Physics Papers Collection

1 2
9.A certain radioactive substance disintegrates for an interval of time equal to its mean life.
A)What fraction of element remains undecayed? B)What fraction of element has
disintegrated?
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1. In an atom, two electrons moves around the nucleus in circular orbit of radius R and 11.Explain why heavy water is preferred as a moderator to ordinatory water in a nuclear
4R.Calculate the ratio of time taken to complete one revolution around the nucleus. reactor having uranium as a fuel?
2. The spectrum of hydrogen atom has many lines although hydrogen atom contains 12.The isotope 92U238 decays successively to form 90 Th234 ,91 Pa234 ,92 U234 , 90 Th230 , 88 Ra226.
only one electron.Why?
What are the radiations emitted in these 5 steps?
3. The energy level of an atom of an element ’X’ are shown in the diagram. A photon
of wavelength 620 nm is emitted . This corresponds to which of the transition A,B,C,D or 13.Binding energy of Lithium(39.22 meV)is greater than binding energy of helium(27.22
E. meV).Even then Helium is more stable than lithium. Explain.
14.4 nuclei of an element fuse together to form a heavier nucleus .If the process is
accompanied by release of energy ,which of the two –the parent or the daughter nuclei
would have higher binding energy per nucleon.
15. Two different radioactive elements with half lives T1 & T2 have N1 & N2 atoms respectively
present at a given instant .Determine the ratio of their activities at this instant.
16. A radioactive material is reduced to 1/16 of its original amount in 4 days .How much
material should one begin with so that 4x10-3 of the material left after 6 days.
17. What do you understand by the term mirror isobars?
18.Show that the decay rate R of a sample of radio nuclei is related to the number of
radioactive nuclei N at samH LQVWDQW E\ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ 5 1[ Ì
+RZ PDQ\ Â DQG Ã SDUWLFOHV DUH HPLWWHG ZKHQ 92U238 changes to 90Th230
20.Draw a graph showing variation of P.E of a pair of nucleons as a function of their
separation b.Indicate the reason in which nuclear force is
a)Attractive (b)Repulsive
4. Calculate the speed of electron revolving around the nucleus of a hydrogen atom in
order that it may not be pulled into the nucleus by the electrostatic attraction ? 3ORW WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI .( RI Ã SDUWLFOHV DQG VWDWH ZK\ WKH HQHUJ\ VSHFWUXP LV FRQWLQRXV"
5. The spectrum of a star in the visible and the uv region was observed and the 22.You are given two nuclei 3X7 and 3Y4 .Explain giving reasons as to which one of the two
wavelength of some of the line that could be identified found to be : 824Å, 970 Å,1120 nuclei is more stable?
Å,2504 Å,5173 Å,6100 Å.Which of these lines cannot belong to hydrogen spectrum?
R=1.03*107m-1 23.If the nucleons bound in the nucleus are separated apart from each other ,the sum of
their masses is greater than the mass of the nucleus.Where does this mass difference come
1/R=960 Å.Support the answer with suitable calculation. from.Explain.
6. Prove that Intanstaneous rate of change of change of the activity of a radioactive 24.The wavelength of the first line of Lymann series for Hydrogen is identical to that of
substance is inversely proportional to the square of its half life. second line of Balmer series for some hydrogen like ion x.Calculate the energies of the first 4
levels of x.
7. A radio active nuclei decays to form a stable nucleide. Its half life is 3 min.What fraction
of its 1gm will remain radioactive after 9 minutes? 25.At time t=0 activity of a radioactive substance is 1600 Bq. At t =8s activity remains 100 Bq .
Find the activity at 2 seconds.
8. 8.How much mass has to be converted to energy to produce electric power 500 MW
for one hour? 26. A radioactive nucleus undergoes a series of decay according to the scheme.
Æ Æ Æ
A A1 A2 A3 A4 .If the mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72
respectively.What are these numbers A4
3 4
26. A gas of monoatomic hydrogen is bombarded with a stream of electrons that have 49. A beam of electron is used in YDS experiment. The slit width is d. What happens to
been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 12.75 V. Which spectral fringe width?
lines should be emitted? 50. A nucleus disintegrates in to two nuclear parts which have their velocities in the ratio
27. An electron and anti particle, the positron, can form a bound system, called 2 : 1. Find the ratio of their sizes
Positronium. What should be the ionization potential of positronium. 51. When a uranium originally at rest decays by emitting alpha particle having speed u.
28. Estimate the energy needed to eject from a lead atom the electron with n = 1. What Find the recoil speed of residual nucleus?
wavelength X ray would be required to do this ( Z = 82 ). 52. The activity of a radioactive sample diminishes from 1024 to 128 in 2 min. Find how
29. An alpha particle comes to with in 80 fm of gold nucleus . Assuming gold nucleus much activity diminishes in 6 min.
and the alpha particle are point charges, find the maximum repulsive force. 53. The activity of a radioactive element decreased to 1/3 of the original activity I0 in a
30. Show that if two ions of the same charge and velocity but of different mass pass period of 9 years. What its activity after further lapse of 9 years?
through a uniform transverse magnetic field, the radii of the path are proportional to 54. Half life of two substances A and B are 20 min and 40 min. Initially the sample have
the masses. Find an expression for dm if dr is change in radius. equal no of nuclei. Find after 80 min the ratio of remaining no of A and B nucleii?
31. A nucleus X initially at rest, undergoes alpha decay according to the equation 92 X A
-----> z Y 228 + Alpha particle. ( a ) find the values of A and Z. (b ) the alpha
particle in the above process is found to move in a circular track of radius 1.1 X 10 2 m
in a uniform field 3 X 10 3 T , find the energy during process and binding energy of
parent nucleus ?
32. In experiment angles of scattering of alpha particle is 180. What is its impact
parameter.
33. What will happen if electron revolving around the nucleus comes to rest.
34. By what factor must the mass number A change for the nuclear radius to double.
35. Initial amount of a radioactive substance is N0 . How much amount of the substance
is left after 10 half lifes ?
36. Half life of a radioactive element A is same as mean life time of another radioactive
element B. Initially both have same no of atoms. Explain why Beta decay faster than
A.
37. Half life of radioactive substance A is two times the half life of another substance B.
Initially the no of nuclei of A and B are NA and NB . After three half lives of A number of
nuclei of both are equal. What is ratio of NA and NB
38. 92U 238 changes to 85 At 210 by series of alpha , Beta decays. How many alpha , beta
decay underwent?
39. Find the ratio between total acceleration of electron in singly ionized helium atom
and hydrogen atom when both are in ground state.
40. The shortest wavelength of Brackett series of a hydrogen atom is the same as the
shortest wavelength of Balmer series of hydrogen . Find the atomic no?
41. Find the maximum angular velocity of a electron of hydrogen atom in stationary
orbit?
42. Find the ratio of maximum wavelength of Lymann series in hydrogen spectrum to the
maximum wavelength in Paschen Series?
43. A electron and photon have same wavelength . If P is the momentum and E is
energy of photon . Find the ratio of P/E.
44. B.E. per nucleon of hydrogen and helium are 1.1 eV and 7 MeV. Find the energy
released in the process?
45. Find the probability of survival of a radioactive nucleus for one mean life?
46. The ratio of molecular mass of two radio active substances is 3/2 and ratio of their
decay constant is 4/3. Find the ratio of their initial activity per mole?
47. A freshly prepared radio active substance of half life 2 hours emits radiation of
intensity which is 64 times the permissible safe level. Find the minimum time after
which it would possible to work with this source safely.
48. A star can convert all He nuclei completely into oxygen nuclei. Find the energy
released per oxygen nuclei?
Code No. (vii) Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you may use log tables, if necessary.
Series SHC/1 dksM ua- 55/1/1 (viii) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:
Roll No. Candidates must write the Code on
jksy ua- the title page of the answer-book.
fo|kFkhZ mÙkj&iqfLrdk esa dksM ua- vo';
fy[ksA
Please check that this question paper contains 12 printed pages.

Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on
the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
Please check that this question paper contains 27 questions. Mass of neutron
Please write down the serial number of the question before attempting it. Boltzmann's constant
Avogadro's number
Ñi;k tk¡p dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i=k esa eqfnzr i`"B 12 gSaA
iz'u&i=k esa nkfgus gkFk dh vksj fn, x, dksM uEcj dks Nk=k mÙkj&iqfLrdk ds eq[k&i`"B ij fy[ksaA lkekU; funsZ'k %
Ñi;k tk¡p dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i=k esa 27 iz'u gSaA (i) lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA
Ñi;k iz'u dk mÙkj fy[kuk 'kq: djus ls igys] iz'u dk Øekad vo'; fy[ksaA (ii) iz'u&i=k esa lexz ij dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA fQj Hkh nks vadksa okys ,d iz'u esa] rhu vadksa okys
,d iz'u esa vkSj ik¡p vadksa okys rhuksa iz'uksa esa Hkhrjh p;u fodYi miyC/k gSA ,sls iz'uksa esa
PHYSICS (Theory) vkidks fn;s x;s p;u esa ls dsoy ,d iz'u gh djuk gSA
(iii) iz'u la[;k 1 ls 5 vfr y?kq mÙkj izdkj ds iz'u gSaA buesa izR;sd iz'u ,d vad dk gSA
HkkSfrd foKku ¼lS)kfUrd½ (iv) iz'u la[;k 6 ls 12 y?kq mÙkj izdkj ds iz'u gSaA buesa izR;sd iz'u nks vadksa dk gSA
Time allowed : 3 hours ] [ Maximum Marks: 70 (v) iz'u la[;k 13 ls 24 Hkh y?kq mÙkj izdkj ds iz'u gSaA buesa izR;sd iz'u rhu vadksa dk gSA
fu/kkZfjr le; % 3 ?k.Vs ] [ vf/kdre vad % 70
(vi) iz'u la[;k 25 ls 27 nh?kZ mÙkj izdkj ds iz'u gSaA buesa izR;sd iz'u ik¡ p vadksa dk gSA
General Instructions : (vii) dSydqysVj ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr ugha gSA rFkkfi] vko';d gks rks vki y?kqx.kdh; lkjf.k;ksa
(i) All questions are compulsory. dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
(ii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one (viii) tgk¡ vko';d gks vki fuEufyf[kr HkkSfrd fu;rkadksa ds ekuksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa %
question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five
marks. You have to attempt only one of the choice in such questions.
(iii) Question numbers 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions, carrying one mark
each.
(iv) Question numbers 6 to 12 are short answer type questions, carrying two marks
each.
(v) Question numbers 13 to 24 are also short answer type questions, carrying three
marks each.
(vi) Questions numbers 25 to 27 are long answer type questions, carrying five marks
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each. cksYV~t+eku fu;rkad
vkoksxknzks dh la[;k
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1. An electron, an alpha-particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which 7. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation.
one of these particles has the largest de-Broglie wavelength ? 1 What is the significance of negative potential energy in the graph drawn ? 2
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rjaxnS?;Z vf/kdre gS\ dhft,A [khaps x, xzkWQ esa _.kkRed fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dk D;k egÙo gS \
2. Why should the material used for making permanent magnets have high
coercivity ? 1 8. A convex lens of refractive index 1.5 has a focal length of 18 cm in air. Calculate
the change in its focal length when it is immersed in water of refractive
LFkk;h pqEcd cukus esa mi;ksx gksus okys inkFkZ dh mPp fuxzkfgrk D;ksa gksuh pkfg,\
index . 2
3. The radioactive isotope D decays according to the sequence
1.5 viorZukad ds fdlh mÙky ysal dh ok;q esa Qksdl nwjh 18 lseh gSA bl ysal dks 4/3 viorZukad
ds ty esa Mqcksus ij bldh Qksdl nwjh esa gksus okyk ifjorZu ifjdfyr dhft,A
If the mass number and atomic number of D2 are 176 and 71 respectively, what
is (i) the mass number (ii) atomic number of D ? 1 9. Distinguish between the terms 'average value' and 'rms value' of an alternating
fdlh jsfM;ks,sfDVo leLFkkfud D dk {k; fuEufyf[kr Øe ds vuqlkj gksrk gS % current. The instantaneous current from an a.c. source is I = 5 sin (314 t) ampere.
What are the average and rms values of the current ? 2
;fn D2 dh nzO;eku la[;k rFkk ijek.kq Øekad Øe'k% 176 rFkk 71 gSa] rks D dh (i) nzO;eku la[;k fdlh izR;korhZ /kkjk ds ^vkSlr eku* rFkk ôxZek/; ewy eku* esa Hksn dhft,A fdlh a.c. lzksr ls
(ii) ijek.kq Øekad D;k gSa\ izkIr rkR{kf.kd /kkjk I = 5 sin (314 t) ,sfEi;j gSA bl /kkjk ds ^vkSlr eku* rFkk ôxZ ek/;ewy
eku* D;k gSa\
4. What will be the values of input A and B for the Boolean expression
? 1 10. Write the relation for the forece acting on a charge carrier q moving with a
cwyh; O;atd ds fy, fuos'kh A rFkk B ds eku D;k gSa\ velocity through a magnetic field in vector notation. Using this relation,
deduce the conditions under which this force will be (i) maximum (ii) minimum. 2
5. Why is frequency modulation perferred over amplitude modulation for transmission
pqEcdh; {ks=k esa osx ls xfreku fdlh vkos'k okgd q ij yxus okys cy ds fy, lfn'k
of music ? 1
ladsru i)fr esa laca/k fyf[k,A bl laca/k dk mi;ksx mu 'krks± dks O;qRié djus ds fy, dhft,
laxhr ds izlkj.k ds fy, vk;ke eknqyu dh rqyuk esa vko`fÙk eknqyu dks D;ksa vf/kd ftuesa ;g cy (i) vf/kdre] (ii) U;wure gksrk gSA
ilUn fd;k tkrk gS\
11. A cylindrical metallic wire is stretched to increase its length by 5%. Calculate the
6. The output of an OR gate is connected to both the inputs of a NAND gate.
percentage change in its resistance. 2
Draw the logic circuit of this combination of getes and write its truth table. 2
/kkrq ds fdlh csyukdkj rkj dks [khapdj mldh yEckbZ esa 5% o`f) dh tkrh gSA blds
fdlh OR xsV ds fuxZr dks fdlh NAND xsV ds nksuksa fuos'kh ls la;ksftr fd;k x;k
izfrjks/k esa izfr'kr ifjorZu ifjdfyr dhft,A
gSA xsVksa ds bl la;kstu dk rdZ ifjiFk [khafp, rFkk lR;eku lkj.kh fyf[k,A
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(ii) electric field intensity between the plates
12. The electric field E due to a point charge at any point near it is defined as
(iii) capacitance of the capacitor.
where q is the test charge and F is the force acting on it. What is the Justify your answer in each case. 3
physical significance of in this expression ? Draw the electric field lines ,d lekUrj ifV~Vdk la/kkfj=k] ftldh izR;sd ifV~Vdk dk {ks=kQy A rFkk i`Fkdu d gS] dks
of a point charge Q when (i) Q > 0 and (ii) Q < 0. 2 foHkokUrj V rd vkosf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA rRi'pkr~ vkosf'kr djus okyh cSVjh dks gVk ysrs gSa rFkk
ifV~Vdkvksa ds chp ijkoS|qrkad K dk d eksVkbZ dk dksbZ ijkoS|qr xqVdk j[k nsrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr
OR
esa D;k ifjorZu ¼;fn dksbZ gS½ gksxk %
Define electric flux. Write its S.I. units. A spherical rubber balloon carries a charge
that is uniformly distributed over its surface. As the balloon is blown up and (i) ifV~Vdkvksa ij vkos'k]
increases in size, how does the total electric flux coming out of the surface change ? (ii) ifV~Vdkvksa ds chp fo|qr~ {ks=k rhozrk]
Give reason.
(iii) la/kkfj=k dh /kkfjrk
fdlh fcUnq vkos'k ds dkj.k mlds fudV ds fdlh fcUnq ij fo|qr~ {ks=k E dks izR;sd izdj.k esa vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] ;gka q ijh{k.k vkos'k rFkk F bl ij dk;Zjr cy gSA bl O;atd
esa dk D;k HkkSfrd egÙo gS \ fdlh fcUnq vkos'k Q dk fo|qr~ {ks=k [khafp, tcfd 15. State Kirchhoff's rules of current distribution in an electrical network.
(i) Q > 0 rFkk (ii) Q < 0 gSA Using these rules determine the value of the current in the electric circuit given
below. 3
vFkok
fo|qr~ ¶yDl dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A bldk S.I. ek=kd fyf[k,A fdlh jcM+ ds xksy xqCckjs ij dqN
vkos'k gS] tks mlds i`"B ij ,dleku :i ls forfjr gSA xqCckjs esa ok;q Hkjus ij bldh vkeki
esa o`f) gksrh gS] rc blds i`"B ls ckgj vkus okys dqy fo|qr~ ¶yDl esa D;k ifjorZu gksrk gS\
dkj.k fyf[k,A
13. Deduce an expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole at any
point on its axis. Mention one contrasting feature of electric potential of a dipole at
a point as compared to that due to a single charge. 3 fdlh cS|qr usVodZ esa fo|qr~ /kkjk forj.k ds fdj[kksQ ds fu;e fyf[k,A
fdlh cS|qr f}/kzqo ds dkj.k blds v{k ij fLFkr fdlh fcUnq ij fo|qr~ foHko ds fy, O;atd O;qRié bu fu;eksa dk uhps fn, x, fo|qr~ ifjiFk ds fy, mi;ksx djds fo|qr~ /kkjk dk eku Kkr
dhft,A fdlh fcUnq ij oS|qr f}/kzqo ds dkj.k fo|qr~ foHko rFkk mlh fcUnq ij ,dy vkos'k ds dhft,A
dkj.k fo|qr~ foHko ds chp ,d fojks/kh y{k.k dk mYys[k dhft,A
14. A parallel plate capacitor, each with plate area A and separation d, is charged to a
potential difference V. The battery used to charge it is then disconnected. A dielectric
slab of thickness d and dielectric constant K is now placed between the plates. What
change, if any, will take place in
(i) charge on the plates
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16. Write the mathematical relation for the resistivity of a material in terms of relaxation uhps nks fo|qr~ ifjiFk A rFkk B n'kkZ, x, gSa
time, number density and mass and charge of charge carriers in it. Explain, using
this relation, why the resistivity of a metal increases and that of a semi-conductor
decreases with rise in temperature. 3
fdlh inkFkZ dh izfrjks/kdrk ds fy, foJkafr dky] la[;k ?kuRo rFkk vkos'k okgdksa ds nzO;eku
,oa vkos'k ds inksa esa xf.krh; laca/k fyf[k,A bl laca/k dk mi;ksx djds ;g Li"V dhft, fd
rki esa o`f) gksus ij fdlh /kkrq dh izfrjks/kdrk D;ksa c<+ tkrh gS rFkk v/kZpkyd dh izfrjks/kdrk
D;ksa ?kV tkrh gS\
17. Explain with the help of a labelled diagram the underlying principle and working ifjiFk B ds 'kfä&xq.kkad rFkk ifjiFk A ds 'kfä&xq.kkad dk vuqikr ifjdfyr dhft,A
of a step-up transformer. Why cannot such a device be used to step-up d.c.
voltage ? 3
OR
19. Define the term 'resolving power' of an astronomical telescope. How does it get
Draw a labelled diagram of an a.c. generator. Explain briefly its principle and affected on
working. 3
(i) increasing the aperture of the objective lens ?
ukekafdr vkjs[k dh lgk;rk ls fdlh mPpk;h VªkalQkWeZj dk vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUr rFkk dk;Zfof/k
Li"V dhft,A bl izdkj dh ;qfä dk mi;ksx d.c. oksYVrk ds mPp;u ds fy, D;ksa ugha fd;k (ii) increasing the wavelength of the light used ?
tkrk \
Justify your answer in each case. 3
vFkok
fdlh a.c. tfu=k dk ukekafdr vkjs[k [khafp,A bldk fl)kUr rFkk dk;Zfof/k la{ksi esa Li"V [kxksyh; nwjchu dh ^^foHksnu {kerk** dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A fuEufyf[kr dh foHksnu {kerk ij D;k
dhft,A izHkko iM+rk gS %
(i) vfHkn`';d ysal ds }kjd esa o`f)

