Chapter 22 Review

Key Terms
1. Industrial Revolution: A revolution involving dramatic innovations in
manufacturing, mining, transportation, and communications and equally
rapid changes in society and commerce
2. Agricultural revolution: A revolution involving dramatic innovations in
growing food, distributing it, and creating a food supply and with this
comes a population growth.
3. mass production: The making of many identical items by breaking the
process into simple repetitive tasks.
4. Josiah Wedgwood: Inventor of pyrometer and became a member of the
Royal Society
5. division of labor: Splitting of a job into small tasks to make a complete
item.
6. Mechanization: The use of machines to do work previously done by hand
7. Richard Arkwright: Inventor of the water frame
8. Crystal Palace: A huge greenhouse made entirely of iron and glass and
large enough to enclose the tallest trees.
9. steam engine: A substitute for human and animal power as well as for
wind and water power to transform fossil fuel into mechanical energy
10. James Watt: Innovator of the steam engine; able to make the steam
engine more efficient by using a condenser to keep the cylinder hot and
the condenser always cold.
11. electric telegraph: Telegraph that uses electric signals
12. business cycle: Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery
and growth, then back to hard times.
13. laissez faire: Expression meaning “let them do”; best exemplified by
Adam Smith’s advocating for free market capitalism.
14. Mercantilism: Arguing that governments should regulate trade in order
to maximize their horde of precious metals
15. Positivism: Philosophy that argues that the scientific method could solve
social as well as technical problems.
16. utopian socialism: socialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice

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17. Why did the Industrial Revolution take place first in Britain rather than in
another country? Although the British were innovative, they were no
more innovative than some other nations; however, they made practical
applications of those innovations much more quickly. Furthermore, they
were the world's leading exporters of tools, guns, hardware, and other
craft goods. British engineers tried new approaches to problems. Britain
also had many skilled refugees, who brought important skills with them.
In addition, British society was a factor in promoting the Industrial
Revolution. The British monarchy was less powerful, and oppressive
than those in other countries, and political power was less centralized.
Because class lines were less sharply drawn, moving up through the
classes was more feasible in England. British superiority in shipping and
water transportation played a crucial part in the era before railroads,
when land transportation was prohibitively expensive. Finally, British
financial institutions were most aptly suited to the Industrial Revolution.
Examples can be seen in the writings of Adam Smith, as well as in joint-
stock companies and the insurance system.
18. Explain the effects of the agricultural revolution and the Industrial
Revolution.
19. What five revolutionary innovations made possible the Industrial
Revolution? Give one example of each of these innovations, and
describe how each was adapted.
20. How do you account for the spread of industrialization outside of
England in the nineteenth century? Students should note the beginnings
of industrialization in Europe after the Napoleonic wars ended in 1815.
Generally speaking, the nations closest to England industrialized most
quickly. Belgium and France stole industrial secrets and smuggled
skilled workers and machinery out of Britain. Nations farthest from
England, such as Russia and Sweden, industrialized much more slowly.
Many countries also waited until the British had solved the problems
they had encountered. Nations eliminated internal tariffs and joint-stock
companies and banks secured the capital necessary for industrial
expansion. In the United States, a high standard of living and a growing
urban population created a demand for manufactured goods. High tariffs
helped ensure that they would be produced in the United States, where
large distances encouraged the development of the railroad, telegraph,
and steamboat. American cotton growing spurred the development of
the cloth and clothing industry.

