture not highly profitable because of poor soil and outdated farming techniques o Some heavy industries located here after WW2 but have suffered recently—many S. have migrated to N. Italy o Naples—largest city suffers from some of the worst poverty in Europe—# of available jobs can’t keep up with the # of people who wish to work—people hope Italy’s economy develops within the EU, and standard of living will improve 13. What are the physical characteristics of Greece? • Greece includes about 2,000 islands • N. mountains—extensions of Dinaric Alps, which form the mountainous backbone of the Balkan nations • S. Greece—product of Eurasian tectonic plate and African Plate • Major faults here thrust some lands higher and cause others to sink—grabens were flooded (Ex: Aegean Sea) • Gulf of Corinth—another graben—separates most of Greece from the Peloponnese, a large peninsula of rugged mountains 14. How do Greece’s physical characteristics influence its economic activities and trade patterns? • Economic Activities o Narrow coastal plains provide flat areas on which wheat and grains are grown—olive and citrus groves also abound o Agriculture—important economic activity despite poor soil, sparse rainfall, and outdated farming methods o With financial assistances from their government and the EU, farmers are growing new products for export o Sheeps and goats graze on more rugged slopes—have destroyed natural forests, leaving a scrubby vegetation that does little to prevent soil erosion o Many people make a living from fishing, but tourism continues to grow as a major economic activity—visitors from around the world seek the sun, sparkling water, and gleaming beaches of the Greek islands • Trade Patterns o Parallel ranges make travel difficult in many places o Piraeus—Greece’s largest port—grew to importance during 20th century o Greece relies heavily on trade over water—1 of the world’s largest commercial shipping fleets + shipbuilding is an important industry o Other industrials located near the docks of Piraeus—can take advantage of low transportation costs for imported raw materials and exported manufactured goods o Sea also enables Greece to maintain contact with its many islands 15. Why is Greek culture considered a mixture of Eastern and Western cultures? • W. cultures has so many of its roots in ancient Greece • Democratic government based on Greek ideals • Iliad and Odyssey remain popular centuries after they were composed • To Greeks the poems provided guide for moral behavior and were the cornerstone of a proper education