18. Given below are two electric circuits A and B
(ii) mi;ksx fd, tkus okys izdk'k dh rjaxnS?;Z esa o`f)
izR;sd izdj.k esa vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A
20. Write any four characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Give two uses each of
(i) Radio-waves (ii) Micro-waves. 3
fo|qr~ pqEcdh; rjaxksa ds dksbZ pkj vfHky{k.k fyf[k,A fuEufyf[kr esa izR;sd ds nks&nks mi;ksx
Calculate the ratio of power factor of the circuit B to the power factor of fyf[k, (i) jsfM;ks rjaxs] (ii) lw{ke rjaxsA
circuit A. 3
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21. In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential, how does fuEufyf[kr α−{k; esa eqä gqbZ ÅtkZ dk ifjek.k ifjdfyr dhft, %
(i) the saturation current vary with anode potential for incident radiations of
different frequencies but same intensity ? fn;k x;k gS % 1. dk ijek.kq nzO;eku = 238.05079 u
(ii) the stopping potential vary for incident radiations of different intensities 2. dk ijek.kq nzO;eku = 234.04363 u
but same frequency ? 3. dk ijek.kq nzO;eku = 4.00260 u
(iii) photoelectric current vary for different intensities but same frequency of 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2.
incident radiations ? D;k ;g {k; Lor% gksrk gS\ dkj.k fyf[k,A
Justify your answer in each case. 3
23. What is a digital signal ? Explain the function of modem in data communication.
Write two advantages of digital communication. 3
izdk'k&fo|qr~ /kkjk rFkk ,suksM foHko ds chp [khaps x, xzkWQ esa
vadh; ladsr D;k gksrk gS\ vkadM+ksa ds lapkj esa ekWMse dk D;k egÙo gS\ vadh; lapkj ds nks ykHk
(i) leku rhozrk ijUrq fofHké vko`fÙk ds vkifrr fofdj.kksa ds fy, ,suksM foHko ds lkFk larÌr
fyf[k,A
/kkjk esa fdl izdkj ifjorZu gksrk gS \
(ii) leku vko`fÙk ijUrq fofHké rhozrk ds vkifrr fofdj.kksa ds fy, fujks/kh foHko fdl izdkj 24. Explain, with the help of a schematic diagram, the principle and working of a
ifjofrZr gksrk gS\ Light Emitting Diode. What criterion is kept in mind while choosing the semi-
conductor material for such a device ? Write any two advantages of Light Emitting
(iii) vkifrr fofdj.kksa dh leku vko`fÙk ijUrq fofHké rhozrkvksa ds fy, izdk'k&fo|qr~ /kkjk esa Diode over conventional incandescent lamps. 3
fdl izdkj ifjorZu gksrk gS\
O;oLFkk vkjs[k dh lgk;rk ls fdlh izdk'k&mRltZd Mk;ksM dk fl)kUr rFkk dk;Zfof/k Li"V
izR;sd izdj.k esa vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A dhft,A bl izdkj dh ;qfä ds fy, v/kZpkyd inkFkZ dk p;u djrs le; fdl ekin.M dks
/;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS\ ijEijkxr rkinhIr ySEiksa dh rqyuk esa izdk'k&mRltZd Mk;ksM ds dksbZ nks
ykHk fyf[k,A
22. Calculate the amount of energy released during the α-decay of
25. Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. State the principle on which
it works.
Given : 1. atomic mass of Deduce an expression for the torque acting on a rectangular current carrying loop
kept in a uniform magnetic field. Write two factors on which the current sensitivity
2. atomic mass of
of a moving coil galvanometer depend. 5
3. atomic mass of OR
State Biot-Savart law. Use it to derive an expression for the magnetic field at the
centre of a circular loop of radius R carrying a steady current I. Sketch the magnetic field
Is this decay spontaneous ? Give reason. 3 lines for such a current carrying loop. 5
55/1/1 9 [P.T.O. 55/1/1 10

py dq.Myh xSaYouksehVj dk ukekafdr vkjs[k [khafp,A blds dk;Z djus dk fl)kUr fyf[k,A izdk'k ds foorZu dh ifj?kVuk ds fy, vko';d 'krZ fyf[k,A fdlh ,dy f>jh ij izdk'k ds
foorZu ds dkj.k cus dsUnzh; mfPp"B dh pkSM+kbZ ds fy, O;atd O;qRié dhft,A
,dleku pqEcdh; {ks=k esa j[ks fdlh vk;rkdkj /kkjkokgh ywi ij dk;Z djus okys cy vk?kw.kZ ds
fy, O;atd O;qRié dhft,A fdlh py dq.Myh xSYouksehVj dh /kkjk lqxzkfgrk dks izHkkfor djus pkSM+kbZ a dh dksbZ f>jh 700 nm rjaxnS?;Z ds ,do.khZ izdk'k }kjk vfHkyEcor~ vk;ru ij iznhIr
okys nks dkjd fyf[k,A dh x;h gSA fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, 'a' dk eku ifjdfyr dhft, %
vFkok (i) 30° ds foorZu dks.k dk igyk fufEu"BA
ck;ks&lkoVZ fu;e fyf[k,A bl fu;e dk mi;ksx djds R f=kT;k ds fdlh o`Ùkkdkj ywi] ftlls (ii) 30° ds foorZu dks.k dk igyk mfPp"BA
1 LFkk;h /kkjk izokfgr gks jgh gS] ds dsUnz ij mRié pqEcdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk ds fy, O;atd O;qRié
dhft,A bl izdkj ds /kkjkokgh ywi dh pqEcdh; {ks=k js[kk,a [khafp,A
27. State the principle of working of p-n diode as a rectifier. Explain, with the help of a
circuit diagram, the use of p-n diode as a full wave rectifier. Draw a sketch of the input
26. What are coherent sources ? Why are coherent sources required to produce
interference of light ? Give an example of interference of light in everyday life. and output waveforms. 5
OR
In Young's double slit experiment, the two slits are 0.03 cm apart and the screen is placed
at a distance of 1.5 m away from the slits. The distance between the central Draw the symbolic representation of a (i) p-n-p, (ii) n-p-n transistor. Why is the base
bright fringe and fourth bright fringe is 1 cm. Calculate the wavelength of light region of transistor thin and lightly doped ? With proper circuit diagram, show the
used. 5 biasing of a p-n-p transistor in common base configuration. Explain the movement
OR of charge carriers through different parts of the transistor in such a configuration and
show that . 5
State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes place.
Derive an expression for the width of the central maximum due to diffraction of light at a p-n Mk;ksM ds fn"Vdkjh dh Hkkafr dk;Z djus dk fl)kUr fyf[k,A fo|qr~ ifjiFk vkjs[k dh
single slit. lgk;rk ls p-n Mk;ksM dk iw.kZ rjax fn"Vdkjh ds :i esa mi;ksx Li"V dhft,A fuos'kh rFkk fuxZr
A slit of width 'a' is illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength 700 nm at rjax :iksa dks xzkWQ [khapdj n'kkZb,A
normal incidence. Calculate the value of 'a' for position of
vFkok
(i) first minimum at an angle of diffraction of 30°.
(ii) first maximum at an angle of diffraction of 30°. 5 (i) p-n-p rFkk (ii) n-p-n VªkaftLVj dk izrhdkRed fu:i.k [khafp,A VªkaftLVj dk vk/kkj {ks=k iryk
rFkk gYds rkSj ij vifefJr ¼ekfnr½ D;ksa gksrk gS\ mfpr ifjiFk vkjs[k dh lgk;rk ls mHk;fu"B
dyk lEc) lzksr D;k gksrs gSa\ izdk'k ds O;frdj.k ds fy, dyk lEc) lzksr dh vko';drk D;ksa vk/kkj foU;kl esa fdlh p-n-p VªkaftLVj dk ck;lu n'kkZb,A bl izdkj ds foU;kl esa VªkaftLVj
iM+rh gS\ nSfud thou esa izdk'k ds O;frdj.k dk ,d mnkgj.k fyf[k,A ds fofHké Hkkxksa esa vkos'k okgdksa dh xfr Li"V dhft, rFkk ;g n'kkZb, fd .
;ax ds f}f>jh iz;ksx esa nks f>fj;ksa ds chp dh nwjh 0.03 lseh gS rFkk inkZ f>fj;ksa ls 1.5 eh nwjh
ij fLFkr gSA dsUnzh; nhIr fÝat dh nwjh 1 lseh gSA mi;ksx fd, tkus okys izdk'k dh rjaxnS?;Z
ifjdfyr dhft,A
vFkok
55/1/1 11 [P.T.O. 55/1/1 12

Roll No. lkekU; funsZ'k %
jksy ua-
(i) lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA
Code No.
Series SHC dksM ua- 55/2/1 (ii) iz'u&i=k esa lexz ij dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA fQj Hkh nks vadksa okys ,d iz'u esa] rhu vadksa okys ,d
iz'u esa vkSj ik¡p vadksa okys rhuksa iz'uksa esa Hkhrjh p;u fodYi miyC/k gSA ,sls iz'uksa esa vkidks
Please check that this question paper contains 11 printed pages.
fn;s x;s p;u esa ls dsoy ,d iz'u gh djuk gSA
Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the
title page of the answer-book by the condidate. (iii) iz'u la[;k 1 ls 5 vfr y?kq mÙkj izdkj ds iz'u gSaA buesa izR;sd iz'u ,d vad dk gSA
Please check that this question paper contains 27 questions.
(iv) iz'u la[;k 6 ls 12 y?kq mÙkj izdkj ds iz'u gSaA buesa izR;sd iz'u nks vadksa dk gSA
Please write down the serial number of the question before attempting it.
Ñi;k tk¡p dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i=k esa eqfnzr i`"B 11 gSaA (v) iz'u la[;k 13 ls 24 Hkh y?kq mÙkj izdkj ds iz'u gSaA buesa izR;sd iz'u rhu vadksa dk gSA
iz'u&i=k esa nkfgus gkFk dh vksj fn, x, dksM uEcj dks Nk=k mÙkj&iqfLrdk ds eq[k&i`"B ij fy[ksaA (vi) iz'u la[;k 25 ls 27 nh?kZ mÙkj izdkj ds iz'u gSaA buesa izR;sd iz'u ik¡ p vadksa dk gSA
Ñi;k tk¡p dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i=k esa 27 iz'u gSaA
Ñi;k iz'u dk mÙkj fy[kuk 'kq: djus ls igys] iz'u dk Øekad vo'; fy[ksaA (vii) dSydqysVj ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr ugha gSA rFkkfi] vko';d gks rks vki y?kqx.kdh; lkjf.k;ksa dk
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
PHYSICS
(viii) tgk¡ vko';d gks vki fuEufyf[kr HkkSfrd fu;rkadksa ds ekuksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa %
HkkSfrd foKku ¼lS)kfUrd½
Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70
fu/kkZfjr le; % 3 ?k.Vs vf/kdre vad % 70
General Instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one
question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five
marks. You have to attempt only one of the choice in such questions.
(iii) Question numbers 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions, carrying one mark each.
(iv) Question numbers 6 to 12 are short answer type questions, carrying two marks each.
(v) Question numbers 13 to 24 are also short answer type questions, carrying three marks U;wVªku dk lagfr
each.
(vi) Questions numbers 25 to 27 are long answer type questions, carrying five marks each. cksYV~t+eku fu;rkad
(vii) Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you may use log tables, if necessary. vkoksxknzks dh la[;k
(viii) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:
1. Is the force acting between two point electric charges q1 and q2 kept at some distance
apart in air, attractive or repulsive when (i) q1q2 > 0 (ii) q1q2 > 0 ? 1
,d&nwljs ls ok;q esa dqN nwjh ij fLFkr nks fcUnq fo|qr~ vkos'kksa q1 rFkk q2 ds chp yxus okyk cy
vkd"khZ gksxk vFkok izfrd"khZ] tcfd (i) q1q2 > 0 (ii) q1q2 > 0 gSa \
2. Show graphically how the stopping potential for a given photosensitive surface varies
with the frequency of incident radiations. 1
Mass of neutron xzkQ [khapdj ;g n'kkZb, fd fdlh fn, x, izdk'k&lqxzkgh i`"B ds fy, vkifrr fofdj.kksa dh vko`fÙk
Boltzmann's constant esa ifjorZu gksus ij fujks/kh foHko fdl izdkj ifjofrZr gksrk gSA
Avogadro's number
55/2/1 1 P.T.O. 55/2/1 2

3. A TV tower has a height of 71 m. What is the maximum distance upto which TV 7. In a copper voltameter, the mass of the ions deposited in 30 seconds is m grams. The
transmission can be received ? Given that the radius of the earth = 6.4 × 106 m. 1 current (i) vs. time (t) graph for the experiment is as shown in the given figure.
fdlh TV ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ 71 m gSA fdruh vf/kdre nwjh rd TV laizs"k.k izkIr fd;k tk ldrk
gS\ fn;k x;k gS fd i`Foh dh f=kT;k = 6.4 × 106 m.
4. Which one of the two diodes D1 and D2 in the given figures is (i) forward biased,
(ii) reverse biased ? 1
Calculate the value of E.C.E. of copper in terms of the mass, m, deposited. 2
OR
uhps n'kkZ, x, fp=kksa esa nksuksa Mk;ksMksa D1 rFkk D2 esa ls dkSulk Mk;ksM (i) vxzfnf'kd ck;flr] For a given thermocouple, the emf generated across its ends is given by E = at + bt2
where t in °C is the temperature of the hot junction, the cold junction being at 0 °C. If
(iii) i'pfnf'kd ck;flr gS\
a = 10 μV /°C and b = -0.02 μV/°C2, calculate the value of inversion temperature
in °C.
fdlh dkWij oksYVkehVj esa 30 lsd.M esa m xzke vk;u fu{ksfir gksrs gSaA iz;ksx ds fy, fo|qr~ /kkjk
(i) rFkk (ii) le; (t) ds chp xzkQ uhps fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
5. Suggest a possible communication channel for the transmission of a message signal

which has a bandwidth of 5 MHz. 1
5 MHz cS.M pkSM+kbZ ds lans'k flXuy ds laizs"k.k ds fy, dksbZ laHko lapkj pSuy lq>kb,A
6. A spherical Gaussian surface encloses a charge of .

(i) Calculate the electric flux passing through the surface. fu{ksfir nzO;eku m ds inksa esa dkWij ds fo|qr~&jklk;fud rqY;kad (E.C.E.) dk eku ifjdfyr
(ii) How would the flux change if the radius of the Gaussian surface is doubled and dhft,A
why ? 2 vFkok
fdlh xksyh; xkmlh; i`"B esa vkos'k ifjc) gSA
fdlh fn, x, rki&oS|qr ;qXe ds fy, blds fljksa ij tfur fo-ok- cy (emf) E = at + bt2 }kjk
(i) i`"B ls xqt+jus okyk oS|qr ¶yDl ifjdfyr dhft,A
O;ä fd;k x;k gS] tgk¡ t rIr laf/k dk °C esa rki gS rFkk 'khr laf/k dk rki 0 °C gSA ;fn
(ii) ;fn xkmlh; i`"B dh f=kT;k nqxquh dj nh tk,] rks bl ¶yDl esa D;k ifjorZu gksxk vkSj
a = 10 μV/°C rFkk b = -0.02 μV/°C2 rks °C esa O;qRØe dk eku ifjdfyr dhft,A
D;ksa \
55/2/1 3 P.T.O. 55/2/1 4

8. In an ammeter (consisting of a galvanometer and a shunt), 0.5% of the main current 11. The output of a 2-input NOR gate is fed to a NOT gate. Draw the logic circuit of this
passes through the galvanometer. Resistance of the galvanometer coil is G. Calculate combination of gates and write the truth table for the output of the combination for all
the resistance of the shunt in terms of galvanometer resistance, G. 2 inputs. (i) attractive, (ii) repulsive. 2
,d ,sehVj esa ¼tks fdlh xSYosuksehVj rFkk 'kaV ls feydj cuk gS½ eq[; fo|qr~ /kkjk dk 0.5% 2&fuos'kh NOR xsV ds fuxZr dks fdlh NOT xsV dks fn;k tkrk gSA xsVksa ds bl la;kstu dk rdZ
xSYosuksehVj ls izokfgr gksrk gSA xSYosuksehVj dh dq.Myh dk izfrjks/k G gSA xSYosuksehVj ds ifjiFk [khafp, rFkk lHkh fuos'kksa ds fy, la;kstu ds fuxZr dh lR;eku lkj.kh fyf[k,A
izfrjks/k] G ds inksa esa 'kaV dk izfrjks/k ifjdfyr dhft,A
12. What is remote sensing ? Write its two applications. 2
9. An electric bulb B and a parallel plate capacitor C are connected in series to the a.c. lqnwj laosnu D;k gS\ blds nks vuqiz;ksx fyf[k,A
mains as shown in the given figure. The bulb glows with some brightness.
13. On what principle does a metre bridge work ? Draw a circuit diagram and explain how
this device can be used for determination of an unknown resistance. 3
ehVj lsrq ds dk;Z djus dk D;k fl)kUr gS\ ,d fo|qr~ ifjiFk [khapdj ;g Li"V dhft, fd bl
;qfä dk mi;ksx fdlh izfrjks/kd ds vKkr izfrjks/k dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa fdl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk
gS A
14. Derive a mathematical expression for resistivity of a conductor in terms of number

density of charge carries in the conductor and relaxation time. 3
How will the glow of the bulb be affected on introducing a dielectric slab between the plates
of the capacitor ? Give reasons in support of your answer. 2 fdlh pkyd dh izfrjks/kdrk ds fy, ml pkyd ds vkos'k okgdksa ds la[;k ?kuRo rFkk foJkafr dky
ds inksa esa xf.krh; O;atd O;qRié dhft,A
fp=k esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj a.c. esUl ls ,d fo|qqr~ cYc B rFkk ,d lekUrj ifV~Vdk la/kkfj=k C dks
Js.khØe esa la;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA cYc leku |qfr ls nhfIr djrk gSA
15. State Ampere’s circuital law. Write the expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a
circular coil of radius R carrying a current I. Draw the magnetic field lines due to this
coil. 3
,sfEi;j dk ifjiFkh; fu;e fyf[k,A R f=kT;k dh o`Ùkkdkj dq.Myh ftlls I fo|qr~ /kkjk izokfgr gks
jgh gS] ds dsUnz ij mRié pqEcdh; {ks=k ds fy, O;atd fyf[k,A bl dq.Myh ds dkj.k pqEcdh; {ks=k
js[kk,¡ [khafp,A
16. Write the expression for the force acting on a charged particle of charge q moving with
la/kkfj=k dh ifV~Vdkvksa ds chp ijkoS|qr LySc j[kus ij cYc dh |qfr ij D;k izHkko iM+sxk\ vius
mÙkj dh iqf"V ds fy, dkj.k nhft,A velocity in the presence of magnetic field . Show that in the presence of this force
(i) the kinetic energy of the particle does not change.
10. What does the statement, “natural light emitted from the sun is unpolarized” mean in (ii) its instantaneous power is zero. 3
terms of the direction of electric vector ? Explain briefly how plane polarized light can be
produced by reflection at the interface separating the two media. 2 pqEcdh; {ks=k dh mifLFkfr esa osx ls xfr'khy q vkos'k ds fdlh vkosf'kr d.k ij dk;Zjr cy
^^lw;Z }kjk mRlftZr izkÑfrd izdk'k v/kzqfor gksrk gSA** oS|qr lfn'k dh fn'kk ds inksa esa bl izdFku ds fy, O;atd fyf[k,A ;g n'kkZb, fd bl cy dh mifLFkfr esa
ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ nks ek/;eksa dks i`Fkd~ djus okys vUrjki`"B ij ijkorZu }kjk fdl izdkj lery (i) d.k dh xfrt ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA
/kzqfor izdk'k mRié fd;k tk ldrk gS] la{ksi esa Li"V dhft,A (ii) d.k dh rkR{kf.kd 'kfä 'kwU; gksrh gSA
55/2/1 5 P.T.O. 55/2/1 6

17. In a series LCR circuit, define the quality factor (Q) at resonance. Illustrate its 20. How does the frequency of a beam of ultraviolet light get affected when it goes from air
significance by giving one example. into glass ?
Show that power dissipated at resonance in LCR circuit is maximum. 3 A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism shows minimum deviation of 30°.
Calculate the speed of light through the glass prism. 3
,d Js.khc) LCR fo|qr~ ifjiFk ds fy, vuqukn ij xq.krk dkjd (Q) dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A ,d
mnkgj.k nsdj bldk egÙo Li"V dhft,A ok;q ls dk¡p esa izos'k djrs le; ijkcSaxuh izdk'k iqUt dh vko`fÙk fdl izdkj izHkkfor gksrh
gS\
;g n'kkZb, fd vuqukn dh fLFkfr esa LCR ifjiFk esa 'kfä {k; vf/kdre gksrk gSA
dk¡p ds leckgq fizT+e ij vkifrr dksbZ izdk'k dh fdj.k 30° dk vYire fopyu n'kkZrh
18. A circular copper disc 10 cm in radius rotates at a speed of 20π rad/s about an axis gSA dk¡p ds fizT+e ls xqtjus okys izdk'k dh pky ifjdfyr dhft,A
through its centre and perpendicular to the disc. A uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T acts
perpendicular to the disc. 21. An electron, a-particle and a proton have the same de-Broglie wavelength. Which of
(i) Calculate the potential difference developed between the axis of the disc and the these particles has (i) minimum kinetic energy, (ii) maximum kinetic energy, and why ?
rim. In what way has the wave nature of electron been exploited in electron microscope ? 3
(ii) What is the induced current if the resistance of the disc is ? 3 fdlh bysDVªkWu] ,sYQk d.k rFkk izksVkWu dh ns&czkXyh rjaxnS?;Z leku gSA buesa ls fdl d.k
dh xfrt ÅtkZ (i) fuEure] (ii) vf/kdre gS] vkSj D;ksa\ bysDVªkWu lw{en'khZ esa bysDVªkWu dh
OR
rjax izÑfr dk fdl izdkj ykHk mBk;k x;k gS\
A resistor of and a capacitor of 40 μF are connected in series to 220 V a.c.
source with angular frequency . Calculate the voltages (rms) across the 22. State the law of radioactive decay. Establish a mathematical relation between half-life
resistor and the capacitor. Why is the algebraic sum of these voltages more than the period and disintegration constant of a radioactive nucleus. 3
source voltage ? How do you resolve this paradox ?
jsfM;k,sfDVo {k; dk fu;e fyf[k,A fdlh jsfM;ks,sfDVo ukfHkd dh v/kZ&vk;q rFkk fo?kVu fLFkjkad
10 cm f=kT;k dh rkacs dh dksbZ o`Ùkkdkj fMLd] fMLd ds yEcor~ rFkk mlds dsUnz ls xqtjus okys v{k
ds chp xf.krh; lEcU/k LFkkfir dhft,A
ds ifjr% 20π rad/s dh pky ls ?kw.kZu xfr dj jgh gSA 0.2 T dk ,dleku pqEcdh; {ks=k bl fMLd
ds yEcor~ dk;Z djrk gSA
23. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion. In a fusion reaction
(i) fMLd ds v{k rFkk mlds fdukjksa ds chp mRié foHkokUrj ifjdfyr dhft,A
(ii) ;fn fMLd dk izfrjks/k gS] rks blesa izsfjr /kkjk dk eku D;k gS\
vFkok calculate the amount of energy (in MeV) released. Given
300 Hz dks.kh; vko`fÙk ds 220 V ds izR;korhZ /kkjk (a.c.) lzksr ls Js.khØe esa yxs dk . 3
izfrjks/kd rFkk 40 mF dk la/kkfj=k la;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA izfrjks/kd rFkk la/kkfj=k ds fljksa ij
oxZ&e/;&ewy (rms) oksYVrk ifjdfyr dhft,A bu nksuksa oksYVrkvksa dk chtxf.krh; ;ksx lzksr dh ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu rFkk ukfHkdh; lay;u esa Hksn dhft,A ukfHkdh; lay;u vfHkfØ;k
oksYVrk ls vf/kd D;ksa gksrk gS\ vki bl fojks/kkHkkl dk lek/kku dSls djsaxs \
19. Draw a labelled diagram of Hertz’s experiment. Explain how electromagnetic radiations esa eqä ÅtkZ dh ek=kk ( MeV esa) ifjdfyr dhft,A fn;k x;k gS
are produced using this set-up. 3
gVZ~t+ ds iz;ksx dk ukekafdr vkjs[k [khafp,A bl izk;ksfxd O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx djds fo|qr~&pqEcdh;
fofdj.k dSls mRié fd, tkrs gSa] Li"V dhft,A
55/2/1 7 P.T.O. 55/2/1 8