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21. What was the environmental effect of the Industrial Revolution?
Students can choose from an extensive list of environmental effects.
Deforestation for construction and fuel was readily apparent in Europe,
but much less so in America. Europeans then adopted coal, and almost
immediately suffered from breathing the harmful coal emissions. As
cities grew larger and population density increased, public water and
sanitation became problems. On the other hand, industrialization had
some positive environmental effects. In Britain, underground resources
such as coal replaced wood, and overseas cotton replaced domestic
wool. As land diminished and feed for horses became expensive, less
land-hungry mechanical transport spread. Shipbuilding, which had
traditionally consumed enormous quantities of wood, switched to iron.
22. Describe the working conditions encountered by women and men during
the Industrial Revolution. Students should recognize both positive and
negative effects for industrial workers. On the positive side, many new
opportunities opened up for those with particular skills, such as
machinists and metal workers. Wages for these specialties and others
also increased. For other workers, the Industrial Revolution seemed like
a nightmare. Most work was boring. Repetitive motions mandated by
the mass-production system made workers feel disassociated from their
work. Employers added new machines and ran them faster and longer.
Health conditions deteriorated, causing infant mortality rates to soar
and average life expectancies plummet. Many factories sought women
and children as laborers. National and international mass migrations of
workers began, as workers moved from rural areas to industrializing
cities. Industrial accidents were commonplace, and workers were
allowed little say in controlling their workplace. The workday routinely
lasted fourteen to sixteen hours.
23. Why was transportation such a critical feature of the Industrial
Revolution? Transportation opened up greater markets and then the
industrialists could enjoy economy of scale. Economy of scale is the
ability to mass-produce which lowers the cost per item produced. If your
factory is in Pittsburgh and you have a market for your product in
California, you're able to use the train to get your product to the market.
Or put another way, your supply is able to get to the area where there is
a demand for it.
24. How were colonialism and European imperialism related to
industrialization? Colonialism and imperialism in Europe gave European
countries access to workforces and more resources, allowing industrial
gains.
25. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the population grew because of
reliable food supplies and widespread resistance to disease
26. Enclosure was the takeover of land from poor farmers by rich farmers
27. What new crop contributed to the agricultural revolution? The potato

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28. The agricultural revolution was a change in farming methods and crops
that resulted in rich farmers “enclosing” their lands and poor farmers
becoming landless.
29. In rural areas manufacture was carried out through cottage industries,
where merchants delivered raw materials to craftspeople and picked up
the finished product.
30. Which of the following is not one of the factors that gave Britain a “head
start” on the Industrial Revolution? It was highly commercial, and many
people were involved in production and trade.
31. Britain's manufacturing depended on the importation of raw goods from
its colonies (as well as enforced trade). Which of the following was not
an area of colonization for Britain?
32. New forms of energy were important for industrialization, such as the
steam engine and electricity.
33. Why was industrialization of continental Europe more difficult than in
Britain? Britain recovered from the plague faster
34. “Division of labor” in manufacturing means dividing work into
specialized and repetitive tasks.
35. England began importing raw cotton the English Parliament banned
importation of cotton cloth
36. Among the new inventions developed to weave cotton textiles was
(were) the spinning jenny and the water frame.
37. According to the chapter, what was not one of the five major
contributors to industrialization?
38. Iron production was transformed by Abraham Darby's discovery that
coke could be used in the place of charcoal in the smelting process.
39. A significant contribution to the mass manufacture of cheap metal items
was the development of puddling.
40. The most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution was James
Watt's steam engine
41. The United States was the first country to create commercially viable
steamships. This was because they put steam engine on boats.
42. In continental Europe, industries such as iron, construction, and
machinery were greatly stimulated by first building a railroad network
43. What invention revolutionized communication during the Industrial
Revolution? The electric telegraph
44. One profound effect that industrialization had on the world was that
Europe and North America were empowered at the expense of the rest
of the world.
45. Urbanization had the greatest impact on the Industrial Revolution
46. Which of the following was not true of poor urban neighborhoods? The
houses were often mixed in with factories
47. The most obvious change in rural life during the Industrial Revolution
was the appearance of new roads, canals, and railroads.
48. Factory work represented a radical difference from traditional rural work
because All of these

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49. Industrial work had an enormous effect on the family because work was
now removed from the home and family members were separated all
day.
50. Women typically earned one third to one half as much as men.
51. Single women and married women both did factory work but for
different reasons: married women worked if their husbands were unable
to support their families.
52. When child labor laws began to pass in England, mill owners
increasingly recruited adult immigrants from Ireland
53. In the United States, many factory owners opened their factories with a
commitment to decent wages and housing but eventually lowered
wages and imposed longer hours
54. The cotton boom enriched planters as well as manufacturers and
created a high demand for slaves
55. “Business cycles” meant that the economy swings from hard times to
recovery and growth, then back to hard times
56. The early Industrial Revolution’s real beneficiaries were the landowning
gentry
57. With industrialization, the role of middle-class women became
management of the home, children, and servants. This was known as
the “cult of domesticity”
58. In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith proposes that the government
should The government should not interfere in business.
59. Thomas Malthus's explanation of workers' misfortunes was that
population was outgrowing the food supply
60. Friedrich List, the German economist, argued that the German states
had to eliminate tariff barriers between them but erect high barriers
against imports from Britain.
61. To address the misery of the poor, French socialists proposed that
workers form communities under the protection of business leaders;
their views were known as positivism
62. Charles Fourier and other opponents of capitalism advocated utopian
socialism
63. Which of the following was not one of the ways in which workers
resisted harsh treatment? Signing petitions and presenting them to the
town government
64. The Factory Act of 1833 Outlawed the employment of children under 9
in the textile industry
65. As a result of industrialization, the relationship between western Europe
and the non-Western world was dominated by Western Europe
66. How did industrialization change China's relationship with the West?
Great Britain used steam powered gunboats to humiliate China’s
military in the Opium Wars.
67. Why did Britain discourage the efforts of Egypt to industrialize? They did
not want a powerful country threatening the flow of travelers

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68. Britain's main strategy to eliminate competition in trade was to force
Muhammad Ali to eliminate all import duties in the name of free trade

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 Chapter 23 Review

Key Terms

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 1. Simón Bolívar: 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of
South American colonies against Spanish rule. Founded Bolivia. Agreed
to emancipation in order to draw slaves and freemen to his cause and to
gain supplies from Haiti.
2. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla: Parish priest who spoke fiercely and urged
citizens to rebel against Spanish officials
3. José María Morelos: Priest who was a student of Hidalgo’s who led the
revolution started by his instructor. Convened Congress to draft a
constitution
4. Confederation of 1867: Created a new Dominion of Canada and a central
government in Ottawa
5. Personalist leaders: Relied on their ability to mobilize and direct the
masses of these new nations rather than on the authority of
constitutions and laws.
6. Andrew Jackson: First U.S. president born in humble circumstances. A
self-made man who eventually acquired substantial property and owned
over a hundred slaves, Jackson was extremely popular among frontier
residents, urban workers, and small farmers.
7. José Antonio Páez: Organized and led Bolívar’s most successful cavalry
force.
8. Benito Juárez: President of Mexico who was forced to flee to Mexico City
after France invaded Mexico in 1862
9. Tecumseh: Brothers who created a larger and better-organized alliance
among Amerindian peoples in the Ohio River Valley and gained some
support from Great Britain.
10. Caste War: Popular and organized rebellion of the Maya in 1847 that
almost returned the Yucután to Maya rule
11. Abolitionists: Men and women who wanted to outlaw slavery
12. Acculturation: The modification of the language, customs, values, and
behaviors of a group as a result of contact with people from another
culture
13. Women's Rights Convention: A meeting called by women to discuss
women’s rights
14. Development: Industrialization and Prosperity
15. Underdevelopment: Continued colonial dependence on exporting raw
materials and on low-wage industries
16. To what extent did the independence movements in Latin America draw
inspiration from, and ultimately come to resemble, the American and
French Revolutions? What, on the other hand, were the factors that
were unique to these colonies and that ensured that their revolutions
followed their own distinct trajectories?