24. Draw a schematic diagram of a single optical fibre structure. On what principle does such a 26. Define the term ‘wavefront’. Draw the wavefront and corresponding rays in the case of a
device work ? Explain the mechanism of propagation of light signal through an (i) diverging spherical wave, (ii) plane wave.
optical fibre. 3
Using Huygen’s construction of a wavefront, explain the refraction of a plane wavefront
,dy izdkf'kd rUrq dh cukoV dk O;oLFkkRed vkjs[k [khafp,A bl izdkj dh ;qfä fdl at a plane surface and hence verify Snell’s law. 5
fl)kUr ij dk;Z djrh gS\ fdlh izdkf'kd rUrq ls izdk'k flXuy ds lapj.k dh fØ;kfof/k Li"V OR
dhft,A
Derive the relation between the focal length of a convex lens in terms of the radii of curvature of
25. Derive the expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C the two surfaces and refractive index of its material. Write the sign conventions and
with air as medium between its plates having charges Q and — Q. Show that this energy two assumptions used in the derivation of this relation,
can be expressed in terms of electric field as where A is the area of each A convex lens of focal length 40 cm and a concave lens of focal length — 25 cm are
plate and d is the separation between the plates. kept in contact with each other. What is the value of power of this combination ?
How will the energy stored in a fully charged capacitor change when the separation
^rjaxkxz* dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (i) vilfjr xksyh; rjax] (ii) lery rjax ds rjaxkxz rFkk laxr
between the plates is doubled and a dielectric medium of dielectric constant 4 is
introduced between the plates ? 5 fdj.ksa [khafp,A
OR gkbxsUl ds rjaxkxz dh jpuk dk mi;ksx djds fdlh lery i`"B ij lery rjaxkxz dk viorZu Li"V
Define the term dipole moment of an electric dipole indicating its direction. Write dhft, rFkk Lusy ds fu;e dk lR;kiu dhft,A
its SI unit.
vFkok
An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field . Deduce the expression for
the torque acting on it. In a particular situation, it has its dipole moment aligned with fdlh mÙky ysal dh Qksdl nwjh] ysal ds nks i`"Bksa dh oØrk f=kT;k,¡ rFkk ysal ds inkFkZ ds viorZukad
the electric field. Is the equilibrium stable or unstable ? ds chp lEcU/k O;qRié dhft,A bl lEcU/k dks O;qRié djus esa mi;ksx dh xbZ fpg~u ifjikVh rFkk
nks vfHkx`ghr fyf[k,A
fdlh lekUrj ifV~Vdk la/kkfj=k] ftldh /kkfjrk C IysVksa ij vkos'k Q rFkk — Q vkSj IysVksa ds chp
40 cm Qksdl nwjh ds mÙky ysal rFkk — 25 Qksdl nwjh ds vory ysal ,d nwljs ds lEidZ esa j[ks
ek/;e ds :i esa ok;q gS] dh lafpr ÅtkZ ds fy, O;atd O;qRié dhft,A ;g n'kkZb, fd fo|qr~&{ks=k
gSaA bl la;kstu dh {kerk dk eku D;k gS\
ds inksa ea bl ÅtkZ dks ds :i esa O;ä fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ A izR;sd ifV~Vdk dk
{ks=kQy rFkk d ifV~Vdkvksa ds chp i`Fkdu gSA 27. Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the use of an n-p-n transistor as an amplifier
;fn ifV~Vdkvksa ds chp i`Fkdu nqxquk dj nsa rFkk ifV~Vdkvksa ds chp ijkoS|qrkad 4 dk dksbZ ijkoS|qr in common-emitter configuration. Write the expression for voltage gain of the transistor.
ek/;e Hkj nsa] rks fdlh iw.kZr% vkosf'kr la/kkfj=k dh lafpr ÅtkZ esa D;k ifjorZu gksxk\ Draw frequency response curve of this amplifier.
vFkok How will the current gain of a transistor be affected if its base region is made thicker
as compared to a usual transistor and why ? 5
fdlh oS|qr f}/kzqo ds f}/kzqo vk?kw.kZ dh ifjHkk"kk mldh fn'kk dks n'kkZrs gq, dhft,A bldk
SI ek=kd fyf[k,A OR
dksbZ oS|qr f}/kzqo fdlh ,dleku fo|qr~&{ks=k esa fLFkr gSA bl ij dk;Zjr cyvk?kw.kZ ds fy, O;atd Draw energy band diagrams for (i) an intrinsic semiconductor, (ii) p-type semiconductor.
O;qRié dhft,A fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa bldk f}/kqzo vk?kw.kZ fo|qr~&{ks=k ds lkFk lajsf[kr gSA D;k Draw symbolic representation of a zener diode. Draw its V-I characteristics and
larqyu LFkk;h gS vFkok vLFkk;h \ explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, its use as a voltage regulator.
55/2/1 9 P.T.O. 55/2/1 10

μ0 = 4π ×10−7 TmA−1
1
9 ×109 Nm2C −2
4πε 0
Mass of electron me = 9.1 × 10-31 kg
Mass of neutron mn 1.675 × 10-27 kg
Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.381 × 10-23 JK-1
Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 × 1023 / mol-1
Radius of earth = 6400 km
Q8. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:3. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities? [1]
Q1. Name the electromagnetic radiation to which waves of wavelength in the range of 10-2 m belong.
Give on use of this part of EM spectrum. [1] Q9 (i) can two equi – potential surfaces intersect each other? Give reasons. [2]
Q2. What is ground wave propagation? [1] (ii) Tow charges –q and +q are located at points A (0, 0, -a) and B (0, 0, +a) respectively. How much
work is done in moving a test charge from point P (7, 0, 0) to Q (-3, 0, 0)?
Q3. You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an
objective to construct an astronomical telescope? [1] Q10. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a
graph showing the variation of terminal potential ‘V’ with Resistance R. [2]
Lenses Power (P) Aperture (A)
L1 3D 8 cm Q11. The output of a 2 – input AND gete is fed to a NOT gate. Give the name of the combination and
L2 6D 1 cm its logic symbol. Write down its truth table. [2]
L3 10D 1 cm G
Q12. A charge ‘q’ moving along the X-axis with a velocity v is subjected to a uniform magnetic field
B acting along the Z-axis as it crosses the origin O. [2]
Q4. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a straight
solenoid. Why? [1]
Q5. Unpolarized light is incident on a plane surface of glass of refractive index μ at angle i. If the
reflected light gets totally polarized, write the relation between the angle i and refractive index μ .
[1]
Q6. Draw a diagram to show refraction of a plane wave front incident in a convex lens and hence draw
the refracted wave front. [1]
(i) Trace its trajectory.
Q7. the figure shows a plot of three curves a, b, c showing the variation of photocurrent vs collector (ii) Does the charge gain kinetic energy as it enters the magnetic field? Justify your answer.
plate potential for three different intensities I1, I2 and I3 having freq1uencies v1, v2 and v3
respectively incident on a photosensitive surface. Q13. How does a charge q oscillating at certain frequency produce electromagnetic waves? [2]
Point out the two curves of which the incident radiations have same frequency but different Sketch a schematic diagram depicting electric and magnetic field for an electromagnetic wave
intensities. [1] propagating along the Z-direction.
Q14. Derive an expression for drift velocity of the free electrons in a conductor in terms of relaxation
time. [2]
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Q21. In a single slit diffraction experiment, when a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light
Q15. By what percentage will the transmission range of a TV tower be affected when the height of from distant source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?
tower is increased by 21%? [2] [3]
State two points of difference between the interference patterns obtained in Young’s double slit
Q16. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays according to the following scheme: [2] experiment and the diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
α β α γ
A ⎯⎯ → A1 ⎯⎯ → A2 ⎯⎯ → A3 ⎯⎯ → A4 Q22. An electron and a proton are accelerated through the potential. Which one of the two has (i)
greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it and (ii) less momentum? Justify your
The mass number and atomic number of A4 are 172 and 69 respectively. What are these numbers answer. [3]
for A?
Q23. (a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which of them will result in the transition
Q17. Why is high frequency carrier waves used for transmission? [2] of a photon of wavelength 275 nm? [3]
OR
What is meant by term ‘modulation’? Draw a block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining
an AM signal.
Q18. State Biot-Savart law. [2]

A current I flows in a conductor placed perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Indicate the
G G
direction of the magnetic field due to a small element d l at point P situated at a distance r from
the element as shown in the figure.
(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?
Q24. Derive the expression for force per unit length between two long straight parallel current carrying
conductors. Hence define one ampere. [3]
OR
Explain the principle and working of a cyclotron with the help of a schematic diagram. Write the
expression for cyclotron frequency.
Q19. The equivalent capacitance of the combination between A and B in the given figure is 4 μ F. [3] Q25. Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on a right angled prism ‘abc’ at face
‘ab’. The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue wavelength are
1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Out of the three which colour ray will emerge out of face ‘ac’?
Justify your answer. Trace the path of these rays after passing through face ‘ab’. [3]
(i) Calculate capacitance of the capacitor C.

(ii) Calculate charge on each capacitor if a 12 V battery is connected across terminals A and B.
(iii) What will be the potential drop across each capacitor?
Q20. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Using this law derive an expression for the electric field due to
a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. [3]
OR
Q26. (a) Define self inductance. Write is S.I. units. (a) Derive the relationship between the peak and the rms value of current in an a.c. circuit.
(b) Describe briefly, with the help of a labeled diagram, working of a step – up
(b) Derive an expression for self inductance of a long solenoid of length l, cross-sectional area A A step – up transformer converts a low voltage into high voltage. Does it not violate the principle
having N number of turns. of conservation of energy? Explain.
Q30. Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object placed on the axis
Q27. of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive indices n1 and n2. Establish the
relation between the distances of the object, the image and the radius of curvature from the central
point the spherical surface.
Hence derive the expression of lens maker’s formula. [5]
OR
Draw the labeled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Derive the expression for the total magnification of a compound microscope. Explain why both
the objective and the eyepieces of a compound microscope must have short focal lengths.
The figure shows experimental set up of a bridge. When the two unknown resistances X and Y
are inserted, the null point D is obtained 40 cm from the end A. when a resistance of 10 is
connected in series with X, the null point shifts by 10 cm. find the position of the null point when
the 10 resistance is instead connected in series with resistance ‘Y’. Determine the values of the
resistances X and Y. [3]
Q28. (i) Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristics of an n – p – n transistor in
its common emitter configuration. Draw the typical input and output characteristics. [5]
(ii) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of n – p – n transistor as a common
emitter amplifier.
OR
How is a zener diode fabricated so as to make it a special purpose diode? Draw I – V

characteristics fo zener diode and explain the significance of breakdown voltage.
Explain briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a p – n junction diode works as a half
wave rectifier.
Q29. (a) Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series LCR circuit connected to a.c.
source, in which the phase difference between the voltage and the current in the circuit is φ .
(b) Define the quality factor in an a.c. circuit. Why should the quality factor have high value in
receiving circuits? Name the factors on which it depends.
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Answers to 2008 CBSE Physics Paper

I have answered the questions and taken care that there are no errors. In case of
any errors that might have crept in please write to me at leena@tutorbreeze.com. 2. A 500 μC charge is at the centre of a square of side 10 cm. Find the work done in
In case of any confusion or if you would like to discuss any answers you can leave a moving a charge of 10 μ C between two diagonally opposite points on the square.
question in FREE homework help forum at http://www.TutorBreeze.com.
I have written the answers to set 2 there are minor variations in questions in other
sets. In case there are any particular questions for which you wish to know the
answers please write to me or post them on the website.
−2008
Physics (Theory)−
Code No. 55/1/2

Time Allowed: 3 hours] [Maximum Marks: 70
Work done = q(V2 – V1). As potential at the two diagonally opposite points is same work
done will be zero.
1. Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength 102 m and mention
its one application. 5. The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three
identical cells in series, versus current is as shown below. What is the emf of each cell?
Radio waves; radio signals like AM radio
2V.
1. An electron and alpha particle have the same kinetic energy. How are the ε = 9 − ,
de−Broglie wavelengths associated with them related? KH KHε
ε = 9
λ= =

λ
emf of each cell is 2V
= =
λ

6. How does the angular separation of interference fringes change, in Young’s
λ α experiment, if the distance between the slits is increased?
= =
λα
λ
Masses are given in question paper, substitute values and calculate. θ= ; so if d is increased then angular separation will decrease.

3.A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 is kept in a liquid medium having same
refractive index. What would be the focal length of the lens in this medium? 7. What is the direction of the force acting on a charged particle q, moving with a
velocity in a uniform magnetic filed ?
Ans
Infinite F is perpendicular to both velocity vector and magnetic field vector.
Q − Q
= −
I Q 8. State the reason, why heavy water is generally used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor.

= It helps to slow down the neutrons so that the probability of their participating in a
I nuclear reaction increases. Since heavy water has a mass that is comparable with neutrons
H they are effective in slowing down the neutrons.
Online Tutoring in Physics, Math please visit http://www.TutorBreeze.com Online Tutoring in Physics, Math please visit http://www.TutorBreeze.com
9. A nucleus undergoes β−decay and becomes . Calculate the maximum

13. . Draw the output wave form at X, using the given inputs A, B for the logic circuit
kinetic energy of electrons emitted assuming that the daughter nucleus and
shown below. Also identify the gate.
anti−neutrino carry negligible kinetic energy.

→ D + β − +
Q !
22.994466u - 22.989770u = 0.004696u

Energy = 0.004696u x 931.5 MeV = 4.374 MeV
10. Distinguish between an intrinsic semiconductor and P−type semiconductor. Give

reason, why a P−type semiconductor crystal is electrically neutral, although nh >>
ne ?
A B X
An intrinsic semiconductor has a few free electrons and an equal number of holes. Its 1 0 0
conductivity is temperature dependant and increases with an increase in temperature. A 1 1 1
p-type semiconductor is doped with an element from the 3rd group to increase its 0 1 0
conductivity. So the number of holes in this semiconductor is much larger than the 0 0 0
number of electrons. It is electrically neutral, as charged particles are not added to make 1 0 0
the semiconductor p-type. When a semiconductor is doped, atoms are added to it and then
no charges are removed or added.So they cannot make the material charged. AND gate
11. Draw a ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position.
State two drawback of this type of telescope. 14. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 36 m and the height of the
See diagram from book receiving antenna is 49 m. What is the maximum distance between them, for
Drawbacks: Limit to its resolving power which means the smallest distance between satisfactory communication in the LOS mode? (Radius of earth = 6400 km)
objects that can be clearly seen.
Spherical aberration and chromatic aberration of its lenses. ( + = × × × + × × × %
=
= &) + "&) = &')
12.Calculate the distance of an object of height h from a concave mirror of focal length
10 cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification 2. 15. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of the dipole
moment in an electric field
f = -10cm, m = -v/u = -2
u = ?; v = 2u + = ³ τ &θ
G G
+ = ³
θ θ = [
F* θ ]% = −
F* θ = − &
θ
= +
I #

= +
I # #
16. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having positive
= susceptibility and the other having negative susceptibility. What does negative
I #
susceptibility signify?
I = −
# = −"$
, = χ - where M is the magnetization of the material and H is magnetic intensity. It is a 19. Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the
measure of how a material behaves in an external field. drift speed of electrons.
Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances example iron have positive susceptibility and
diamagnetic substances example copper have negative susceptibility. OR
17. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by Define conductivity of a conductor. Explain the variation of conductivity with
temperature in (a) good conductors (b) ionic conductors.
L = Q$ 8
. L = 9$
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. L Q$
9= = = Q
$ $
(ii) Write down the expression for the oscillating electric field. Or
G JG
9 = σ
L ) = π

π σ =
)= ρ
λ where j is the current density and E is the electric field.
π With increase in temperature in good conductors the conductivity decreases. With
λ= =
π " increase in temperature the average speed of electrons increases. This decreases
LL
0 = . × × × . × + π 1 9 /
− the time between collisions hence resistivity increases or conductivity decreases.
In ionic conductors conductivity will increase as mobility of ions will increase.
.&
20. A potentiometer wire of length 1m is connected to a driver cell of emf 3V as
( ³
2 = 9,W = ³ 9 F* 3W, − ωW W =
(
or shown in the figure. When cell of 1.5 V emf is used in the secondary circuit, the
Prove that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an a.c. circuit. balance point is found to be 60 cm. On replacing this cell and using a cell of
OR unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80 cm.
Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a long air-cored solenoid of length

l and number of turns N.
Φ
7=
L
% = μ QL
7*44X[4NHGZKKHF*41561μ QL$
1μ QL$
7= = 1μ Q$ = 1μ $ = μ $
L O O
ε O 22. . The energy level diagram of an element is given below. Identify, by doing
=
ε O necessary calculations, which transition corresponds to the emission of a
spectral line of wavelength 102.7 nm.
&"
=
1 .
No, a balance point will not be reached and current will flow for all positions of the
jockey.
No, it does not affect the balance point as at balance, as the current through the circuit
with R is zero at balance.
21. An electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ is incident on a photosensitive surface of

negligible work function. If the photo-electrons emitted from this surface have
the de –Broglie wavelength λ1, prove that .
D ν =
−

$ $ $
= − =
−

λ λ λ
$ $ & × − × × . & × − × × .
=
−
= = : = 9 = 9
λ λ &' × −% &' × −% × & × −%
$
=
=
λ
Ans is D

λ = =
$

λ 23. . Draw a plot of the variation of amplitude versus ω for an amplitude modulated
wave. Define modulation index. State its importance for effective amplitude
modulation.
μ $L
Amplitude of side bands is

PS4XGH*PHJHJ4
Modulation index = P*G #ODWLRQ GH[ .
DOLW# *FUUHUZYH
In practice this is kept less than 1 to avoid distortion.
26i) . The figure below shows the V-I characteristic of a semiconductor diode
24. How is a wave front defined? Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave reflecting at the interface of the two media. Show
that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
It is a surface of constant phase. Proof is given in book NCERT page 357 part II
25. A coil of number of turns N, area A, is rotated at a constant angular speed ω, in

a uniform magnetic field B, and connected to a resistor R. Deduce
expressions for:
(i) Maximum emf induced in the coil
(ii) Power dissipation in the coil

Φ
ε =−
W
(i) Identify the semiconductor diode used.
Φ = %$ F* θ = %$ F* ωW
Φ (ii) Draw the circuit diagram to obtain the given characteristic of this device.
ε =− = %$ω ωW
W
0[PXP(156ω (iii) Briefly explain how this diode can be used as a voltage regulator

9 156ω
2R3 = , = = Zener diode

Across the zener diode voltage remains constant even though the current through it
changes. Example if the input voltage decreases, the current through the series
resistor in the circuit decreases and through the zener diode also decreases. The
voltage across the series resistor will decrease but the voltage across the zener
diode will not change. Thus the zener diode acts as a voltage regulator.
27.An inductor 200 mH,, capacitor 500μF, resistor 10Ω are connected in series with a
100V, variable frequency a.c. source. Calculate the
(i) frequency at which the power factor of the circuit is unity;
(ii) current amplitude at this frequency; Intensity is no longer zero. A certain component of light that is transmitted by first
polarizer is transmitted by second polarizer.
(iii) Q-factor As the light reaching the first sheet is unpolarized, the transmitted light will be one-half
that of the incident light.
Power factor is unity at resonance as φ =

ω=
7>
;X<XHY4XHGF4FX4H
6UH*FH=5
9
=
, = ,
ω7
?=
, = , F* θ = , F* " = ,
;X<XHY4XHGF4FX4H

, = , F* θ = , F* " = ,

.
28. (a) For a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive index n1to rarer angle is 45 degrees as the Polaroid bisects the angle between the two polaroids.
The intensity will vary in proportion to F* θ on rotating the Polaroid.
medium of refractive index n2, prove that , where ic is the critical angle Yes, in unpolarized light the electric vector is not in any particular direction so for all
of incidence for the media. orientations the intensity will appear to be half. So it is not possible to distinguish
between the directions.
(b) Explain with the help of a diagram, how the above principle is used for
transmission of video signals using optical fibres.
29. (a) Using Gauss’ law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at any point
OR outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R and charge density
σC /m2. Draw the field lines when the charge density of the sphere (i) positive,
(a) What is plane polarized light? Two polaroids are placed at 900 to each other and (ii) negative.
the transmitted intensity is zero. What happens when one more Polaroid is placed
between these two, bisecting the angle between them? How will the intensity of (b) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m in diameter has a surface charge
transmitted light vary on further rotating the third Polaroid? density of 100 μC/m2. Calculate the
(b) If a light beam shows no intensity variation when transmitted through a Polaroid (i) charge on the sphere
which is rotated, does it mean that the light is unpolarized? Explain briefly.
Q L L$ (ii) total electric flux passing through the sphere
= = = L$
Q %
OR
(a) Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an electric dipole kept in
a uniform electric field.
(b) Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the
OR
vertices of a triangle as shown:
In plane polarized light the electric field vector is confined to a plane. This plane is
perpendicular to the direction of the light.
Here q = 1.6 × 10-10C.
Take a gaussian surface inside the shell and outside it. Prove that inside field is zero and μ ,
outside it is as if entire charge is placed at the center of the spherical shell. % = % =
1 + /

For positive charge field lines will be outward Field due to coil 1 is
μ ,
5H V#OD W = % =
1 + /
Draw a schematic diagram of a cyclotron. Explain its underlying principle and
working, stating clearly the function of the electric and magnetic fields
applied on a charged particle.
Deduce an expression for the period of revolution and show that it does not
depend on the speed of the charged particle. Or
For negative charge field lines will be inward See diagram from NCERT book
b) Charge on sphere = σ $ = × − > / π / Principle; It is a machine that uses crossed electric and magnetic fields to accelerate
Calculate and find the charge. charged particles to high energies. It uses the principle that the frequency of
Since it is a conducting sphere all the charges will reside on the surface of the sphere and revolution of the charged particle is independent of its velocity. This frequency
field inside the sphere will be zero. Flux passing through the sphere is zero. Flux depends on charge to mass ratio of the charged particle. So once it is adjusted the
outside the sphere, leaving the surface of the sphere is kq/r. charged particle will experience a force due to the electric field at just the right
OR instant to accelerate it.
Working At resonance the charged particle crosses the gap between the dees at just the
τ = IR$ × QL$#OD GFH<HZHH*UFH right time so that the alternating voltage that is applied between the dees,
a) JG JG accelerates it. A magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of the dees. An
τ = @
D θ = ×
electric field is applied between the gap of the dees by an oscillator that is
connected to the dees. Charged particles are released at the center of the dees and
)@ −@ )@ +@ ) +@ −@ as they move the electric field accelerates them. They stay in a circular path due
b) + = + +
× − × − × − to the magnetic field. To exit the particles they are deflected by a magnetic field.
Substitute values and calculate. Function of electric and magnetic fields
Electric field applies a force in the direction of velocity. The force accelerates the particle
30. and increases its velocity.
. (a) Using Biot-Savart’s law, derive an expression for the magnetic field at the centre of Magnetic field applies a force on the charged particle in a direction perpendicular to its
a circular coil of radius R, number of turns N, carrying current i. velocity. So it does not change the velocity of the particle. It helps to keep the
See derivation in NCERT book for field along the axis. Then take special case for center particle confined to the dees so that it can be accelerated to high velocities.
of coil.
A = @ × %

= @ %

= ω
@%
ω=

π π
( = =
ω @%
This is independent of the velocity of the charged particle.

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CBSE Physics XII Board Paper – SET C CBSE Physics XII Board Paper – SET C
Physics (Theory)
1. A plot of magnetic flux ( ) versus current (I) is shown in the figure for two inductors A and Β. Which of
[Time allowed: 3 hours] [Maximum marks:70] the two has larger value of self inductance? 1
General Instructions:
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) There are 30 questions in total.

Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each.
Questions 9 to 18 carry two marks each.
Question 19 to 27 carry three marks each.
Question 28 to 30 carry five marks each.
(iii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two Solution:
marks; one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt Inductor A has the larger value of self-inductance.
only one of the choices in such questions.
(iv) Use of calculators is not permitted. 2. Figure shows three point charges +2q, –q and + 3q. Two charges + 2q and –q are enclosed within a surface
‘S’. What is the electric flux due to this configuration through the surface ‘S’? 1
(v) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:
C = 3 × 108 ms–1
H = 6.626 × 10 –34 Js
e = 1.602 × 10–19 C
–7 –1
0 = 4 × 10 Tm A
1
9 110 Nm C 2
9 2
4 0
Mass of electron me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg Solution:
Mass of neutron mn 1.675 × 10–27 kg q
The net electric flux through the surface ‘S’ is , where is the permittivity of free space.
Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.381 × 10–23 JK–1 0
0
Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

Radius of earth = 6400 km 3. In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in (i) stable, (ii) unstable equilibrium?
1
Solution:
A dipole placed in a uniform electric filed is in
(i) Stable equilibrium when the electric field is directed along the direction of the dipole i.e., when E is
parallel to p .
(ii) Unstable equilibrium when the electric filed is directed at an angle of 180 degrees with the direction of
the dipole, i.e., when E is anti-parallel to p .
4. Which part of electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar systems? 1
Solution:
The microwave range of electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar systems.
9. Explain the function of a repeater in a communication system. 2

5. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30°. 1
Solution:
Solution: A repeater is used for extending the range of a communication system. It consists of a receiver and a
Speed of light in air transmitter. The receiver of a repeater collects the signal from the transmitter of another repeater and after
Speed of light in the medium amplifying, it retransmits the signal. Sometimes, it also changes the carrier frequency of the pick-up signal
R f ti index of the medium with respect to air
Refractive
before transmitting it to the receiver.
3 108 m
m/s
1 10. (i) Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
sin
i 30 (ii) Why is the core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials?
OR
3 108 m
m/s
2 Draw magnetic field line when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in an external
magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of the field line due to the
1.5 108 m/s substances? 2
Solution:
6. A glass lens of refractive index 1.45 disappears when immersed in a liquid. What is the value of refractive (i) The material used for making permanent magnets should have the following characteristics:
index of the liquid? 1 (a) High retentivity: It ensures that the magnet remains strong even after removal of the magnetising
field.
Solution: (b) High coercivity: It ensures that the magnetism of the material does not get easily lost.
The refractive index of the liquid is 1.45. Apart from these two criteria, the material should have high permeability.
(ii) The core of an electromagnet should have high permeability and low retentivity. The high permeability of
7. Write the expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom. 1 the core of an electromagnet ensures that the electromagnet is strong. On the other hand, low retentivity
of the core ensures that the magnetism of the core material gets lost as soon as the current is switched off.
Solution: Ferromagnetic materials have both high permeability and low retentivity. Hence, ferromagnetic materials
are the most suitable for making the core of an electromagnet.
h2 0
The expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom is a0 .
πme2
OR
8. A wire of resistance 8R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective resistance between the ends of (i) The magnetic field lines, when a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field,
a diameter AB? 1 can be diagrammatically represented as
(ii) The magnetic field lines, when a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic
Solution:
field, can be diagrammatically represented as
1 1
The effective resistance between the ends of diameter AB is 2R .
1 1 1
4R 4R 2R
2R
Solution:
The focal length of a combined lens can be determined by the formula
1 1 1
( 1))
f R1 R2
Here, R2 and f 0.3 m
Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials are distinguished by the magnetic property called magnetic 1 1
( 1)
susceptibility. For diamagnetic materials, magnetic susceptibility is negative, whereas for paramagnetic 0.3 R1
materials, magnetic susceptibility is slightly positive.
R1 0.3( 1)
00.3(1.5
3(1 5 1)
11. What is the range of frequencies used in satellite communication? What is common between these waves 0.3 0.5
and light waves? 2
0.15 m
Solution: 15 cm
The waves used for satellite communication lie in the following two frequency ranges.
(i) 3.7–4.2 GHz for downlink
(ii) 5.9–6.4 GHz for uplink 14. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 64 volts. What is the de-Broglie wavelength
associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of wavelength
The waves used for satellite communication and light waves are both electromagnetic waves. Both of them correspond? 2
travel in a straight line.
Solution:
h
de-Broglie wavelength,
2meV
12. A coil Q is connected to low voltage bulb B and placed near another coil P as shown in the figure. Give Where,
reasons to explain the following observations: 2
m Mass of electron 9.1 10 31 kg
(a) The bulb ‘B’ lights
34
(b) Bulb gets dimmer if the coil Q is moved towards left. 6.626 10
31 19
2 9.1 10 1.6
1 6 10 64
34
6.62
26 10
6.626
1863.63. 10 50
6.626 10 34
1063 8 10 25
1063.86
6.626
10 9
43 17
43.17
0.15 10 9 m
Solution:
10
(a) The A.C. source creates a varying magnetic field in coil P. This varying magnetic field of P is linked to 1 5 10
1.5 m
coil Q. Hence, an induced current is produced in Q, which lights bulb B.
This value of wavelength corresponds to the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(b) As coil Q moves away from P, the rate of variation of magnetic flux changes. Therefore, the induced
e.m.f. inside coil Q decreases and bulb B gets dimmer.
15. (i) Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason.
(ii) Give the formula that can be used to determine refractive index of materials of a prism in minimum
13. Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens, whose focal length is 0.3 m deviation condition. 2
and the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5. 2
Solution:
(i) Between blue and red light, blue light is deviated more by a prism. This is because the wavelength of blue
light is smaller than that of red light. Therefore, the speed of blue light is lower than that of red light in a
medium.
(ii) The formula used for determining the refractive index of materials of a prism in minimum deviation
condition, The greater the intensity of light, the greater is the number of photons falling per second per unit area. Thus,
the greater the intensity of light, the greater is the number of electron–hole pairs produced at the junction.
sin ( A Dm ) / 2 The photocurrent is, thus, directly proportional to the intensity of light. This can be used for measuring the
n21 intensity of incident light.
A
sin
2
18. A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into two
Where, n21 Refractive index of prism material with respect to the surrounding medium fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of nucleons in Y and Z is 8.5 MeV
A Angle of the prism per nucleon. Calculate the energy Q released per fission in MeV. 2
Dm Angle of minimum deviation
Solution:
16. Plot a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with the frequency of incident radiation for two Total energy of nucleus X = 240 × 7.6 = 1824 MeV
different photosensitive materials having work functions W1 and W2 (W1 > W2). On what factors does the
(i) slope and (ii) intercept of the lines depend? 2 Total energy of nucleus Y = 110 × 8.5 = 935 MeV
Total energy of nucleus Z = 130 × 8.5 = 1105 MeV

Solution:
Therefore, energy released from fission, Q = 935 + 1105 1824 = 216 MeV
19. (a) Depict the equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point charges placed a distance
‘d’ apart.
(b) Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q2 brought
from infinity to the points r1 and r2 respectively in the presence of external electric field E . 3
Solution:
h
(i) The slope of the graph is content and equals to . Therefore, the slope does not depend on any factor. (a)
e
(ii) The intercept of the lines depends on the work function ‘ ’ of the metals.
17. Draw the circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias. How is photodiode used to
measure light intensity? 2
Solution:
The circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias can be represented as
(b) 1 1 1
The work done in bringing charge q1 from infinity to r1 is q1V( r1 ). Req X S
Work done on q2 against external field = q2 V( r 2 ) SX
q1q2 Req
Work done on q2 against the field due to q1 X S
4π o r12
4 1 R l2
Where, r12 is the distance between q1 and q2. Req 100 l2
By the superposition principle for fields, R( X S ) l2
(ii )
q1q2 SX (100 l2 )
Work done in bringing q2 to r 2 is q2V (r 2 ) .
4π o r12
4π 1
On dividing (i) by (ii), we obtain
Thus,
Potential energy of system = The total work done in assembling the configuration
R SX l1 (100 l2 )
q1q2
q1V (r1 ) q2V (r 2 ) R( X S ) X l2 (100
100 l1 )
4 o r12
4π 1
X l1 (100 l2 )
20. In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of l1 cm from A. If now a resistance of X is X S l2 (100 l1 )
connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at l2 cm. Obtain a formula for X in terms of l1, l2 and S.
3
Xl2 (100 l1 ) ( X S )l1 (100 l2 )
Xl2 (100 l1 ) Xl1 (100 l2 ) Sl1 (100 l2 )
Sl1 (100 l2 )
X
l2 (100 l1 ) l1 (100 l1 )
This is the expression for X in terms of S, l1 and l2.
21. What is space wave propagation? Give two examples of communication system which use space wave
Solution:
mode.
Initially, when X is not connected
A TV tower is 80 m tall. Calculate the maximum distance upto which the signal transmitted from the
tower can be received. 3
R l1
Condition for balance
Condi (i)
S 100 l1
The equivalent resistance (Req) of the combination of X and S is Solution:
Space wave propagation is the propagation of waves whose frequencies lie above 40 MHz.
Examples of communication systems which use space wave mode are
(i) Television broadcast
(ii) Microwave links
(iii)Satellite communication
(Any two examples can be taken)
The maximum distance up to which signals can be received, d 2RE hT

2 6400000 80
23. What is an unpolarized light? Explain with the help of suitable ray diagram how an unpolarized light can
32000 m
be polarized by reflection from a transparent medium. Write the expression for Brewster angle in terms of
32 km the refractive index of denser medium. 3
Hence, the maximum distance up to which the transmitted signal can be received is 32 km.
Solution:
22. (i) Define ‘activity’ of a radioactive material and write its S.I. units.
(ii) Plot a graph showing variation of activity of a given radioactive sample with time.
(iii) The sequence of stepwise decay of a radioactive nucleus is
D D1 D2
If the atomic number and mass number of D2 are 71 and 176 respectively, what are their corresponding
values of D? 3
An unpolarised light is one in which the vibration of electric field vector is not restricted in one particular
Solution: plane.
(i) The activity of a radioactive material is defined as the decay rate of a sample containing one or more radio When an unpolarised light falls on the surface, the reflected light is such that the vibration of its electric field
nuclides. vector is confined to one particular plane. The direction of this plane is parallel to the surface of reflection.
The SI unit of radioactivity is becquerel (B). A component of electric field vector is absent from the refracted light. Therefore, the refracted light is
partially polarised.
(ii)
The expression for Brewster angle in terms of the refractive index of denser medium is tan iB
Where, is the refractive index of the denser medium with respect to the rarer medium.
24. Write the principle of working of a potentiometer. Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram,
how a potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a given cell. 3
Solution:
(iii) The working principle of a potentiometer is based on Kirchhoff’s voltage law. According to this rule, the
176
1 algebraic sum of changes in voltage around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in the loop is zero.
D D1 71 D2
Therefore,
176 176
1
D 72 D1 71 D2
Therefore,
180 176 176
1
74 D 72 D1 71 D2
So, the corresponding values of atomic number and mass number for D are 74 and 180.
Let be the potential drop per unit length in the potentiometer wire.
When only a cell is connected, the balance point is N1. Fa 0 I1 I

Appling Kirchhoff’s voltage law, l 22π l
= l1 [l1 = Length at which the balance point is achieved]
0
When some current is drawn using the resistance box, the balance point is achieved at N2. Fa I1 I
2π
V = l2
The repulsive force per unit length on the loop is
This gives,
Fr 0 I1 I
l1
l 22π 2l
V l2
0 I1 I
= I (r + R) [R = Resistance of the resistance box] Fr
V = IR 22π 2l2l
This gives, Fnet Fa Fr
r R 0 1
I1 I 1
V R 2π
2 2
l
r R 1 1 Fnet 0
I1 I
l2 4π
The internal resistance of the cell can be determined by plugging-in the measured values of l1 and l2. Since the attractive force is greater than the repulsive force, a net force acts on the loop.
The torque on the loop is given as
m B
25. Write the expression for the magnetic moment ( m)) due to a planar square loop of side ‘l’ carrying a mB sin
steady current I in a vector form. 3
IAB sin
In the given figure this loop is placed in a horizontal plane near a long straight conductor carrying a
steady current I1 at a distance l as shown. Give reason to explain that the loop will experience a net force = 0 ( Area vector is parallel to the magnetic field)
but no torque. Write the expression for this force acting on the loop. = IAB sin0
=0
The torque acting on the loop is zero.
26. A long straight wire of a circular cross-section of radius ‘a’ carries a steady current ‘I’. The current is
uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply Ampere’s circuital law to calculate the magnetic
field at a point ‘r’ in the region for (i) r < a and (ii) r > a.
OR
Solution: State the underlying principle of working of a moving coil galvanometer. Write two reasons why a
The expression for the magnetic moment ( m ) due to a planar square loop of side ‘l’ carrying a steady current galvanometer can not be used as such to measure current in a given circuit. Name any two factors on
I in a vector form is given as which the current sensitivity of a galvanometer depends. 3
m IA Solution:
Therefore,
Therefor (i) For r < a
m I (l ) 2 nˆ
Where, n̂ is the unit vector along the normal to the surface of the loop.
The attractive force per unit length on the loop is

B dl 0 I eenc
enclosed
cllossed
B dl Bdl cos
0
B dl Bdl
I enclosed I
Bdl 0 I
B dl I
0 eencl
enclosed
looseed B dl I
0
I enclosed I B (2
(2πr ) I
0
πa 2 πr 2
0 I
r2 B
I encolsed I 2 22π r
a
B dl Bdl cos 1 OR
2
r The underlying principle for the working of a moving coil galvanometer is that when a current-carrying
Bdl 0 I
a2 conductor is placed inside a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force.
r2 The two reasons why a galvanometer cannot be used for measuring current are
B dl 0 I The high resistance of galvanometer can disturb the original current flowing through the circuit
a2
The high current present in the circuit can destroy the coil windings present in the galvanometer
r2
B (2πr ) 0I
a2 The factors on which the current sensitivity of a galvanometer depends are
0I Number of turns in the coil
B r
2 a2
2π Torsional spring constant
Area of the coil
(ii) For r > a Strength of the magnetic field
(Any two can be taken as the answer)
27. A parallel-plate capacitor is charged to a potential difference V by a dc source. The capacitor is then
disconnected from the source. If the distance between the plates is doubled, state with reason how the
following change: 3
(i) electric field between the plates
(ii) capacitance, and
(iii) energy stored in the capacitor
Solution:
From Ampere’s circuital law,
(i)
Q = CV
0A
Q ( Ed
Ed )
d
Q 0 AE
Q
E
0A
Therefore, the electric field between the parallel plates depends only on the charge and the plate area. It does
not depend on the distance between the plates.
Since the charge as well as the area of the plates does not change, the electric field between the plates also
does not change. OR
(ii) (a) With the help of circuit diagram explain the working principle of a transistor amplifier as an
Let the initial capacitance be C and the final capacitance be C'. oscillator.
Accordingly,
(b) Distinguish between a conductor, a semiconductor and an insulator on the basis of energy band
0A
C diagrams. 3
d
0A Solution:
C
2d
2d (a) In a p–n junction, a p-type and an n-type material are joined together. The concentration of holes is higher
C in p-type material as compared to that in n-type material. Therefore, there is a concentration gradient
2 between the p-type and n-type materials. As a result of this concentration gradient, holes move from p-
C
C side to n-side (p → n) by the process of diffusion. Similarly, electrons move from n-side to p-side (n →
C p).
2 As the holes diffuse from p-side, they leave ionised spaces (negatively charged) on p-side near the
Hence, the capacitance of the capacitor gets halved when the distance between the plates is doubled. junction. These ionised spaces are immobile. Hence, a negative space-charge region is formed on the p-
side near the junction. Similarly, a positive space-charge region is formed on the n-side. These two space-
(iii) charge regions on either sides of the junction constitute what is called a depletion layer.
1 Q2 Since the n-side loses electrons and p-side gains electrons, a potential difference is developed across the
Energy of a capacitor, U
2 C junction of the two regions. This potential difference tends to oppose further motions of electron from the
Since Q remains the same but the capacitance decreases, n-region into the p-region. The same happens for holes too. The reverse polarity of this potential opposes
1 Q2 further flow of carriers and is thus called the barrier potential.
U
2 C (b) The device is a full-wave rectifier.
2
The circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier is represented as
U 1
U 2
U U
22U
The energy stored in the capacitor gets doubled when the distance between the plates is doubled.
28. (a) Explain the formation of depletion layer and potential barrier in a p–n junction.
(b) In the figure given below the input waveform is converted into the output waveform by a device ‘X’.
Name the device and draw its circuit diagram. (c) The logic gate represented by the circuit is an AND gate.
The truth table of the AND gate is represented as
A B Α.B
0 0 0
(c) Identify the logic gate represented by the circuit as shown and write its truth table. 1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
OR
(a)
The circuit diagram for a transistor amplifier as an oscillator is represented as
29. Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic elements of an A.C. generator. State its
underlying principle. Show diagrammatically how an alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire
rotating in a magnetic field. Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the
rotating loop.
In an oscillator, a sustained Α.C. output is obtained without any input oscillation. For this to happen, the
output of a transistor amplifier is fed back into its input. This is achieved by coupling the winding T1 to OR
winding T2.
When key S1 is closed, the collector current begins to increase, which supports the forward bias of the A series LCR circuit is connected to a source having voltage v = vm sin t. Derive the expression for the
emitter–base circuit. Collector current increases until it reaches saturation. When the saturation is reached, instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied voltage.
the magnetic flux linked to winding T1 becomes steady. Hence, the forward bias of the emitter–base circuit is
no longer supported. The transistor is now driven into cut-off. This cycle repeats itself and an oscillating Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define ‘power factor’. State the conditions under which it is
output is obtained. (i) maximum and (ii) minimum. 5
(b) The energy-band diagram of a conductor is represented as Solution:

Basic elements of an A.C. generator
The energy-band diagram of a semiconductor is represented as
An A.C. generator consists of a rotor shaft on which a coil is mounted. A magnetic field is created around an
armature coil with the help of permanent magnets.
The terminals of the coil are connected to two slip rings. Carbon brushes are attached to slip rings so as to
make connection with an external circuit.
The energy-band diagram of an insulator is represented as Underlying principle of an A.C. generator
The underlying principle responsible for the working of an Α.C. generator is electromagnetic induction.
According to this principle, if a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, then current is induced in the
conductor.
q i ( t
qm sin( )
dq
Generation of an alternating e.m.f. by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field qm cos( t )
dt
d 2q
qm 2 sin(
i ( t )
dt 2
On substituting these values in equation (1), we obtain
qm R cos(( t ) ( X C X L ) sin(
i ( t ) vm sini t
1
XC XC L
C
2
Z R (XC X L )2
R (XC XL)
qm Z cos(( t ) i ( t
sin(
in( ) vm sin
i t ... 2
Z Z
R X XL
Let cos and C sin
2 Z
This gives
XC XL
tan
R
On substituting this in equation (2), we obtain
qm Z cos(( t ) vm sin
i t
On comparing the two sides, we obtain
Expression of the instantaneous value of the induced e.m.f. in a rotating loop vm qm Z im Z