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17. Compare and contrast the revolutionary movements in Venezuela,
Mexico, and Brazil. Venezuelan independence was initiated by Creoles
(colonial-born whites), who were large landowners seeking to hold on to
their power and wealth. They wanted to retain slavery and keep power
from the black and mixed-race populace. Their narrow aims angered
most Venezuelans, who broadened the movement, unifying behind
Simon Bolivar. Although defeated on many occasions. Bolivar
successfully adapted his objectives and policies to attract new allies and
build coalitions. Although initially opposed to the abolition of slavery, he
agreed to support emancipation in order to draw slaves and freemen to
his cause and to gain supplies from Haiti. Bolivar made astute
adjustments in his goals both politically and militarily and won
independence. Mexico was much more conservative and wealthier than
other Spanish colonies, with a higher percentage of Spanish-born
settlers as well. On hearing of Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the
wealthiest Spaniards in Mexico feared that the local viceroy would be
too sympathetic to the Creoles, and sc they overthrew him. Establishing
a precedent of undermining the colonial government, the revolution
spread to the rural and urban poor. It was the news of a military revolt in
Spain in 1820 that shattered the conservative coalition. In 1821, Colonel
Agustin de Iturbide and other loyalist commanders forged an alliance
and declared Mexico's independence. However this transition to
independence was conservative and highlighted by the decision to
create a monarchial form of government and crown Iturbide emperor. In
1823, Mexico became a republic. The situation in Brazil was different
mainly because of its Portuguese affiliation. When Napoleon invaded
Portugal, the Portuguese royal family fled into exile in Brazil. Even after
the French in Portugal were defeated, the royal family remained in
America. The king returned to Portugal only when a liberal revolt
threatened the Iberian government. His son Pedro declared Brazilian
independence in 1822 and established a constitutional monarchy with
himself as its head.

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18. Problems associated with regionalism were important in shaping Latin
American nations as well as the United States. Compare and contrast
the significance of regionalism throughout the Americas. Regionalism in
Latin America was very divisive, often splitting nations into competing
factions. On a larger scale, it ensured the failure of all attempts at
creating federations of states. Students should identify Bolivar's failed
attempt at creating Gran Colombia as one example. Within nations, the
wealthy jealously guarded their positions and often instigated civil wars
or secession movements to safeguard them. This caused more localized
divisions, which threatened to split countries apart. Dictators often arose
in attempts to unify regions under stronger centralized control. By IWG.
Every Latin American country had undergone at least one dictatorship.
On the other hand, the United States, with a longer British and colonial
history of constitutional and representative government, never
experienced a violent usurpation of power or rejection of an election.
Still, the United States Constitution did specifically try to address
regional problems and concerns, which included sanctioning slavery.
The problems of regionalism and internal differences were significant
enough that they led to the Civil War in 1861.
19. What was the effect of independence and the end of colonialism on
Amerindians? Consider former British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies.
Toward the end of the colonial era, European nations strove to control
the expansion of their peoples in an effort to end the perpetual fighting
with Amerindians. Independence removed that check on expansion, but
at the same time the revolutionary struggles for freedom weakened
newly independent peoples. Amerindians took advantage of that
temporary weakness to push back Euro-American advances.
Amerindians continued to resist expansion, adapting in unique ways to
new technologies and opportunities, such as horses and firearms. Euro-
American setbacks were only temporary, however. In places such as the
United States, military efforts led by the national government forcibly
removed Amerindians to more remote and less viable reservations. In
Argentina, powerful Amerindian groups were kept at peace only through
an elaborate system of gift giving and prisoner exchanges. Ultimately,
however, Amerindians lost their land. Increases in population and new
technologies enabled their opponents to overwhelm them.
20. Discuss the significance of railroads in transforming the Western
Hemisphere. How did railroads affect Latin America, the United States,
and Canada?