= NBA sin t
im qm
Where N = number of turns in armature coil π
and ( )
B = Magnetic field vector 2
A =Area vector of the coil π
= Angular speed or
2
dq
OR i qm cos( t )
dt
v = vm sin t im cos(( t )
Let the current in the circuit be led the applied voltage by an angle . Or
i im sin(( t ) i im sin(
si ( t )
di q vm vm
The Kirchhoff’s voltage law gives L Ri v. Where, im
dt C Z R2 ( X C X L )2
It is given that v = vm sin t (applied voltage) And
2
d q dq q XC XL
L R vm sin
si t ... 1 tan 1
dt 2 dt C R
On solving the equation, we obtain
The condition for resonance to occur 30. State Huygens’s principle. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, how this principle is used to obtain
the diffraction pattern by a single slit.
vm
im Draw a plot of intensity distribution and explain clearly why the secondary maxima becomes weaker with
R2 ( X C X L )2
increasing order (n) of the secondary maxima.
OR
For resonance to occur, the value of im has to be the maximum.
Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce an expression for the total
The value of im will be the maximum when magnification when the final image is formed at the near point.
XC XL In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 cm from the objective of focal length
1 1.25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the final image is formed at the near point,
L estimate the magnifying power of the microscope. 5
C
1
2
Solution:
LC Huygen’s principle states that
1 Each point on a wave front behaves as a source of secondary wavelets
LC The secondary wavelets travel with the speed of light in that medium
1 The position of new wave front at a later time can be found out by drawing a common tangent to all these
2πf secondary wavelets
LC
1 Intensity distribution of single slit distribution
f
2π
2 LC
Power factor = cos
R R
Where, cos
ZR 2 ( X C X L )2
(i) Conditions for maximum power factor (i.e., cos = 1)
XC = XL
Or
For the first secondary maxima (n = 1), only one-third of the slit contributes to its intensity.
R=0 Secondly, for n = 2, only one-fifth of the slit contributes to the intensity.
Therefore, with increasing n, the intensity decreases.
(ii) Conditions for minimum power factor
When the circuit is purely inductive OR
When the circuit is purely capacitive
Ray diagram for a compound microscope
u0 f0
L D
m 1
f0 fe
u0 1.5 cm
f0 1.5cm
1 1 1
f0 v0 u0
1 1 1
Total angular magnification, m
1.25 v0 11.55
Angle subtended by the image 1 1 1
Angle subtended by the object v0 11.25
25 11.55
Since and are small,
100 10
tan and tan
125 15
tan
m 1500 11250
tan
t
1875
AB
tan
D 1 250
And
v0 1875
AB
tan v0 7.5 cm
D
tan AB D AB fe 5 cm
m
ttan D AB AB v0 D
m 1
On multiplying the numerator and the denominator with A B , we obtain u0 fe
A B AB 7.5 25
m 1
A B AB
A 15
1.5 5
AB
A'B' 7.5
Now, magnification produced by objective, m0 6
AB 15
1.5
AB m 30
Magnification produced by eyepiece, me
AB
Therefore,
Total magnification, (m) = m0 me
v0 (Image d distance for image produced by objective lens )
m0
u0 (Object distance for the objective lens)
D
me 1
fe
fe Focal length of eyepiece
m m0 me
v0 D
1
u0 fe
v0 L (Separation between the lenses)
1.What is the highest frequency for which antennas can be made (approximately) 8. Scientists put x-ray astronomical telescope on the artificial satellite orbiting above the
1012 to 1013 Hz. earth's atmosphere whereas they build optical and radio-telescopes on the surface of the
2. What is the condition of the electrons in the transmitting antenna when maximum earth. Why ?
magnetic field is being transmitted? X-rays have very high frequency and much smaller wavelength. These rays get
A maximum current is flowing, so the electrons have maximum speed up and absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. On the other hand, optical (visible) radiations and
down the antenna. The electric current produces the magnetic field. radio-waves can pass through the atmosphere. That is why optical and radio telescopes
can be installed on the earth's surface.
3. How can the electric portion of the electro-magnetic wave be detected?
9. F o r a n e le ctro m a g n e tic w a ve , w rite th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n a m p litu d e o f
It can be detected by an antenna similar to the transmitting antenna except that a
e le c tric a n d m a g n e tic fie ld s in fre e sp a c e .
detector of electric current replaces the voltage source.
[H in ts If E o is th e a m p litu d e o f a n e le c tric fie ld a n d B o is th e a m p litu d e o f th e
4. How can the magnetic field portion of an electro-magnetic wave be detected?
E0
a s s o c ia te d m a g n e tic fie ld in fre e s p a c e th e n c = w h e re c is th e s p e e d o f lig h t
The magnetic wave is best detected by placing a loop of wire (with its ends hooked B0
to a current detector) in the path of the wave. The changing magnetic field causes a
in fre e s p a c e i.e . 3 x 1 0 8 m /s .
current in the loop.
10. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. What is the displacement current
5.The small ozone layer on the top of the atmosphere is crucial for human survival.
across its plates?
Why?
Hints: Displacement current = Charging current = 0.25 A]
The ozone in the atmosphere is confined to the ozone layer, some 50-80 km above
11. What is a ground wave? How does it differ from a sky wave?
the ground. The ozone layer blocks the passage of the ultra-violet radiations; x-rays and
Ans. A signal emitted by an antenna from a certain point can be received at another point of
y-rays from the solar and other extra-terrestrial sources and effectively protects us from
the surface of the earth in two ways. The wave which travels directly following the surface of the
the dangerous and harmful portions of solar radiations as they cause genetic damages
earth is called ground nave. The wave that can reach the same point after being reflected
to living cells. Practically all radiations of wave length less than 3 x 10-7m are absorbed
from the ionosphere is called sky wave.
by the ozone layer. This explains why ozone layer on the top of the atmosphere is
12. Why short wave communication over long distances is not possible via ground waves?
crucial for human survival.
|Hints: Because the wave gets attenuated.]
6.How does "Green House Effect" affect the temperature of the earth's surface ?
1 3 . A re c o n d u ctio n a n d d isp la c e m e n t cu rre n ts th e s a m e ?
Green house effect serves to keep the earth's surface warm at night.
[H in t: N o ; th e y a re d iffe re n t b u t th e y a re e q u a l .
7.How do we make television broadcasts for larger coverage and for long distance?
1 4 . It is n e c e s s a ry to u s e sa te llite s fo r lo n g d ista n c e T V tra n sm is s io n . W h y?
By using (i) tall antennas which is familiar landmark in many cities and (ii) using
It is s o b e c a u se te le visio n sig n a ls a re n o t p ro p e rly re fle cte d b y th e
artificial satellites —called geostationary satellites. Since television signals are of high
io n o sp h e re . T h e re fo re , fo r re fle c tio n o f s ig n a ls sa te llite s a re n e e d e d a s re fle c tio n is
frequency and are not reflected by ionosphere so we use satellites to get them reflected
e ffe c te d b y sa te llite s .
& transmission of TV signals can be used for larger coverage as well as for long
1 5 . O p tic a l a n d ra d io te le s co p e s a re b u ilt o n g ro u n d b u t X -ra y a stro n o m y is
distance.
p o ss ib le o n ly fro m sa te llite s o rb itin g th e e a rth . W h y?
A tm o sp h e re a b s o rb s X -ra ys, w h ile visib le a n d ra d io w a ve s c a n p e n e tra te it. 1
uB = B2
T h a t is w h y o p tica l a n d ra d io te le s c o p e s ca n w o rk o n e a rth 's s u rfa ce b u t X -ra y E n e rg y d e n sity in B fie ld ,-------------- 2μ 0
a s tro n o m ica l te le s co p e s m u s t b e u s e d o n s a te llite s o rb itin g th e e a rth .
1
U s in g E = c B a n d c = , uE = uB.
1 6 . If th e e a rth d id n o t h a ve a n a tm o s p h e re , w o u ld its a ve ra g e s u rfa c e te m p e ra tu re μ 0ε 0
b e h ig h e r o r lo w e r th a n w h a t it is n o w ?
2 2 . O n w h a t fa c to rs d o e s its ve lo c ity in va c u u m d e p e n d ?
A n s. T h e te m p e ra tu re o f th e e a rth w o u ld b e lo w e r b e c a u s e th e g re e n h o u s e e ffe c t
A n s. E le ctro m a g n e tic w a ve s c o n sist o f sin u so id a l va ria tio n o f e le c tric a n d
o f th e a tm o s p h e re w o u ld b e a b se n t.
m a g n e tic fie ld ve c to rs . T h e fie ld ve c to rs vib ra te w ith th e sa m e fre q u e n cy a n d a re
.
in th e s a m e p h a s e . T h e fie ld ve c to rs a n d th e d ire ctio n o f p ro p a g a tio n a re a ll
1 7 . W h a t is th e e q u a tio n fo r th e s p e e d o f e le c tro m a g n e tic w a ve s in fre e sp a c e ?
m u tu a lly p e rp e n d ic u la r. T h e ve lo c ity o f e le c tro m a g n e tic w a ve s in va c u u m
1 d e p e n d s u p o n a b s o lu te p e rm e a b ility μo a n d a b so lu te p e rm ittivity ε0 .N o te th a t c
C=
μ 0ε 0
1
=
1 8 . T h e w a ve le n g th o f e le c tro m a g n e tic ra d ia tio n is d o u b le d . W h a t w ill h a p p e n to μ 0ε 0
th e e n e rg y o f th e p h o to n ?
T h e e n e rg y w ill b e h a lve d b e ca u s e fre q u e n cy w ill b e h a lve d . 2 3 . W h a t is th e n a m e a s s o c ia te d w ith th e fo llo w in g e q u a tio n s ?
q
1 9 . N a m e th e p a rt o f e le c tro m a g n e tic s p e c tru m to w h ic h w a ve s o f w a ve le n g th (i) (i ) ∫ E. dS = ε 0
(ii )∫ B. dS = 0
1 A ° a n d (ii) 1 0 -2
m b e lo n g . U s in g th e re la tio n λT = (0 .2 9 c m ) K , o b ta in th e
d d
c h a ra c te ristic ke lvin te m p e ra tu re c o rre sp o n d in g to th e se tw o w a ve le n g th s. (iii ) ∫ E. dl =−
dt ∫
B. dS (ii )∫ B. dS = μ 0 ε 0
dt ∫
E.dS + μ 0 I
(i) X -ra ys , (ii) M icro w a ve s (i) G a u ss 's la w (ii) N o p a rtic u la r n a m e

(iii) F a ra d a y's la w (iv) A m p e re 's la w .
0.29 cm 0.29 cm
A g a in , (i) T = = 29 ×10 −8 K (ii) T= = 0.29 K
1× 10 −10 cm 1 cm 2 4 . E le c tro m a g n e tic w a ve s w ith w a ve le n g th
2 0 . G ive a s im p le a rg u m e n t to su g g e s t th a t a n a c ce le ra te d ch a rg e m u s t e m it (i) λ1 a re u se d to tre a t m u s cu la r stra in
e le c tro m a g n e tic ra d ia tio n (ii) λ2 a re u se d b y a F M ra d io sta tio n fo r b ro a d ca stin g
A n s. W h e n c h a rg e m o ve s w ith co n s ta n t ve lo c ity, th e m a g n e tic fie ld d o e s n o t (iii) λ3 a re u se d to d e te c t fra c tu re in b o n e s
c h a n g e w ith tim e . S o , it ca n n o t p ro d u c e a n e le ctric fie ld . W h e n c h a rg e is (iv) λ4 a re a b s o rb e d b y th e o zo n e la ye r o f th e a tm o sp h e re .
a c c e le ra te d , b o th e le c tric a n d m a g n e tic fie ld s c h a n g e w ith tim e a n d s p a ce , o n e Id e n tify a n d n a m e th e p a rt o f th e e le c tro m a g n e tic sp e c tru m to w h ic h th e se

b e co m in g a so u rc e o f a n o th e r. T h is g ive s rise s to e le ctro m a g n e tic w a ve . ra d ia tio n s b e lo n g . A rra n g e th e s e w a ve le n g th s in d e c re a sin g o rd e r o f m a g n itu d e .
2 1 . S h o w th a t th e a ve ra g e e n e rg y d e n sity o f th e E fie ld e q u a ls th e a ve ra g e e n e rg y
d e n s ity o f th e B fie ld . A n s. (i) λ1 -» in fra re d (ii) λ2 -» ra d io w a ve s
1 (iii) λ3 — > X -ra ys (in ) λ4 — > u ltra -vio le t ra ys λ2 > λ1 > λ4 > λ3 .
uE = ε 0 E 2
A n s. E n e rg y d e n s ity in E fie ld , 2 2 5 . If yo u fin d clo s e d lo o p s o f B in a re g io n in sp a c e , d o e s it n e ce ss a rily m e a n th a t
a c tu a l ch a rg e s a re flo w in g a c ro s s th e a re a b o u n d e d b y th e lo o p s?
A n s. N o t n e ce ss a rily. A d isp la ce m e n t cu rre n t s u c h a s th a t b e tw e e n th e p la te s o f a 30. What is the contribution of the Greenhouse effect towards the surface temperature of
c a p a c ito r th a t is b e in g c h a rg e d c a n a lso p ro d u ce lo o p s o f B • the earth?
2 6 . A clo s e d lo o p o f B is p ro d u c e d b y a c h a n g in g e le c tric fie ld . D o e s it n e c e s sa rily Ans. The infrared radiation emitted by the earth's surface keeps the earth warm. In the
absence of this effect, the surface temperature of earth would be lower.
dE
m e a n th a t E a n d a re n o n -ze ro a t a ll p o in ts o n th e lo o p a n d in th e a re a
dt 31. Why the small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival?
e n clo s e d b y th e lo o p ? Ans. The small ozone layer on the top of the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiations, y-
A n s. N o t n e c e ss a rily. A ll th a t is n e e d e d is th a t th e to ta l e le c tric flu x th ro u g h th e rays etc. from the sun. It also absorbs cosmic radiations. So, these radiations, which can
a re a e n clo s e d b y th e lo o p s h o u ld va ry in tim e . T h e flu x c h a n g e m a y a ris e fro m cause genetic damage to the living cells, are prevented from reaching the earth. Thus, the
dE small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival.
a n y p o rtio n o f th e a re a . E ls e w h e re E o r m a y b e ze ro . In p a rtic u la r, th e re n e e d
dt 32. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction. What can you say
b e n o e le c tric fie ld a t th e p o in ts w h ich m a k e th e lo o p . about the directions of its electric and magnetic field vectors? If the frequency of the wave
2 7 . W h y is it th a t in d u c e d e le c tric fie ld s d u e to ch a n g in g m a g n e tic flu x a re m o re is 30 MHz, what is the wavelength?
re a d ily o b s e rva b le th a n th e in d u ce d m a g n e tic fie ld s d u e to ch a n g in g e le ctric Ans. E and B lie in the x-y plane and are mutually perpendicular. Wavelength,
fie ld s? 3xlO 8
λ= m =10 m
A n s. T h e m a g n itu d e o f th e m a g n e tic fie ld d u e to d isp la ce m e n t cu rre n t is to o s m a ll 30×10 6
to b e e a s ily o b s e rva b le . T h is e ffe c t c a n o f c o u rse b e in cre a s e d b y in c re a sin g th e 33. Given below are some famous numbers associated with electromagnetic radiation in
d isp la ce m e n t cu rre n t. [In a n A C c irc u it, th is c a n b e d o n e b y in c re a sin g ω.] different contexts in physics. State the part of the e m spectrum to which each belongs.
O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e e ffe ct o f in d u c e d e le c tric fie ld d u e to c h a n g in g m a g n e tic (i) 21 cm (wavelength emitted by atomic hydrogen in interstellar space).
flu x c a n b e in cre a s e d sim p ly b y ta k in g m o re a n d m o re n u m b e r o f tu rn s in th e co il. (ii) 1057 MHz [frequency of radiation arising from two close energy levels in hydrogen;
T h e in d u c e d e m fs in d iffe re n t tu rn s o f th e s a m e co il a d d u p in se rie s. known as Lamb shift].
2 8 . A va ria b le -fre q u e n c y A C s o u rc e is c o n n e cte d to a c a p a c ito r. W ill th e
(Hi) 2.7 K temperature associated with the isotropic radiation filling all space-thought to be
d isp la ce m e n t cu rre n t in c re a se o r d e cre a s e w ith in cre a s e in fre q u e n c y?
a relic of the 'big-bang’ origin of the universe.
A n s. In c re a s e in fre q u e n cy c a u se s d e cre a s e in im p e d a n ce o f th e c a p a c ito r a n d (iv) 5890 A - 5896 A [double lines of sodium].
c o n s e q u e n t in cre a se in th e cu rre n t w h ic h e q u a ls d is p la c e m e n t c u rre n t b e tw e e n (v) 14.4 keV [energy of a particular transition in 57Fe nucleus associated with a famous
th e p la te s . high resolution spectroscopic method (Mossbauer spectroscopy).
2 9 . S o m e s c ie n tists h a ve p re d ic te d th a t a g lo b a l n u c le a r w a r o n th e e a rth w o u ld
Ans. (i) Radio (short wavelength end) (ii) Radio (short wavelength end) (Hi) Microwave (iv)
b e fo llo w e d b y a s e ve re 'n u c le a r w in te r' w ith a d e va sta tin g e ffe c t o n life o n e a rth .
Visible (Yellow) (v) X-rays (or soft y-ray) region.
W h a t m ig h t b e th e b a s is o f th is p re d ictio n ?
34. Electromagnetic waves in a cavity with conducting walls can exist only in certain
A n s. T h e c lo u d s p ro d u c e d b y a g lo b a l n u c le a r w a r w o u ld p e rh a p s co ve r
modes i.e., they cannot exist, for example, with any arbitrary wavelength. Suggest a
s u b s ta n tia l p a rts o f th e s ky p re ve n tin g so la r lig h t fro m re a c h in g m a n y p a rts o f th e
simple reason why this should be so.
g lo b e . T h is w o u ld ca u s e a 'w in te r'.
Ans. The waves must satisfy a boundary condition. The electric field should be zero on the
walls of the conductor. This restricts the possible modes. [It is something like the restricted
modes of a string fixed at two ends.]
SAMPLE PAPER I
7. Write the order of frequency range and one use of the following e. m radiations. XII - PHYSICS
i)Microwaves ii) Ultra-violet rays iii) gamma rays Time : Three Hours Max. Marks : 70
9 12
a. i) Microwaves :- 10 to 10 Hz approx used in radars/microwave ovens
General Instructions
ii) Ultra violet rays:-1015 to 10 18 Hz approx. sterilizing the medical instruments
iii) gamma rays:- 10 18 to 10 22 Hz in radio therapy ,treating cancer and tumours. (a) All questions are compulsory.
(b) There are 30 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, questions 9 to 18 carry two marks each,
8. How are the following e.m radiations produced, Mention one used of them. questions 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions 28 to 30 carry five marks each.
i) radio waves ii ) infra red rays iii) x rays (c) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one
question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt only one of the given
a. i) radio waves :produced by oscillating circuits having inductor and choices in such questions.
capacitor. Used in radio and TV communication.
(d) Use of calculators is not permitted.
ii)infra red rays: produced by all hot bodies treating muscular strains/ solar
appliances etc., (e) You may use the following physical constants wherever necessary :
iii) gamma rays: produced when high energy electrons bombards metals. . to
detect fracture in bones/ study crystal structure c = 3 x 108ms-1
h = 6.6 x 10-34Js
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
μo = 4 π x 10−7 T m A −1
Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 x 1023 JK-1

Avogadro’s number NA = 6.023 x 1023/mole
Mass of neutron mn = 1.6 x 10-27 kg
1. Two identical charged particles moving with same speed enter a region of uniform magnetic field. If one of these
enters normal to the field direction and the other enters along a direction at 300 with the field, what would be the
ratio of their angular frequencies?
2. Why does a metallic piece become very hot when it is surrounded by a coil carrying high frequency alternating
current?
3. How is a sample of an n-type semiconductor electrically neutral though it has an excess of negative charge carriers?
4. Name the characteristics of electromagnetic waves that

(i) increases
(ii) remains constant
in the electromagnetic spectrum as one moves from radiowave region towards ultravoilet region.
5. How would the angular separation of interference fringes in young’s double slit experiment change when the
distance of separation between the slits and the screen is doubled?
6. Calculate the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of electron of hydrogen atom from its,
(i) Second permitted energy level to the first level, and

(ii) Highest permitted energy level to the second permitted level
7. Give expression for the average value of the a c voltage

V = V0 Sin ωt
(3)
Keeping other things unchanged
over the time interval t = 0 and t =
(i) X increases the value of distance R
8. How is the band gap, Eg, of a photo diode related to the maximum wavelength, , that can be detected by it? (ii) Y decreases the value of resistance S in the set up.
m
How would these changes affect the position of null point in each case and why?
9. Keeping the voltage of the the charging source constant, what would be the percentage change in the energy stored
in a parallel plate capacitor if the separation between its plates were to be decreased by 10%? 16. The following table gives the values of work function for a few photo sensitive metals
10. Explain how the average velocity of free electrons in a metal at constant temperature, in an electric field, remain S.No. Metal Work Function
constant even though the electrons are being constantly accelarated by this electric field? (eV)
11. How is the resolving power of a microscope affected when, 1. Na 1.92

(i) the wavelength of illuminating radiations is decreased?
(ii) the diameter of the objective lens is decreased? 2. K 2.15
Justify your answer.
3. Mo 4.17
12. What is the basic difference between the atom or molecule of a diamagnetic and a paramagnetic material? Why are
elements with even atomic number more likely to be diamagnetic? If each of these metals is exposed to radiations of wavelength 300 nm, which of them will not emit photo electrons
and why?
13. Why are infrared radiations referred to as heat waves also? Name the radiations which are next to these radiations OR
in electromagnetic specturm having By how much would the stopping potential for a given photosensitive surface go up if the frequency of the incident
(i) Shorter wavelength. radiations were to be increased from 4 x 1015 Hz to 8 x 1015 Hz?
(ii) Longer wavelength. Given h = 6.4 x 10-34 J-s, e = 1.6 x 10-19 C and c = 3 x 108 ms-1
14. The following data was recorded for values of object distance and the corresponding values of image distance in 17. Prove that the instantaneous rate of change of the activity
A′ of a radioactive substance is inversely proportional to the
the experiment on study of real image formation by a convex lens of power +5D. One of these observations is square of its half life.
incorrect. Indentify this observation and give reason for your choice:
18. What does the term LOS communication mean? Name the types of waves that are used for this communication.
S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Which of the two-height of transmitting antenna and height of receiving antenna - can affect the range over which
this mode of communication remains effective?
Object distance 25 30 35 45 50 55
(cm) 19. The following data was obtained for the dependence of the magnitude of electric field, with distance, from a
reference point O, within the charge distribution in the shaded region.
Image distance 97 61 37 35 32 30
(cm)
15. Two students X and Y perform an experiment on potentiometer separately using the circuit diagram shown here.
(i) Identify the charge distrubution and justify your answer.

(ii) If the potential due to this charge distribution, has a value V at the point A, what is its value at the point ? 3
(4) (5)
20. A charge Q located at a point is in equilibrium under the combined electric field of three charges q1,q2, q3. If the
charges q1, q2 are located at points and respectively, find the direction of the force on Q, due to q3 in terms
of q1,q2, . 3
3
23. Three students X, Y, and Z performed an experiment for studying the variation of alternating currents with angular
21. 12 cells, each of emf 1.5V and internal resistance , are arranged in m rows each containing n cells connected frequency in a series LCR circuit and obtained the graphs shown below. They all used a.c. sources of the same r.
in series, as shown. Calculate the values of n and m for which this combination would send maximum current m. s. value and inductances of the same value.
through an external resistance of . What can we (qualitatively) conclude about the
(i) capacitance value
(ii) resistance values
used by them? In which case will the quality factor be maximum?
What can we conclude about nature of the impendance of the set up at frequency wo?
OR 3
For the circuit shown here, calculate the potential difference between points B and D
24. An equiconvex lens with radii of curvature of magnitude r each, is put over a liquid layer poured on top of a plane
mirror. A small needle, with its tip on the principal axis of the lens, is moved along the axis until its inverted real
image conicides with the needle itself. The distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be ‘a’. On removing
3 the liquid layer and repeating the expriment the distance is found to be ‘b’.
Given that two values of distances measured represent the focal length values in the two cases, obtain a formula for
the refractive index of the liquid.
22. A beam of light of wavelength 400 nm is incident normally on a right angled prism as shown. It is observed that the
light just grazes along the surface AC after falling on it. Given that the refractive index of the material of the prism
varies with the wavelength as per the relation
3
calculate the value of b and the refractive index of the prism material for a wavelength .
[(Given = Sin-1 (0.625)]
(6) (7)
given wave is transverse or longitudinal in nature?
25. A circular coil having 20 turns, each of radius 8 cm, is rotating about its vertical diameter with an angular
speed of 50 radian s-1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 30 mT. Obtain the maximum
Light from an ordinary source (say a sodium lamp) is passed through a polaroid sheet P1 .The transmitted light is
average and r. m. s. values of the emf indued in the coil.
then made to pass through a second polaroid sheet P2 which can be rotated so that the angle ( ) between the two
If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance , how much power is dissipased as heat in it? 3
polaroid sheets varies from O0 to 90o. Show graphically the variation of the intensity of light, transmitted by P1 and
P2, as a fuction of the angle . Take the incident beam intensity as I0. Why does the light from a clear blue portion
of the sky, show a rise and fall of intensity when viewed through a polaroid which is rotated? 5
26. The nucles of an atom of , initially at rest, decays by emitting an -particle as per the equation
30. A student has to study the input and output characteristics of a n-p-n silicon transister in the Common Emitter
configuration. What kind of a circuit arrangement should she use for this purpose?
It is given that the binding energies per nucleon of the parent and the daughter nuclei are 7.8 MeV and 7.835 MeV Draw the typical shape of input characteristics likely to be obtained by her. What do we understand by the cut off,
respectively and that of -particle ia 7.07MeV/nucleon. Assuming the daughter nucleus to be formed in the active and saturation states of the transistor? In which of these states does the transistor not remain when being
unexcited state and neglecting its share in the energy of the reaction, calculate the speed of the emitted -particle. used as a switch?
Take mass of -particle to be 6.68 x 10-27 kg. 3
OR
27. Define the term ‘modulation index’ for an AM wave. What would be the modulation index for an AM wave for Input signals A and B are applied to the input terminals of the ‘dotted box’ set-up shown here. Let Y be the final
which the maximum amplitude is ‘a’ while the minimum amplitude is ‘b’ ? 3 output signal from the box.
Draw the wave forms of the signals labelled as C1 and C2 within the box, giving (in brief) the reasons for getting
28. Two circular coils X and Y having radii R and respectively are placed in horizontal plane with their centres
these wave forms. Hence draw the wave form of the final output signal Y. Give reasons for your choice.
coinciding with each other. Coil X has a current I flowing through it in the clockwise sense. What must be the
current in coil Y to make the total magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils, zero? What can we state (in words) as the relation between the final output signal Y and the input signals A and B ?
With the same currents flowing in the two coils, if the coil Y is now lifted vertically upwards through a distance R,
what would be the net magnetic field at the centre of coil Y?
OR
A straight thick long wire of uniform cross section of radius ‘a’ is carrying a steady current I. Use Ampere’s
circuital law to obtain a relation showing the variation of the magnetic field (Br) inside and outside the wire with
distance r, ( ) and ( ) of the field point from the centre of its cross section. Plot a graph showing the
nature of this variation.
Calculate the ratio of magnetic field at a point above the surface of the wire to that at a point below its
sruface. What is the maximum value of the field of this wire? 5
29. State the principle which helps us to determine the shape of the wavefront at a later time from its given shape at any
time. Apply this principle to
(i) Show that a spherical/ plane wavefront contiunes to propagate forward as a spherical/plane wave front.
(ii) Derive Snell’s law of refraction by drawing the refracted wavefront corresponding to a plane
wavefront incident on the boundary separating a rarer medium from a denser medium. 5
OR
What do we understand by ‘polarization’ of a wave? How does this phenomenon help us to decide whether a
(8) (9)
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER -II
XII - PHYSICS
Time : 3 Hours Max.Marks : 70
General Instructions
(a) All questions are compulsory.
questions 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions 28 to 30 carry five marks each.
(c) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one
question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt only one of the given
choices in such questions.
(e) You may use the following physical constants wherever necessary :
c = 3 x 108ms-1
h = 6.6 x 10-34Js
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
μo = 4 π x 10−7 T m A −1