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21. Discuss the process of abolishing slavery in the Americas. Did the
movement for abolition of slavery differ in the United States, Latin
America, and the Caribbean? Students should recognize that during the
movements for independence in all three places there were strong anti-
slavery sentiments. The ideas of the Enlightenment that provided an
ideological foundation for independence also addressed the evils of
slavery as well. In regions where plantation economies were most
prevalent, abolition met with the most resistance; however, slave
revolts and resistance persisted in all of these areas. Both women and
African-Americans were active in the abolitionist movement in the
United States. In the United States as the debate over slavery in the
new territories boiled over, the Confederacy seceded from the Union. In
1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which
ended slavery in the Union states, and the Thirteenth Amendment to the
Constitution ended it for good in 1865. Slavery persisted for twenty
years more in Brazil, where it was finally abolished in 1888. In the
Caribbean, slave revolts and resistance weakened European imperial
commitment to slavery, and the decrease in sugar plantation
profitability convinced the British to push for the abolition of slavery
there as well. The remaining Spanish colonies, Puerto Rico and Cuba,
were the last to free the slaves.
22. Define and discuss the patterns of economic development and
underdevelopment in the Americas. What regions enjoyed economic
development during the nineteenth century, and what were the major
components of that development? What regions remained
underdeveloped, and why? Students should recognize that all western
hemisphere economies grew between 1800 and 1900. The growth of
markets, technology, and population caused increases in wealth;
however, growing economic interdependence and increased competition
also caused structural problems in some cases. Two distinct tracks of
development evolved: development and underdevelopment.
Development included industrial development and prosperity, and
underdevelopment included continued colonial dependence on exports
of raw materials and low-wage industries. Students should be aware of
the effects of world markets on these economies and which economies
were in North America and which were in South America.

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23. What was the nature of immigration to the Americas in the nineteenth
century? What were some of the problems and contributions of
immigration? As the African slave trade came to an end, the nature,
sources, and numbers of immigrants to the Americas changed
dramatically. For instance, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese
emigrants came to North and South America. Still, most free immigrants
came from Europe, particularly those emigrating to the United States,
Canada, Argentina, and other nations of southern South America. This
was due in part to discrimination against Asian immigrants in the United
States, Canada, and other countries. Students should identify the
changing nature of the flow of Europeans as to source and numbers.
While this influx of people contributed to the Industrial Revolution in the
Americas, supplying the labor for new factories and agriculture, workers
in the Americas viewed immigrants differently. To workers, immigrants
were threat-pawns used by capitalists to lower wages and degrade
working conditions. Native-born Americans blamed the immigrants'
cultures for these immigration-related problems. However, aside from
the previously mentioned economic benefits, immigrants made many
significant contributions in food, music, literature, folklore, and other
areas of their cultural heritage. Schools attempted to assimilate
immigrants through acculturation. Patriotic songs, symbols, and history
lessons -were used to this end.
24. What factors led to the alteration of the American environment? How
was the environment altered? Population growth, economic expansion,
new technologies, and the introduction of plants and animals to new
regions dramatically altered the American environment. Many of Cuba's
forests were cut to expand sugar production. The expansion of livestock
raising put a heavy burden on the fragile environments in Argentina,
Uruguay, southern Brazil, and the southwestern United States.
Commercial agriculture, such as increases in cotton production, led to
soil exhaustion and erosion. The use of plows on the North American
prairies and the Argentine pampa eliminated many native grasses and
increased the threat of soil erosion. Coffee planters in Brazil exhausted
soil fertility with a destructive cycle of over-planting. In addition, rapid
urbanization put heavy pressure on the environment. New York,
Chicago, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Mexico City were among the
fastest growing cities. Governments strained to keep up with the need
for sewers, clean water, and garbage disposal. The rising demand for
building materials led to the spread of the timber industry. Mining also
advanced into Nevada, Montana, and California after 1860 and erosion
and pollution resulted. Also, efforts to meet increasing domestic demand
for food and housing and to satisfy foreign demands for exports led to
environmental degradation but also contributed to the world economy
and regional prosperity. By the end of the nineteenth century, small-
scale conservation efforts were underway in many nations.