Mass of electron me = 9 x 10-31 kg
1. What is the angle between the directions of electric field at any (i) axial point and (ii) equitorial point due to an
electric dipole? 1
2. A (hypothetical) bar magnet (AB) is cut into two equal parts. One part is now kept over the other, so that pole C2
is above C1. If M is the magnetic moment of the original magnet, what would be the magnetic moment of the
combination so formed? 1
A C1 C2 B
3. A rectangular wire frame, shown below, is placed in a uniform magnetic field directed upward and normal to the
plane of the paper. The part AB is connected to a spring. The spring is stretched and released when the wire AB
has come to the position (t=0). How would the induced emf vary with time? Neglect damping 1
(10) (24)
10. The I-V characteristics of a resistor are observed to deviate from a straight line for higher values of current as
shown below. Why?
4. From the following, identify the electromagnetic waves having the (i) Maximum (ii) Minimum frequency. 1
(i) Radio waves (ii) Gamma-rays (iii) Visible light
(iv) Microwaves (v) Ultraviolet rays, and (vi) Infrared rays.
5. A partially plane polarised beam of light is passed through a polaroid. Show graphically the variation of the
transmitted light intensity with angle of rotation of the polaroid. 11. A charged particle moving with a uniform velocity enters a region where uniform electric and magnetic fields
6. The given graphs show the variation of photo electric current (I) with the applied voltage (V) for two different
materials and for two different intensities of the incident radiations. Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to and are present. It passes through the region without any change in its velocity. What can we conclude
different materials but same intensity of incident radiations.
about the
(i) Relative directions of , , and ?
(ii) Magnitudes of and ?
12. Figure shows two long cooxial solenoids, each of length ‘L’. The outer soleniod has an area of cross-section A and
number of turns/ length n1 . The corresponding values for the inner solenoid are A2 and n2. Write the expression for
self inductance L1, L2 of the two coils and their mutual inductance M. Hence show that M< .
7. Four nuclei of an element fuse together to form a heavier nucleus. If the process is accompanied by release of
energy, which of the two - the parent or the daughter nucleus would have a higher binding energy/nucleon?
8. Zener diodes have higher dopant densities as compared to ordinary p-n junction diodes. How does it affect the
13. Two indentical plane metallic surfaces A and B are kept parallel to each other in air separated by a distance of 1.0
(i) Width of the depletion layer? (ii) Junction field? cm as shown in the figure.
9. Four point charges are placed at the four corners of a square in the two ways (i) and (ii) as shown below. Will the
(i) electric field
(ii) Electric potential, at the centre of the square, be the same or different in the two configrations and why?
(i) (ii)
(25) (26)
Surface A is given a positive potential of 10V and the outer surface of B is earthed. (i) What is the magnitude and
direction of the uniform electric field between points Y and Z? (ii) What is the work done in moving a charge of 20
20. An electric dipole of dipole moment is placed in a uniform electric field . Write the expression for the
C from point X and point Y?
14. In the circuit shown below, R represents an electric bulb. If the frequency of the supply is doubled, how should
the values of C and L be changed so that the glow in the bulb remains unchanged? torque experienced by the dipole. Identify two pairs of perpendicular vectors in the expression. Show
diagramatically the orientation of the dipole in the field for which the torque is (i) Maximum (ii) Half the maximum
value (iii) Zero.
OR
Two capacitors with capacity C1 and C2 are charged to potential V1 and V2 respectively and then connected in
OR
parallel. Calculate the common potential across the combination, the charge on each capacitor, the electrostatic
An air cored coil L and a bulb B are connected in series to the ac mains as shows in the given figure :
energy stored in the system and the change in the electrostatic energy from its initial value. 3
21. Using a suitable combination from a NOR, an OR and a NOT gate, draw circuits to obtain the truth table given
below: 3
The bulb glows with some brightness. How would the glow of the bulb change if an iron rod were inserted in the
coil? Give reasons in support of your answer. 2
15. Experimental observations have shown that X-rays (i) (ii)

(i) travel in vaccum with a speed of 3 x 108 ms-1,
(ii) exhibit the phenomenon of diffraction and can the polarized. 22. Which two main considerations are kept in mind while designing the ‘objective’ of an astronomical telescope?
What conclusion can be drawn about the nature of X-rays from each of these observations? 2 Obtain an expression for the angular magnifying power and the length of the tube of an astronomical telescope in its
‘normal adjustment’ position. 3
16. Write the relation between the angle of incidence (i), the angle of emergence (e), the angle of prism (A) and the
angle of deviation ( ) for rays undergoing refraction through a prism. What is the relation between and
23. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of (i) an electron (in the hydrogen atom) moving with a speed of of
for rays undergoing minimum deviation? Using this relation, write the expression for the refractive index ( ) of the
the speed of light in vacuum and (ii) a ball of radius 5mm and mass 3 x 10-2 kg. moving with a speed of 100ms-1.
material of a prism in terms of and the angle of minimum deviation ( ) 2
Hence show that the wave nature of matter is important at the atomic level but is not really relevant at the
macroscopic level. 3
17. A radioactive material is reduced to of its original amount in 4 days. How much material should one begin with
-3
so that 4 x 10 kg of the material is left after 6 days. 2 24. Show that during the charging of a parallel plate capacitor, the rate of change of charge on each plate equals
18. Distinguish between ‘point to point’ and ‘broadcast’ communication modes. Give one example of each. 2 times the rate of change of electric flux linked with it. What is the name given to the term ? 3
19. In a double slit interference experiment, the two coherent beams have slightly different intensities
25. The spectrum of a star in the visible and the ultraviolet region was observed and the wavelength of some of the
I and . Show that the resultant intensity at the maxima is nearly 4I while that at the minima is nearly
lines that could be identified were found to be :
. 3 .
(27) (28)
Which of these lines cannot belong to hydrogen atom spectrum? (Given Rydberg constant R = 1.03 X 107m-1 and muon in the ground state of such an atom?
. Support your answer with suitable calculations. 3 30. (i) Derive the mirror formula which gives the relation between f, v and u. What is the corresponding formula for a
thin lens?
(ii) Calculate the distance d, so that a real image of an object at O, 15cm in front of a convex lens of focal length
26. What is space wave propagation? Which two communication methods make use of this mode of propagation? If 10cm be formed at the same point O. The radius of curvature of the mirror is 20cm. Will the image be inverted or
the sum of the heights of transmitting and receiving antennae in line of sight of communication is fixed at h, show that eract?
the range is maximum when the two antennae have a height each.
27. Draw the transfer characteristics of a base biased transistor in its common emitter configuration. Explain briefly
the meaning of the term ‘active region’ in these characteristics. For what practical use, do we use the transistor in
this ‘active region’?
OR
(i) Using the relation for refraction at a single spherical refracting surface, derive the lens maker’s formula.
28. A cell of unkonown emf E and internal resistance r, two unknown resistances R1 and R2 (R2>R1) and a perfect
ammeter are given. The current in the circuit is measured in five different situations : (i) Without any external (ii) In the accompanying diagram, the direct image formed by the lens (f = 10cm) of an object placed of O and that
resistance in the curcuit, (ii) With resistance R1 only, (iii) With resistance R2 only, (iv) With both R1 and R2 used in
formed after reflection from the spherical mirror are formed at the same point . What is the radius of curvature
series combination and (v) With R1 and R2 used in parallel combination. The current obtained in the five cases are
of the mirror?
0.42A, 0.6A, 1.05A, 1.4A, and 4.2A, but not necessarily in that order. Identify the currents in the five cases listed
above and calculate E, r,, R1 and R2.
OR
Describe the formula for the equivalent EMF and internal resistance for the parallel combination of two cells with
EMF E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 respectively. What is the corresponding formula for the series
combination? Two cells of EMF 1V, 2V and internal resistances 2 and 1 respectively are connected in (i)
series, (ii) parallel. What should be the external resistance in the circuit so that the current through the resistance be
the same in the two cases? In which case more heat is generated in the cells ? 5
29. (i) Describe an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current carrying circular loop.
(ii) Two coaxial circular loops L1 and L2 of radii 3cm and 4cm are placed as shown. What should be the
magnitude and direction of the current in the loop L2 so that the net magnetic field at the point O be zero?
OR
(i) What is the relationship between the current and the magnetic moment of a current carrying circular loop? Use
the expression to derive the relation between the magnetic moment of an electron moving in a circle and its related
angular momentum?
(ii) A muon is a particle that has the same charge as an electron but is 200 times heavier than it. If we had an atom
in which the muon revolves around a proton instead of an electron, what would be the magnetic moment of the
(29) (30)
SAMPLE PAPER III 4. An electrical element X, when connected to an alternating voltage source, has the current through it leading the
XII - PHYSICS
Time : Three Hours Max. Marks : 70 voltage by radii. Identify X and write an expression for its reactance. 1
General Instructions :
(a) All questions are compulsory. 5. A double convex lens, made from a material of refractive index , is immersed is a liquid of refractive index
where . What change, if any, would occur in the nature of the lens? 1
questions 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions 28 to 30 carry five marks each.
(c) There is no over all choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one
question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt only one of the given 6. The de Broglie wavelengths, associated with a proton and a neutron, are found to be equal. Which of the two has
choices in such questions. a higher value for kinetic energy? 1
(e) You may use the following physical constants wherever necessary : 7. Carbon and silicon are known to have similar lattice structures. However, the four bonding electrons of carbon are
present in second orbit while those of silicon are present in its third orbit. How does this difference result in a
c = 3 x 108ms-1 difference in their electrical conductivities? 1
h = 6.6 x 10-34Js
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C 8. An unknown input (A) and the input (B) shown here, are used as the two inputs in a NAND gate. The output Y, has
the form shown below. Identify the intervals over which the input ‘A’ must be ‘low’.
=

Mass of electron me = 9 x 10 31 kg
1. The graph shown here, shows the variation of the total energy (E) stored in a capacitor against the value of the
capacitance(C) itself. Which of the two - the charge on the capacitor or the potential used to charge it is kept
constant for this graph?
2. An - particle and a proton are moving in the plane of the paper in a region where there is a unifom magentic field
9. The two graphs drawn below, show the variation of electrostatic potential (V) with (r being distance of the field
( ) directed normal to the plane of the paper. If the two particles have equal linear momenta, what will be the ratio
of the radii of their trajectories in the field? 1 point from the point charge) for two point charges q1 and q2.
3. State the condition under which a microwave oven heats up a food item containing water molecules most
efficiently. 1
(40) (41)
(i) E with R ,
(ii) Terminal p.d. of the cell (V) with R 2
14. Fig. shows a light bulb (B) and iron cored inductor connected to a DC battery through a switch (S). 2
(i) What are the signs of the two charges?

(i) What will one observe when switch (S) is closed?
(ii) Which of the two charges has a larger magnitude and why? 2
(ii) How will the glow of the bulb change when the battery is replaced by an ac source of rms voltage equal to the
10. Calculate the temperature at which the resistance of a conductor becomes 20% more than its resistance at 270C.
voltage of DC battery? Justify your answer in each case.
The value of the temperature coefficient of resistance of the conductor is . 2
15. Electromagnetic radiations with wavelength 2
11. A student records the following data for the magnitudes (B) of the magnetic field at axial points at different (i) are used to kill germs in water purifiers.
distances x from the centre of a circular coil of radius a carrying a current I. Verify (for any two) that these
observations are in good agreement with the expected theoratical variation of B with x. (ii) are used in TV communication systems
(iii) play an important role in maintaining the earth’s warmth.
x=0 x=a x = 2a x = 3a Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiations belong. Arrange these wavelengths in
decreasing order of their magnitude.
16. What do the terms ‘depletion region’ and ‘barrier potential’ mean for a p-n junction? 2
17. We do not choose to transmit an audio signal by just directly converting it to an e.m. wave of the same frequency.
Give two reasons for the same. 2
18. Light of wavelength 550 nm. is incident as parallel beam on a slit of width 0.1mm. Find the angular width and the linear
2 width of the principal maxima in the resulting diffraction pattern on a screen kept at a distance of 1.1m from the slit. Which
of these widths would not change if the screen were moved to a distance of 2.2m from the slit? 2
12. An armature coil consists of 20 turns of wire, each of area A = 0.09m2 and total resistance 15.0 . It rotates in a 19. The given figure shows the experimental set up of a metre bridge. The null point is found to be 60cm away from the
end A with X and Y in position as shown.
megnetic field of 0.5T at a constant frequency of . Calculate the value of (i) maximum (ii) average
induced emf produced in the coil 2
13. Two cells of emf E1 and E2 have internal resistance r1 and r2. Deduce an expression for equivalent emf of their
parallel combination.
OR
A cell of emf (E) and internal resistance (r) is connected across a variable external resistance (R).
Plot graphs to show variation of
(42) (43)
When a resistance of 15 is connected in series with ‘Y’, the null point is found to shift by 10cm towards the end (i) What are the values of work functions for M1 and M2 ?
A of the wire. Find the position of null point if a resistance of 3 O were connected in parallel with ‘Y’. 3 (ii) The values of the stopping potential for M1 and M2 for a frequency of the incident radiations are
V1 and V2
OR
Why is a potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for determining the emf of a cell?
respectively. Show that the slope of the lines equals 3
Two cells of Emf E1 and E2 are connected together in two ways shown here.
23. What is a wavefront? Distinguish between a plane wavefront and a spherical wavefront. Explain with the help of a
diagram, the refraction of a plane wavefront at a plane surface using Huygen’s construction. 3
24. Define the term ‘Activity’ of a radioactive substance. State its SI unit.
The ‘balance points’ in a given potentiometer experiment for these two combinations of cells are found to be at
Two different radioactive elements with half lives T1 and T2 have N1 and N2 (undecayed) atoms respectively
351.0cm and 70.2cm respectively. Calculate the ratio of the Emfs of the two cells.
present at a given instant. Determine the ratio of their activities at this instant. 3
20. When a circuit element ‘X’ is connected across an a.c. source, a current of A flows through it and this current 25. (a) Draw the block diagram of a communication system.
is in phase with the applied voltage. When another element ‘Y’ is connected across the same a.c. source, the same
(b) What is meant by ‘detection’ of a modulated carrier wave? Describe briefly the essential steps for detection.
current flows in the cricuit but it leads the voltage by radians. 3
(i) Name the circuit elements X and Y. 26. The given circuit diagram shows a transistor configuration along with its output characteristics. Identify
(ii) Find the current that flows in the circuit when the series combination of X and Y is connected across the same (i) the type of transistor used and
a.c. voltage. (ii) the transistor configuration employed.
(iii) Plot a graph showing variation of the net impedance of this series combination of X and Y as a function of the
angular frequency of the applied voltage. 3
21. Give reasons for the following : 3

(a) Astronomers prefer to use telescopes with large objective diameters to observe astronomical objects.
(b) Two identical but independent monochromatic sources of light cannot be coherent.
(c) The value of the Brewster angle for a transparent medium is different for lights of different colours.
22. The given graphs show the variation of the stopping potential Vs with the frequency ( ) of the incident radiations
for two different photosensitive materials M1 and M2.
(44) (45)
Use these graphs to obtain the approximate value of current amplication factor for the transistor at 29. (a) Draw the labelled diagram of moving coil galvanometer. Prove that in a radial magnetic field, the deflection of
. 3 the coil is directly proportional to the current flowing in the coil.
(b) A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter to measure up to

27. State Bohr’s postulate for the ‘permitted orbits’ for the electron in a hydrogen atom.
(i) ‘V’ volts by connecting a resistance R1 in series with coil.
Use this postulate to prove that the circumference of the nth permitted orbit for the electron can ‘contain’ exactly
n wave lengths of the deBroglie wavelength associated with the electron in that orbit. 3
28. Obtain an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate (air)capacitor. (ii) volts by connecting a resistance R2 in series with its coil
The given figure shows a network of five capacitors connected to a 100V supply. Calculate the total charge and
energy stored in the network. Find the resistance (R), in terms of R1 and R2 required to convert it into a voltmeter that can read up to ‘2V’ volts.
OR
(a) Draw diagrams to depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines near a ‘ bar’ of:
(i) copper
(ii)Aluminium
(iii) Mercury, cooled to a very low temperature (4.2K)
(b) The vertical component of the earth’s agnetic field at a given place in times its horizontal component. If
total intensity of earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.4 G find the value of :
(i) angle of dip
OR (ii) the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
Use Gauss’s law to obtain an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged
wire. 30. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Hence obtain the relation for the angle
of deviation in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of emergence and the angle of the prism.
(b) A right angled isosceles glass prism is made from glass of refractive index 1.5. Show that a ray of light incident
normally on
(i) one of the equal sides of this prism is deviated through 900
(ii) the hypotenuse of this prism is deviated through 1800
OR
(a) With the help of a labelled ray diagram, show the image formation by a compound microscope. Derive an
expression for its magnifying power.
(b) How does the resolving power of a compound microscope get affected on
(i) decreasing the diameter of its objective?

(ii) increasing the focal length of its objective?
Electric field in the above figure is directed along + X direction and given by Ex = 5Ax + 2B, where E is in NC-1 and
x is in metre, A and B are constants with dimensions Talking and B = 5NC-1 calculate.
(i) the electric flux through the cube.
(ii) net charge enclosed within the cube. 5
(46) (47)
Electrostatics
1. Three identical charges each +q are placed at the corners of an equilateral

triangle of side d cm. Calculate the force on a +ve charge +2q at the
centroid of the triangle.
2. Force acting on a charged particle kept between the pair of plates, having
equal and opposite charge, is F. If one of the plates is removed, find the force
acting on the same particle.
3. The plates of a parallel plate system are charged upto 100V. A 4mm thickness
dielectric slab is inserted between the plates. Then to maintain the same
potential difference, the distance between the systems plates is increased by
2mm. find the dielectric constant.
4. A point charge placed at any point on the axis of an electric dipole at some
large distance experiences a force F. Find the force acting on the point charge
when its distance from the dipole is quadrupled.
5. In the electric field of a point charge ‘q’, the four points A,B,C and D are
equidistant from q, however AB>AC>AD. Calculate the work done in taking a unit
charge along AB, AC and AD.
6. N identical spherical drops charged to the same potential ‘V’ is combined to
form a big drop. Find the potential of the new big drop formed.
7. An electron is projected with an initial speed of 25×105 m/s directly towards a
proton which is at rest. Initially the electron is supposed to be at a fairly large
distance from the proton. Find the distance of the electron from the proton when
its instantaneous speed becomes twice the initial speed.
8. Two conducting spheres one of radius 6cm and the other of radius 12cm each
carrying 3×10-8C are placed very par apart. If these spheres are connected by a
conducting wire, find the direction of motion and the magnitude of charge
transferred.
9. A solid metal disc of radius ‘R’ rotates with constant angular velocity about its
axis. Calculate the electric field ‘E’ at a distance ‘x’ from the axis and the potential
difference ‘V’ between the centre and the edge of the disc.
10. Three charges of +0.1C each is placed at the corners of an equilateral
triangle, 1m side. If energy is supplied at the rate of 1kW, how many days would
be required to move one of the charges to the mid point of the line joining the
other two?
11. A parallel plate capacitor is made by stacking ‘n’ equally spaced plates
connected alternatively. If the capacitance between any two plates is ‘C’,
determine the resultant capacitance of the combination.
12. A 10µF capacitor is connected in the circuit as shown in figure. Calculate the
charge on the capacitor plate.
16. What is the p.d across the capacitor and what is the energy stored in the
(i-i1) 3ohm capacitor shown below.
+5V 4V 2V
A B
10μF
i1 3ohm
4μF
A B
17. If one of the electrons of H2 molecule is removed we get a hydrogen

molecules ion H2+.In the ground state of a H2+ the two protons are separated by
roughly 1.5Å and the electron is roughly 1 Å from each proton. Determine the
2ohm potential energy of the system.
6V
18. When two capacitors are connected in series, the effective capacitance is
13. A parallel plate capacitor is filled with two dielectrics as shown in figure. 2.4µF and when connected in parallel, the effective capacitance is 10µF.
Calculate the capacitance of the system. Calculate the individual capacitances.
19. Two fixed charges -2Q and Q are located at the points with co-ordinates (-
3a,0) and (+3a,0) respectively in the x-y plane. Show that all the points in the x-y
d/2 plane where the electric potential due to the two charges is 0, lie on a circle. Find
d=plate its radius and location of its centre.
separation 20. Two square metallic plates of side 1.5m are kept 0.015m apart like a parallel
d/2 plate capacitor, in air in such a way that one of their edges is perpendicular to an
oiled surface in a tank filled with insulating oil. The plates are connected to a
battery of EMF 600V. The plates are then lowered vertically into the oil at a
Plate area=A speed of 0.002m/s. Calculate the current drawn from the battery during the
× 10 SI Units)
-12
14. A parallel plate capacitor with air as medium has a capacitance of 24µF. The process(dielectric constant of oil=12,
capacitor is filled with three media K1==6 and K3=10 as shown in figure. What will 21. A charged particle is free to move in an electric field. Will it always move
be the capacitance of the system? along the electric lines of force?
22. Two point charges ‘+q’ and ‘-q’ are placed at a distance‘d’ apart. What are the
A points at which the resultant field is parallel to the line joining the two charges?
23. Two copper spheres of same radii, one hollow and the other solid are
charged to the same potential. Which of the two will have same charge?
24. You are given three capacitors of value 2µF, 3µF, 6µF. How will you connect
K2 them to a resultant capacity of 4µF?
d 25. Can you create an electric field in which all the lines of force are parallel but
K1
their density increases continuously in a direction perpendicular to the lines of
force? Give reason.
K3 26. Can you suggest an arrangement of three point charges separated by some
finite distance that has zero electric potential energy?
27. Calculate the work done by the electric field of the nucleus in a complete
circular orbit of an electron. Is their any change in this work if the orbit is
elliptical?
15. Can a metal sphere of radius 1cm hold a charge of 1coulomb? Justify your 28.The given graph shows the variation of charge ‘q’ verses potential difference
answer. for two capacitors C1 and C2 .The capacitors have same plate separation, but the
plate area of C2 is double that of C1.Identify the line in the graph corresponding to Current Electricity
C1 & C2 and why?
1. In a hydrogen atom, an electron moves in an orbit of radius 4.8 x 10-11m
with a speed of 2.5 x 10 6 m/s. Find the equivalent current.
2. Plot of current I versus time interval is given below. Find the charge that
flows through the wire during this time period
I(A
29.Two identical charged spheres are suspended in air by strings of equal 7.5 15 t(s)
lengths and make an angle of 600 with each other. When suspended in a
liquid of density 0.4g/cc,the angle remains the same. What is the dielectric
constant of the liquid? Density of the material of the sphere=0.8g/cc.
30.Two deutrons are separated by a distance ‘r’ metre and have coulomb 3. Amount of charge passing through the cross section of a wire is
force=F. If two alpha particles are separated by a distance of 2r metre, find the q(t)=at2+bt+c.Write the dimensional formula for a, b and c. If the values of
force between the alpha particles. a, b and c in SI unit are 6, 4, 2 respectively. Find the value of current at
31.Eight dipoles of charges of equal magnitude are placed inside a cube. t=6 seconds.
Calculate the total electric flux coming out of the cube. 4. Current through a wire depends on time as I=I0.W ZKHUH ,0 =15A and
32.An inflated balloon is charged by rubbing with fur. Will it stick readily to a
conducting wall or to an insulating wall? Give reason. . $V )LQG WKH FKDUJH WKDW IORZV DFURVV D VHFWLRQ RI ZLUH LQ VHFRQGV
33.An electron moves a distance of 6cm when accelerated from rest by an
electric field of strength 2x10-4 N/C. Calculate the time of travel. Given 5. One metre long metallic wire is broken into two equal parts P and Q. The
me=9x10-31kg, e=1.6x10-19C. part ‘P’ is uniformly extended into another wire R. Length of R is twice the
34.Is the capacitance of a capacitor proportional to the charge Q ? Sketch a length of P and the resistance of R is equal to that of Q. Find the ratio of
graph to show how the capacitance C of a capacitor varies with the charge Q the resistances of P and R and also the ratio of lengths of P and Q.
given to it. 6. The area of cross section , length and density of a piece of a metal of
atomic weight 60 are 10-6 m2, 1.0 m and 5 x 103 kg/m3 respectively . Find
the number of free electrons per unit volume of every atom that
contributes one free electron. Also find the drift velocity of electron in the
metal when a current of 16A passes through it. Avogadro no.=6x1023 per
gram per mole.
7. An n-type Silicon sample of width 4x 10-3 m thickness 25x10-4m and length
6 X 10-2 m carries a current of 4.8mA.When the voltage is applied across
the length of the sample what is the current density? If the free electron
density is 1022 /m3 then find how much time does it take for the electrons
to travel the full length of the sample?
8. The temperature coefficient of a resistance wire is 0.00125 C-1. At 300K its
resistance is 1 $W ZKDW WHPSHUDWXUH WKH UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH ZLUH ZLOO EH
2"
9. The length and radii of 3 wires of same metal are in the ratios 2:3:4 and temperature by a heater placed inside the box and connected across a
3:4:5 respectively. They are joined in parallel and included in a circuit 40V d.c source .Calculate the resistance of the heater.
having 5A current. Find the current in each case. 17. A part of the circuit in a steady state along with the currents following in
10. In the circuit diagram the voltmeter reads 30V when connected across the branches, the values of the resistance etc is shown in the fig.
400 UHVLVWDQFH &DOFXODWH UHDGLQJ LQ WKH VDPH YROWPHWHU ZKHQ LW LV Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor.
connected across 300 UHVLVWDQFH"
30V
300 400
60V
11. A galvanometer together with an unknown resistance in series is

connected across 2 identical cells each of emf 1.5V. When the cells are
connected in series the galvanometer records a current of 1A and when
the cells are connected in parallel the current is 0.6 A .What is the internal
resistance of each cell?
19.A potentiometer wire of length 100 cm has a resistance of 100 ,W LV
12. An electric bulb rated for 500 Watt at 100 V is used in circuit having a 200
connected in series with a resistance and a battery of emf 2V and of negligible
V supply. Calculate the resistance R that must be put in series with the
bulb s that the bulb delivers 500 watt. internal resistance. A source of emf 10mV is balanced against a length of 40cm
13. A heater is designed to operate with a power of 1000 watt in a 100 V line. of the potentiometer. What is the value of the external resistance?
20.A battery of internal resistance r=4 LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH QHWZRUN RI UHVLVWDQFH

It is connected in combination with a resistance of 10 and a resistance R,
to a 100 V mains in series. What should be the value of ‘R’ so that the
heater operates with a power of 62.5 watt as shown in figure. What must be the value of R , so that maximum power is
14. An electric kettle has 2 heating coils. When one of the coils is switched on delivered to the network? What is the maximum power?
, the kettle begins to boil in’6’ min and when the other coil is switched on ,
the boiling begins in 8 min. In what time will the boiling begin if both the
coils are switched on simultaneously : a)in series b)in parallel
15. One kilowatt electric heater is to be used with 220 V d.c supply. a)What is
the current in the heater? b) What is its resistance? c) What is the power
dissipated in the heater d) how much heat in calories is produced per
second? e) How many grams of water at 1000C will be converted per
minute into steam at 1000C with the heater? Radiation losses are
negligible. Latent heat of steam = 540 cal /g.
16. The walls of a closed cubical box of edge 50 cm are made of a material of
thickness 1mm and thermal conductivity 4x10-4 cal per sec per cm. per oC.
The interior of the box maintained at 100 0C above the outside
T1
I
T2
21. A battery of emf 2V and internal resistance 0.1 LV EHLQJ charged by a

V
current of 5A. What will be the direction of current inside the battery? What is the
potential difference between the terminals of the battery?
27. V-I graphs for two resistors and their series combination are as shown in
22. Two wires A and B of the same material and having same length have their figure. Which one of these graphs represents the series combination of the other
cross sectional area in the ratio1:4. What would be the ratio of heat produced in two? Give reasons for your answer.
these wires when same voltage is applied across each?
23. Two wires of the same material having lengths in the ratio 1:2 and diameters
3
in the ratio 2:3 are connected in series with an accumulator. Compute the ratio of
p.d across the two wires. I 2
24. If the current supplied to a variable resistor is constant, draw a graph

between voltage and resistance. 1
25. Observations on a given device yielded the following current – voltage data.
Current (A) Voltage
1 19.7
2 39.4
3 59.1 V
4 78.8
5 98.5 28. Two metallic wires of the same material and same length but of different
Draw V-I graph using this data. What conclusion can you draw from the graph cross sectional areas are joined together.
with regard to ohmic or non-ohmic nature of device?
1) in series
26. Current voltage graphs for a given metallic wire at different temperatures T1
and T2 are shown in figure. Which of the temperatures T1 and T2 is greater? 2) in parallel to a source of emf.
In which of the two wires will the drift velocity of electron be more in each of the
two cases and why?
29. The resistivity of a material of a conductor of uniform cross section varies 30K
DORQJ LWV OHQJWK DV H .[ 'HGXFH WKH H[SUHVsion for the resistance of the
conductor, if its length is “L” and area of cross section is “A”. V
1K
30. A uniform wire of resistance “R” is shaped into a regular “n” sided polygon, A B
where “n” is even. Find the equivalent resistance between
2K
1) opposite corners of the polygon 6V
2) adjacent corners of the polygon.

+ -
31. Under what condition is the heat produced in an electric circuit
1) directly proportional 1K
2) inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit? V

1K
32. A 4 QRQ LQVXODWHG ZLUH LV EHQW LQ WKH PLGGOH DQG WKH WZR KDOYHV DUH A B
twisted together. What will be its new resistance?
2K
33. What is the safest voltage you can safely put across a 98 ZDWW 6V
resistor?
34. A student has two wires of iron and copper of equal length and diameter. He + -
first joins the two wires in series and passes electric current through the
combination which increases gradually. After that he joins the two wires in
parallel and repeats the process of passing current. Which wire will glow first in
each case and why?
30K
35. A series combination of a 2K UHVLVWRU DQG . UHVLVWRU LV FRQQHFWHG
V
across a battery of emf 6V and negligible internal resistance. The potential drop 1K
across the 2 UHVLVWRU LV PHDVXUHG E\
V
1. a 30K YROWPHWHU 1K
A 2K B
2. a 1K YROWPHWHU
3. both these voltmeters connected across it. 6V
If the voltmeter readings in the three cases are V1, V2 and V3 respectively,arrange
these readings in descending order. + -
How will the three readings be compared with one another if the potential drop
were measured across the series combination of the 2 K DQG 1K UHVLVWRU"
i.e. across A and B?
1 2
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC EFFECT
AND MAGNETISM N S
(i) (ii)
1) A closed loop PQRS is lying in a magnetic field B as shown in the following N S N S

figure.
P I Q N S S N
600
4) Identify the magnetic material which follows the graphical
representation given below.Also locate any two inferences about
S R
the behavior of the material from the graph.
The loop carries a current I and total length L . Find the magnitude
of magnetic force acting on each side of the loop.
Resistance
(FPS = FQR = BIL ; FPQ = FSR)
4.2K
2) A magnet was found to vibrate at a place with a time period of
Temp.
T.A piece of brass of same length ,breadth and mass was placed
over the magnet.What will be the new time period?
7 ) 5) Identify the magnetic materials from the following curves.
3) A hypothetical bar magnet AB is cut into t wo equal parts.One

part is now kept over the other as shown. If M is the magnetic
moment of the original magnet, what would be the magnetic
moment of the following combinations so formed?
3 4
The distance between the centre of the loop and long wire is 2r,
where r is radius of the
loop.If I2 = 1A, find out the value of I1 when the net magnetic field
at the centre of the
loop is zero.
I I
I1 O
M
M
I2
(I1 $
6) A hypothetical bar magnet AB is cut into t wo equal parts.One
part is now kept near/over the other as shown. If M is the
magnetic moment of the original magnet, what would be the
8) Nirmala records the following data for the magnitude B of the
magnetic moment of the following combinations so formed?
magnetic field at axial points at different distances ‘x’ from the
centre of a circular coil of radius ‘r’ carrying a current ‘I’ . Verify
N S for ,any two, that these observations are in good agreement with
the expected theoretical variation of B with ‘x’.
O
X *P
(i) (ii) r
I
N S
N S
S S
N S
X X=0 X=r X = 2r X = 3r
(iii)
N S N S B B0 B0
7) A circular loop and a long wire are carrying currents I1 and I2

9) Identify the magnetic material corresponding to the following
respectivelly as shown.
curves
5 6
(1) (2) experiences a magnetic force while positively charged ions at rest
does not experience magnetic force.)

13)
T T
10) Two co-axial circular loops C1 and C2 of radii 5 cm and 7 cm are

placed as shown . What should be the magnitude and direction of the
current in the loop C2 so that the net magnetic field at the point O be
zero?
7cm 5cm
Suppose a helical metallic spring is suspended from the roof
O
and a very small weight is attached to its lower end. What will
R=7
C1 C2 happen to the spring when the current is passed through it? Justify
your answer.
( As the currents flow in the same direction through parallel turns,

11) A conductor when thermally heated possess large number of
each trurn attract each other ,as a result the coil contracts)
freely moving electron,even then no magnetic field is
experienced near such a conductor.What do you conclude?
( Electrons move randomly on account of thermal energy.

Magnetic field due to random moving electrons cancel out each
14) Current flows through a long and thick conductor. The
other.So no magnetic field is experienced near a conductor in
magnetic field produced by the current carrying conductor is
which no net current flows)
plotted against the distance from the centre of the conductor.
What do you infer from the graph?
12) Net charge within a current carrying conductor is zero .State

whether it experiences a force or not when placed in a magnetic
field?
( In a current carrying conductor ,free electrons move with drift

velocity while positive ions remains at rest. Free electrons
7 8
(a) charge,(b) kinetic energy,where ,in each case other factors

remain constant .Justify your answer.
y
17)A charged paricle having a charge q ,is moving with a speed v
along the x-axis. It enters a region of space where an electric field
B E along y-axis and a magnetic field B are both present.
x The particle, on emerging from this region, is observed to be

moving along the x-axis only. Obtain an expression for the
r magnitude of B in terms of v and E. Also give the direction of B.
18) A long wire is first bent into a circular coil of one turn and then into
a circular coil of smaller radius having n turns. If the same current
15) Identify the following curves and name it. The following curves
passes in both the cases find the ratio of the magnetic field
are drawn for three different magnetic materials. Describe the
produced at the centers in the two cases.
nature of the magnetic materials.
19)Why is diamagnetism independent of temperature?
Out of the three ,(i)name the curve which reperesents the
material usually used for making Permanent Magnets.(ii) name 20)What is the magnetic field at the centre of the circular loop shown
the curve which reperesents the material usually used for making in figure?
Temporary Magnets(electromagnets.)
21)A toroidal coil has N = 1200 turns average length of core l = 80 cm;
cross sectional area A = 60 cm2 ;current I = 15 A. Compute B , H,
total flux and energy density E.Assume an empty core.
$OVR FRPSXWH WKH UHVXOWV ZKHQ D ELVPXWK FRUH m = -2 X 10-6)

is used.
{ Hint: B = µ0 nI =2.8274334 mT; H = B/ µ0 = 2250 A/m;

! %$ :E ( 2BH=3.180626 J/m3 } { When
bismuth core is used the above values decreases slightly due
16)A particle of mass m and charge q moves at right angles to a
to the diamagnetic material}
uniform magnetic field. Plot a graph showing the variation of the
radius of the circular path described by it with the increase in its
1 2
UNIT : 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION & AC CIRCUITS ( The wodden block sinks when current flows through the
circuit, as parallel wires
1.A magnet is allowed to fall through a metallic ring.During fall what will
be its acceleration? (Less than g)Can a choke coil can be used as a carrying currents in the opposite directions repel)
step-up and step-down transformer.Justify
The given wave form shows the input current of a transformer.
2.A magnetic flux linked with a coil,in webers, is given the equation !
4t2+2t+15.The magnitude of induced emf at t = 2 Sec. is how much?
3.A radio frequency choke is air cored whereas an audio frequency I

choke is iron-cored Give reason for this difference.
4.Define self-inductance in terms of work done against the induced emf.
(L = ; Self-inductance is defined as double the work done against the t
induced emf in producing unit current in the coil itself) 6. Draw the wave form of out put current. Substantiate your
answer
5.A circuit with a vertical copper wire bends as shown supports a small
wodden piece W which floats in mercury. What do you expect when key ( 1800 phase diff.due to Lenz’s law)
is closed and current flows through the circuit?
7.An electron beam is deflected in a given field. Identify whether it is an
electric field or a magnetic field in the following cases?
The trajectory of the beam is a parabola and its K.E changes.
8.The trajectory of the beam is circular and its K.E. remains the
same.Justify your answer.
9.A resting electron near a stationery bar magnet does not set into
motion. But a moving magnet near an electron set it into motion. Why?
10.An irreqularly shaped flexible current carrying loop when placed In

an external magnetic field will assume a circular shape. Give reason
11.Three identical inductors L1 ,L2 and L3 are connected as shown is a

part of a circuit.The magnetic field at the centre of inductor L1 is 0.2
Tesla. What is the magnetic field inside the inductor L2 ?
Hg
3 4
12.Alpha particles ( m = 6.68 X 10-27 Kg. , q = +2e ) accelerated through a ( Just to miss the opposite plate, the particle must move in a
potential difference V to 2 KeV, enter a magnetic field B = 0.2 T circular path with radius d so that Bqv = mv2/d, B = (2mK)1/2/(qd) )
perpendicular to their direction of motion. Calculate the radius of their
path. 15.In the following diagram, a proton of charge q and mass m is shot
ZLWK VSHHG Y DW DQ DQJOH WR DQ [
-directed field B. Show that the proton
will spiral along the x-D[LV DQG UDGLXV RI WKH VSLUDO PY 6LQ T% DQG

WKH SLWFK RI WKH KHOL[ GLVWDQFH WUDYHOHG GXULQJ RQH UHYROXWLRQ U&RW
(r = = 32 m.)
B
+q X
16.For the circuit shown below, find the magnitude and direction the
force on wire AC, wire BC and wire AB. Also show that net force is zero.
13. The above figure shows a horizontal solenoid connected to a 400

battery and a switch.A copper ring is placed on a frictionless track near
the solenoid, the axis of the ring being along the axis of the solenoid. B I L
What will happen to the ring as the switch is closed? Justify your
answer.
C B
17.A bar PQ of mass M is suspended by two wires as shown below.

14.A particle with charge ‘q’ and mass ‘ m’ is shot with kinetic energy K Assume that a uniform magnetic field B is directed into the page. Find
into the region between two plates as shown in the figure. If the the tension in each supporting wire when the current through the bar is
magnetic field between the plates is B and as shown, how large must I.
B be if the particle isj to miss collision with the opposite plate?
+ + +
q + + +*
+ + +
d
5 6
{Due to RHR the magnetic force ILB is directed downward. This

constant force shifts
the equilibrium position downward by a displacement = (ILB)/2K }
19.Five very long , straight , insulated wires are closely bound together
I to form a small cable. Currents carried by the wires are I1 = 20A, I2 = -6A,
P I Q I3 = 12A, I4 = -7A, I5 = 18A.Show that the magnetic field at a distance of
10 cm from the cable B = 74 µT.
L
20.An equilateral triangle is formed from a piece of uniform resistance
wire. Current is fed into one corner and led out of the other as detailed
in the figure below. Show that the current flowing through the sides
of the triangle produces no magnetic field at its centre ‘O’ (the
{According to the RHR, the magnetic force ILB is directed upward. intersection of the medians).
Equilibrium in the vertical direction yields 2T + ILB = Mg, so that T =
(Mg – ILB)/2 }
A B
18.A bar of mass M is suspended by two springs as shown below .
Assume that a magnetic field B is directed out of the page. Each spring IA O IB
has a spring constant K . Describe the bar’s displacement when a
current I is sent through it in the direction shown. C
I IC
(Wires A and B are in series. IA = IB = I/3, IC = 2I/3.Wire C

makes a contribution to the field at O whose magnitude is twice that of
A or B. By RHR, directions of field due to
Wire A and B are directed down into the page. That due to
wire C is upward. Net field at O is zero)
The axes of two magnets are collinear. One has poles of strength 80
Am separated by 125 mm, and the second has a magnetic moment of
12 A-m2 with poles of strength 160 Am. Find the attractive force between
the magnets if the north pole of one is 45 mm from the south pole of the
second.
I
7 8
0.045 (E = , L = 16 H and e = 320 V)
S N S N N
80 0.125 80 160 0.075 160 24.A 40 Ohm resistor is connected across a 15 V variable frequency
electronic oscillator. Find the current through the resistor when the
frequency is (a) 100 Hz and (b) 100KHz. What is the current if the 40
Ohm resistor is replaced by a 2 mH inductor?
{Resultant force F = 2 attractive forces + 2 repulsive forces =
520 mN (attractive ) } { With resistor ,current is same both for 100 Hz and 100kHz. With
inductor , the current is 11.9 A and 11.9 mA respectively}
21.In the following figure, the rectangular loop of wire is being pulled to
the right, away from the long straight wire through which a steady 25.The current in a long solenoid of radius R and having n turns per unit
current i flows upward as shown. Does the current induced in the loop
length is given by I = i0 VLQ W $ FRLO KDYLQJ 1 WXUQV LV ZRXQG DURXQG LW
flow in the clockwise sense or in the counter clockwise sense ? near the centre. Find (a) the induced emf in the coil and (b) the mutual
Justify inductance between the solenoid and the coil.
^ D 0 i0Q1&52&RV&W E 0 nNR2 }
Give the condition for a current carrying loop not to rotate in a magnetic
field
i
26.A coil A is connected to voltmeter V and the other coil B to an
V
alternating current source D. If a large copper sheet CC is placed
between the two coils, how does the induced e.m.f in the coil A change
due to current in coil B?
{Due to Lenz’s law , the magnetic field produced by the induced current
must counteract the decrease in flux and hence it must be directed ino
the plane of the figure(within the loop).So the induced current must be
clock –wise.}
22.Determine the separate effects on the induced emf of a generator if