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25. The military campaigns of what European leader pushed the colonies of
South America toward independence? Simón Bolívar
26. The Junta Central was a political body established to rule during the
French occupation of Spain
27. The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial
governments was initially led by the merchant class
28. Who objected to the Junta Central in Spanish America? Colonial
residents of Spanish America
29. Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, which unified Venezuela,
Colombia, and Ecuador into one nation.
30. After awaiting the return of the Spanish king, Ferdinand IV, to the
throne, loyalists were disappointed when he
31. Jose de San Martin's most effective troops were former slaves
32. In 1810, Spain's richest and most populous American colony was Mexico
33. When Napoleon Bonaparte deposed Spain's King Ferdinand IV, the
colonial administrator in Mexico was overthrown because he was too
sympathetic for the creoles
34. The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y
Costilla were priests
35. Morales, Hidalgo, and Iturbide were all radicals in the independence
movements. All of them were leaders of the revolution
36. Emperor Pedro I of Brazil published an article in which he called slavery
a “cancer eating away at Brazil.”
37. Independence in Brazil first occurred when republics overthrew Pedro II
in 1889
38. Personalist leaders relied on their ability to mobilize and direct the
masses of these new nations rather than on the authority of
constitutions and laws.
39. In Latin America, leaders who were called caudillos held political power
without constitutional sanction
40. Which of the following was not among the similarities shared by
Venezuelan leader José Antonio Páez and American Andrew Jackson?
They both rejected slavery as a socio-economic system.
41. The Confederation of 1867 created the new Dominion of Canada with a
central government in Ottawa
42. The unity of the United States was threatened by rivalries over issues
such as slavery
43. Which of the following was not a reason for the Civil War in the United
States in 1861-1865?
44. In the nineteenth century, Mexico lost all but which of the following?
45. To settle Texas in northeastern Mexico, the Mexican government invited
Americans to come live there
46. A French army was driven out of Mexico by Benito Juarez
47. With the end of colonialism in the Americas, Amerindians lost the
protection of the colonial powers

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48. The Shawnee leader who created a large organized alliance of
Amerindians of the Ohio River Valley and Great Britain was Tecumsah.
49. The Trail of Tears was the forced resettlement of the Cherokee, Creek,
Choctaw, and other eastern peoples to land west of the Mississippi
River.
50. The Plains Indians successfully resisted U.S. expansion in part because
they had become skilled users of horses and firearms
51. Systematic resistance by Native Americans to U.S. government
relocation is symbolized most by which event? The Battle of Little
Bighorn
52. One advantage that Amerindians in Argentina and Chile had in checking
settlers' southern expansion was an unlimited food supply from herds of
wild cattle
53. The Mapuche tribes were ultimately defeated in their attempt to resist
the Chilean military campaigns because of modern weaponry.
54. People who wanted slavery to be outlawed were called abolitionists
55. An argument to end slavery was that it was offered both morality and
the universal rights asserted in the Declaration of Independence
56. Despite emancipation of slaves in the United States, African Americans
lived under harsh conditions, including “Jim Crow” laws that segregated
public transportation, jobs, and schools.
57. The Paraguayan War helped to end slavery in Brazil because large
numbers of slaves joined the Brazilian Army in exchange for freedom
58. Caribbean settlers were not enthusiastic about independence from
European imperial governments because they feared new slave
rebellions
59. After the profitability of sugar plantations declined, the British ended its
participation in the slave trade
60. Slavery lasted longest on the Caribbean islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico
61. France's support for slavery decreased after the Haitian Revolution
62. Most of the immigrants from Asia after 1850 went to the Western
Hemisphere
63. Canada decided to reduce Asian immigration in the 1880s by imposing a
head tax on Chinese immigrants
64. U.S. efforts to assimilate immigrants included teaching patriotism and
nationalism in school
65. The modification of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of a
group as a result of contact with people from another culture is called
acculturation
66. The Women's Rights Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York
67. Working-class women transformed gender relations by working outside
the home.
68. Because Canada did not allow women to enter medical school before
1895, that country’s first women doctors received their degrees in the
United States

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69. The Industrial Revolution created new demand for metals such as
copper, zinc, and tin. This led to a mining boom in the United States,
Chile, and Mexico
70. Which of the following technological improvements did not change the
Argentine cattle industry at the end of the nineteenth century?
Antibiotics
71. The economic success of the United States in the nineteenth century
was exemplified by the United States’ railroad network.
72. Much of Cuba's dense forest was cut for expanding sugar production
73. A naturalist who worked for environmental preservation was John Muir
74. When confronted with the choice of economic growth or environmental
protection, all nations chose economic growth

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