(a) the flux per pole is doubled, and (b) the speed of the armature is
doubled.
(In both the cases the induced emf doubles)
23.An electromagnet has stored 648 J of magnetic energy when a

current of 9A exists in its coils.What average emf is induced if the
current is reduced to zero in 0.45 s ?
9 10
A
V
Coil A with Voltmeter Coil A
C C
N
Coil B with AC source
(The induced e.m.f in coil A decreases due to large copper plate

introduced between the two coils as Cu is diamagnetic material) A
27.A magnet is moved in the direction indicated by an arrow between

two coils A and B as shown below.Suggest the direction of induced
current in each coil Coil B
( Due to Lenz’s law, end A will behave as south pole and end B will
behave as north pole.The end face A will have clock wise direction of
current and end face B will have anti clock wise direction of current
when seen from the magnet side.)
28.An LC circuit contains a 20 mH inductor and a 50 µF capacitor with

an initial charge of 10 mC. The resistance of the circuit is negligible. Let
the instant the circuit is closed be t = 0
What is the total energy stored initially? Is it conserved during LC

oscillations?
11
What is the natural frequency of the circuit? E.M.WAVES
At what time is the energy stored 1.“Taller the antenna longer is the coverage of television broadcast”.
Justify this statement with the help of a figure.
(a)Completely electrical (stored in capacitor) 2.If vg, vx & vm represents the speed of gamma rays, X-rays & microwaves
respectively then how will you how arrange these radiations according to
(b)Completely magnetic (stored in inductor) there speeds in vacuum?
3.An amplitude modulating wave is produced by super imposing a signal of
29.At what time is the total energy share equally between the inductor
300Hz on a carrier frequency of 3MHz. the amplitude of the resultant wave
and the capacitor? will vary with time with frequency equal to____________.
4. Give the value of impedance of a perfect conductor to EM waves.
If a resistor is inserted in the circuit, how much energy is eventually
5. At a particular instant electric field intensity in e.m.waves in vacuum is
dissipated as heat? 2x10-3 N/C. Find the magnitude of magnetic induction of the wave.
6. A plane e.m.wave of frequency 20 MHz travels in free space along the
{Hint:
x direction. At a particular point in space & time B= 2.3x10-6 telsa.
Total energy = 1/2Q02/C = 1J; Yes; Find the value of electric field at this point.
7. The electric field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by
159 Hz Ez = 60 sin (0.5X 103x+1.5X1011t) V/m.
a) Determine the wavelength & frequency of the wave.
(c) Q = Q0&RVW b) Write an expression for the magnetic field.
I = dq/dt = I06LQt): (i) At T = 0,T/2,T,3T/2,…… (ii) At
8. How can you establish an instantaneous displacement current of 1.5A in
the space between the two parallel plates of 3 μF capacitor?
T = T/4,3T/4,5T/4,……. 9. A capacitor is made of two circular plates each of radius 10cm & is
separated by 6mm. The capacitor is being charged by an external
For this , the energy stored in the capacitor should become just half of
source. The charging current is constant & is equal to 0.1 A. using
its initial value .hence ,the time t =T/8,3T/8,5T/8,….. ampere’s law, calculate magnetic field between the plates at a point.
a) on the axis
If a resistor is inserted in the circuit, the energy stored will eventually be
b) 8.5cm from the axis
lost in the form of Joule’s heating}. c) 16cm from the axis.
10. Which of the following if any can act as a source of e.m.waves. Give
30.Determine the separate effects on the induced emf of a generator if
reason.
(a) the flux per pole is doubled, and (b) the speed of the armature is a) A charge at rest.
doubled. b) A charge moving in circular orbit.
c) A charge moving with constant velocity.
31.An electromagnet has stored 648 J of magnetic energy when a 11. An electromagnetic radiation has energy 11KeV. To which region of
current of 9 A exists in its coils. What average emf is induced if the e .m. spectrum does it belong to? Give any two uses of this radiation.
current is reduced to zero in 0.45 sec.
(Calculate = 16 H. e = L di/dt = 320 V)

12. What is the condition of the electrons in the transmitting antenna when
maximum magnetic field is being transmitted?
A maximum current is flowing, so the electrons have maximum
speed up and down the antenna. The electric current produces the
magnetic field.
It can be detected by an antenna similar to the transmitting antenna 22. It is necessary to use satellites for long distance TV transm ission.
except that a detector of electric current replaces the voltage source. W hy?
14.The small ozone layer on the top of the atmosphere is crucial for human It is so because televisio n signals are not properly reflected by the
survival. Why? iono sphere. T herefore, for reflection of signals satellites are need ed
The ozone in the atmosphere is confined to the ozone layer, some as reflection is effected by satellites.
50-80 km above the ground. The ozone layer blocks the passage of the 23. O ptical and radio telescopes are built on grou nd but X-ray
ultra-violet radiations; x-rays and y-rays from the solar and other extra- astronom y is p ossible o nly from satellites orbitin g the earth. W hy?
terrestrial sources and effectively protects us from the dangerous and Atm o sphere ab sorbs X -rays, w hile visible and radiow aves can
harmful portions of solar radiations as they cause genetic damages to pen etrate it. That is w hy op tical and radio telescopes can w ork on
living cells. Practically all radiations of wave length less than 3 x 10-7m are earth's surface but X -ray astronom ical telescop es m ust be used o n
absorbed by the ozone layer. This explains why ozone layer on the top of satellites orbiting the earth.
the atmosphere is crucial for human survival. 24. If the earth did not have an atm osphere, w ould its averag e
15.How does "Green House Effect" affect the temperature of the earth's surface tem perature be high er or low er than w hat it is now ?
surface ? Ans. T he tem p erature of the earth w ould be lo w er because the green
Green house effect serves to keep the earth's surface warm at house effect o f the atm osphere w ould be absent.
night. .
16.How do we make television broadcasts for larger coverage and for long 25. W hat is the equ ation for the speed of electrom agnetic w aves in
distance? free space?
By using (i) tall antennas which is familiar landmark in many cities 1
and (ii) using artificial satellites —called geostationary satellites. Since C=
μ 0ε 0
television signals are of high frequency and are not reflected by
ionosphere so we use satellites to get them reflected & transmission of TV 26. The w avelength o f electro m agn etic radiatio n is do ubled . W hat w ill
signals can be used for larger coverage as well as for long distance. hap pen to the energy of the photon ?
17. Scientists put x-ray astronomical telescope on the artificial satellite The energy w ill b e halved because frequency w ill be h alved.
orbiting above the earth's atmosphere whereas they build optical and 27. N am e the part of electrom agnetic spectru m to w hich w aves of
radio-telescopes on the surface of the earth. Why ? w avelength (i) 1A° and (ii) 10 -2 m belong. U sing the relation λT = (0.29
X-rays have very high frequency and much smaller wavelength. cm ) K , obtain the characteristic kelvin tem perature correspon ding to
These rays get absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. On the other hand, these tw o w aveleng ths.
optical (visible) radiations and radio-waves can pass through the (i) X -rays, (ii) M icrow aves
atmosphere. That is why optical and radio telescopes can be installed on 0.29 cm 0.29 cm
Again, (i) T = = 29 ×10 −8 K (ii) T = = 0.29 K
the earth's surface. 1× 10 −10 cm 1 cm
18. For an electrom agnetic w ave, w rite the relatio nship betw een 28. S h ow that the average energ y d ensity o f the E field equals the
am plitude of electric and m agn etic fields in free space. average energ y density of the B field .
[H in ts If E o is th e am p litu d e o f an e lectric field a n d B o is th e 1
E uE = ε 0 E 2
am p litu d e o f th e as so cia ted m ag n etic fie ld in fre e sp ac e th en c = 0 Ans. E nergy density in E field, 2
B0 1
w h ere c is th e sp e ed o f lig h t in free sp a ce i.e . 3x 10 8 m /s. uB = B2
E nergy den sity in B field,-------------- 2 μ 0
19. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. What is the
displacement current across its plates? 1
U sing E = cB and c = , uE = uB .
Hints: Displacement current = Charging current = 0.25 A] μ 0ε 0
20. Why short wave communication over long distances is not possible via 29. O n w hat factors does its velo city in vacuum depend?
ground waves? Ans. E lectrom agnetic w aves consist of sinusoidal variation o f electric
|Hints: Because the wave gets attenuated.] and m agnetic field vectors. The field vecto rs vibrate w ith the sam e
21. Are condu ction and displacem ent cu rrents the sam e? frequency and are in the sam e ph ase. The field vecto rs and the
[H int: N o; they are different bu t they are equal . direction of propagation are all m utu ally perp endicular. The velocity
of electrom agnetic w aves in vacu um depends upon absolute O n the oth er hand, the effect of ind uced electric field due to chan ging
1 m agnetic flux can be in creased sim ply by takin g m ore and m ore
perm eability μo and absolute perm ittivity ε0 .N ote that c = num ber of turns in the co il. The induced em fs in different turns o f the
μ 0ε 0
sam e coil add up in series.
30. W h at is the n am e associated w ith the follo w ing equations? 35. A variab le-frequency AC source is conn ected to a capacitor. W ill
q
(i ) ∫ E. dS = (ii )∫ B. dS = 0 the displacem ent cu rrent increase or decrease w ith increase in
ε0 frequency?
d d Ans. Increase in frequency causes decrease in im p edan ce of the
(iii ) ∫ E. dl = − ∫ B. dS (ii )∫ B. dS = μ 0 ε 0 ∫ E.dS + μ 0 I capacitor and consequent increase in the cu rrent w hich equals
dt dt
(i) G au ss's law (ii) N o particu lar nam e displacem ent curren t betw een the p lates.
(iii) Faraday's law (iv) Am pere's law . 36. S om e scientists have predicted that a glob al nuclear w ar on the
31. E lectrom agnetic w aves w ith w avelength earth w ould be fo llow ed b y a severe 'nuclear w in ter' w ith a
(i) λ1 are used to treat m uscular strain devastating effect on life on earth. W hat m ight be the basis of th is
(ii) λ2 are used by a FM radio statio n for broadcasting prediction?
Ans. The clo uds produced by a global nu clear w ar w ould perhaps
(iii) λ3 are used to detect fracture in bones
cover sub stantial parts of the sky preventing solar light from reach ing
(iv) λ4 are absorbed b y the ozo ne layer o f the atm osp here.
m any parts of th e glo be. T his w ould cause a 'w inter'.
Identify an d nam e the part of the electro m agnetic sp ectrum to w hich
these rad iation s belong. Arran ge these w avelen gths in decreasing 37. What is the contribution of the Greenhouse effect towards the surface
order o f m ag nitude. temperature of the earth?
Ans. (i) λ1 -»in frared (ii) λ2 -» radiow aves Ans. The infrared radiation emitted by the earth's surface keeps the earth
(iii) λ3 — > X -rays (in) λ4 — > u ltra-violet rays λ2 > λ1 > λ4 > λ3 . warm. In the absence of this effect, the surface temperature of earth would
32. If you find closed loop s of B in a region in space, do es it be lower.
necessarily m ean that actu al charges are flow ing acro ss the area 38. Why the small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human
boun ded b y the loops? survival?
Ans. N ot necessarily. A displacem ent current such as that betw een Ans. The small ozone layer on the top of the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet
the p lates of a capacitor that is bein g charged can also produ ce lo ops radiations, y-rays etc. from the sun. It also absorbs cosmic radiations. So,
of B • these radiations, which can cause genetic damage to the living cells, are
33. A closed loop o f B is p ro duced by a ch angin g electric field. D oes prevented from reaching the earth. Thus, the small ozone layer on top of the
dE stratosphere is crucial for human survival.
it necessarily m ean th at E and are non-zero at all po ints on the
dt 39. Given below are some famous numbers associated with electromagnetic
loop and in the area enclosed by th e loo p? radiation in different contexts in physics. State the part of the e m spectrum
Ans. N ot necessarily. All th at is need ed is that the total electric flux to which each belongs.
through the area enclosed b y the loop sh ould vary in tim e. The flux (i) 21 cm (wavelength emitted by atomic hydrogen in interstellar space).
dE (ii) 1057 MHz [frequency of radiation arising from two close energy levels in
change m ay arise from any po rtion of the area. E lsew here E or
dt hydrogen; known as Lamb shift].
m ay be zero. In particular, there need b e no electric field at the points (Hi) 2.7 K temperature associated with the isotropic radiation filling all space-
w hich m ake the loop. thought to be a relic of the 'big-bang’ origin of the universe.
34. W h y is it that ind uced electric fields du e to changin g m agnetic flux (iv) 5890 A - 5896 A [double lines of sodium].
are m ore readily observable th an the indu ced m agnetic fields d ue to (v) 14.4 keV [energy of a particular transition in 57Fe nucleus associated with
changing electric fields? a famous high resolution spectroscopic method (Mossbauer spectroscopy).
Ans. The m agnitud e of the m agnetic field due to disp lacem ent current Ans. (i) Radio (short wavelength end) (ii) Radio (short wavelength end) (Hi)
is too sm all to be easily ob servable. This effect can of co urse be Microwave (iv) Visible (Yellow) (v) X-rays (or soft y-ray) region.
increased b y increasing the displacem ent current. [In an AC circuit, 40. Electromagnetic waves in a cavity with conducting walls can exist only in
this can be d one b y increasingω.] certain modes i.e., they cannot exist, for example, with any arbitrary
wavelength. Suggest a simple reason why this should be so.
Ans. The waves must satisfy a boundary condition. The electric field should
be zero on the walls of the conductor. This restricts the possible modes. [It
is something like the restricted modes of a string fixed at two ends.] OPTICS
1. Light from sodium lamp passes through a tank of glycerin

(μ = 1.47 ) 20 m long in a time t1. If it takes a time t2 to
traverse the same tank when filled with carbon disulfide (μ =
1.63 ) determine t2 - t1
1) t1= 20/(c/n) = 20 X (1.47) /c
t2= 20 X (1.63) / c
t2-t1=20(1.63-1.47) / C
=1.07 X 10 -8
2.Light passes from air into liquid and is deviated 19 0 when the
angle of incidence is 52 0 . What is the refractive index of liquid. 2)
θ2 =52-19 =33
μ=SIN 52/SIN 33 =1.45
3.What angle of incidence should a beam of light strike the

surface of a still, pond if the angle between the reflected ray
and refracted ray is to be 900.
3) θ +Φ =90
Φ =90 - θ
θ=TAN-1 (μ)=53
57
4. In what direction does the fish see the setting sun. The
refractive index of water is 4/3 and air is 1.
4)
nb =1.5 =sin60 /sin θ2 ; θ2=35
nw / nb =sin θ2/sin θ3 =1.33/1.5
6.A man is shaving with his chin 0.4m from a concave

magnifying mirror. If the linear magnification is 2.5. What is
the radius of curvature of the mirror.
6) 1/0.4 + 1/-1 =1/f
f=1/1.5
θ2=Sin-1 (3/4)=48.6 R=2f=1.33m
hence the fish perceives the sun at 90 – 48.6 = 41.4
above the horizontal 7A doctor looks through a small hole at the vertex of a cancave
mirror to examine a sore throat. If the R of the mirror is 462mm
and the light source is 1m from the mirror, how far from the
5.A layer of benzene (μ = 1.5 ) floats on water . If the angle of throat should the mirror be if the light source is to be imagined
incidence of the light entering the benzene from air is 600. on the inflamed area.
What is angle of light makes with the vertical in the benzene 7) f=462/2=231mm
and in the water. u=1mm
5) v=300.4mm
8.A object is placed infront of a concave mirror having a radius

of curvature 0.3 m. If you want to produce first real and then
virtual image 3 times as high as the object find the object
distance in each case.
58 59
8) Real image =0.200m, Virtual image =0.100 m 14 .What is the effect on the interference fringes in a Y. D .S
experiment due to
9.Where must an object be placed in the case of the converging a) the screen is moved away from the plane of the slits.
lens of focal length “f” if the image is to be virtual and 3 times b) Source is replaced by another source of shorter
as large as the object. wavelength.
3= hi /ho = -v/u
u= 2f/3 c) If the separation between is increased
d) The source slit is moved closer to the double slit
plane
10.A man who wears glasses of power 3D must hold a news e) The width of the source slit is increased
paper at least 25cm away to see the print clearly. How far away f) The width of the slits increased
would the news paper have to be if he took off the glasses and g) When monochromatic source is replaced by white
still wanted clear vision. light
3= hi /ho = -v/u a. Angular separation of the fringes remains constant
u= 2f/3 b. separation of the fringes decreases
c. separation of the fringes decreases
d. S/D< λ/d otherwise no pattern is observed.
e. if above condition is not satisfied interference pattern disappears.
11.If a beam of polarized has one tenth of its initial intensity f. increases the brightness of the fringes.
after passing through an analyzer. What is the angle between g. clear fringes are not observed.
the axis of the analyzer and initial amplitude of the beam.
I = 0.1 I0 = I0 cos2 θ
cosθ= 0.316
θ=71.6
15..When a low flying air craft passes over the head we some times
notice slight shaking of the picture on our TV screen. Explain. .
interference of the direct signal received by the antenna with the signal reflected by the
12.Two wavelengths 1 and 2 are used in the double slit aircraft.
experiment . If one is 430nm what value must the other have
for the fourth order bright fringe of one to fall on the sixth order
bright fringe of the other. 16...An object is placed between two plane parallel mirror.
4λ1/d=x/D 4λ1=6λ2 How many images do you expect to see)
6λ2/d=x/D if λ2=430, λ1=645nm
N=(360/θ)-1
if λ 1=430, λ2 =287nm
17 .A ray is incident on a plane mirror at an angle X with normal.

13.The amplitude of a beam of polarized light makes an angle of
Find the angle of deviation of the ray
650 with axis of a Polaroid sheet. What fraction of the beam is the ray deviated by an angle 180-2x.
transm itted through the sheet. 18.An equi convex lens of focal length 15cm is cut into two
I1/I=cos2θ , cos265=0.179
halves. What is the focal length of each half.
1/15=1/x-1/x , x=30cm
60 61
19.What is effect of temperature variation on the refractive index optical defect in which point object of the optic axis focuses not in to a point image
but
of a medium to a comet like surface.
19. as the temperature increases μ decreases.
25Why are images in toy telescope usually coloured.
lens are not achromatic lenses hence they possess chromatic aberration.
20The surface of a goggle lens are curved, even though it does not 26.Parallel beam of light is incident on the system of two convex
have any power why? . lenses of focal length 20 cm , 10cm . What should be the
R1=R2=R , P=1/f=(μ-1)(1/r-1/r)
p=0
distance between the two lenses so that the rays after refraction
21. A lens is made of two different transparent materials. How from both the lenses pass undeviated.
many images of a point object will be formed when the object is 27.A pipe 4m high driven into the bottom of a lake is 1m above
placed on the principal axis. the water. Determine the length of the shadow of the pipe on the
bottom of the lake if the sun rays make an angle of 450 with
water surface the refractive index of water is 4/3.
2.88m
28.A fish is rising up vertically inside a pond with a velocity 4
cm/s and notices a bird, which is diving downward and its
velocity appears to be 16cm/s. What is the real velocity of diving
bird if refractive of water is 4/3.
9 cm/s
29.Two thin converging lenses are placed on a common axis so
that centre of one of them coincides with the focus of the other.
An object is placed at a distance twice the focal length from the
left hand lens. Where will its image be? What is the lateral
magnification if the focal length of each lens is f.
Image is at distance of f/2 from the right hand lens and m=-0.5.
30.In an equilateral prism a ABC of μ = 1.5 the condition for
minimum deviation is fulfilled . If face AC is polished find a)
.
Net deviation. b) if the system is placed in water what is net
22 How does an air bubble behaves inside water. deviation. The refractive index of water is 4/3
a) 157.2 b) 128.4
behaves like concave lens.
31.Maximum intensity in YDS experiment is I0. Find the intensity
at a point on the screen a) the phase difference between the two
23. What distance from the lens the image is formed when the LQIHUULQJEHDPVLVEELISDWKGLIIHUHQFHLVRQHIRXUWKRIZDYH
object is placed at the focus of a concave lens. length.
.v=-F/2 31. a) ¾ xI0 b) I0/2
32.A thin glass lens of refractive index μ 2 = 1.5 behaves as a
24 What do you understand by the ‘coma’. interface between two media of refractive indices μ1 = 1.4 and
62 63
=1.6 respectively. Determine the focal length of the lens if the (Waves diffracted from the edge of the circular obstacle interfere constructively at
μ3
the centre of the shadow producing bright spot.)
radius of curvature of the both the surfaces is 20cm.
37. The sun subtends an angle of 0.50 on earth. What should be the
radius of curvature of the mirror which produces an image of
the sun 2 cm in diameter.
458 cm
38. What should be the angle between two mirrors sothat a ray
parallel to one mirror may come out parallel to other mirror
after one reflection from each mirror? How many images will
be formed by the mirrors?
60.5
39.One face of a prism of μ= 1.5 and angle 750 is covered with a
liquid of μ = 3 ¥:KDWVKRXOGEHWKHDQJOHRILQFLGHQFHRI
light on the clearface of prism for which the light is just totally
f=infinity reflected at the liquid covered face.
sin-1 (3/4)
33.In YDSS experiment ,what should be the thickness of the 40.An astronaut photographs a bridge at a height of 1 km with a
glass slab μ= 1.5 which should be placed before the upper slit s1 camera having a lens of focal length 50 cm. Size of the
so that the central maxima now lies at a point where 5th bright bridge on the photograph is 5 cm. Find the actual length of
fringe was lying earlier?( wave length of light is used is 5000A) the bridge.
( 50000 A)
34.At what angle above the horizon is the sun when a person 41.Two coherent monochrometic light beams of intensities I and
receiving its rays from calm water ( μ = 1.327 ) finds them linearly 4I are superimposed. What is the maximum and minimum
polarized ( Tan53 0 = 1.327 ) possible intensities in the resulting beam
(37) 9I,I ; Imax/ Imin= ((I1)1/2 + (I2 )1/2)2 / ((I1)1/2 - (I2 )1/2)2
35.In a single slit diffraction experiment the width of the slit is
made double the original width. How does this affect the size and 42.In a double slit experiment two coherent sources have slightly
intensity of the central diffraction band. different intensities I and I+dI such that dI < I. Show that
(Size reduce by half and intensity increases by 4 folds) resultant intensity at maxima is nearly 4I while that at the minima
36.When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light form is nearly (dI)2 / 4I
a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of 43.Following data was recorded for values of object distance
the obstacle explain why. and the corresponding values of image distance in lthe
64 65
experiment on study of real image formation by a convex lens
of power +5D. One of these observations is incorrect Identify
and give reason.
I II III IV V VI
Object 25 30 35 45 50 55
distance
Image 97 6 37 35 32 30
distance
f=1/p=0.20m=20cm Sr no. 3 is incorrect
43.PQR is right angled prism with other angles as 60 and 30

refractive index of prism is 1.5. PQ has a thin layer of liquid .
Light falls normally on the face PR . Calculate the max
refractive index of the medium TIR.
i should be greater than C 2)d=f
=> C<60° i.e, C max=60°
44.Consider coaxial system of two thin convexlenses of focal

length f each separated by a distance d. Draw a ray diagram for
image formation corresponding to an object at infinity placed on
the principal axis in the following cases. (i) d< f (ii) d=f (ii)
f<d<2f (iv) d=2f (v) d>2f.
3)f<d<2f
66 67
5)d>2f
4)d=2f
45. When a ray of light enters a glass slab from air. How its
wavelength is affected ?
²1 VKRXOG GHFUHDVHV VLQFH ² decreases.
46.A partially plane polarized beam of light is passed through a

Polaroid. Show graphically the variation of transmitted light with
angle of rotation of Polaroid.
47. Give conditions in which a thin lens has a lateral magnification
of -1?
If the object is lying at a distance of double the focal length (2f) of a lens from the
lens.
48.Why scratches on the lens of a photographic camera do not
appear on the photograph.
.A camera has to photograph only those objects whose image is focused on
the photographic film by the lens .The scratches on the lens do not satisfy this
condition so they do not appear on the film.
49.How can you produce dispersion without deviation.Violet
light is incident on the thin convex lens. If this light is replaced
68 69
by the red light. Explain with reason how the power of the lens
would change?
50.A convex lens and concave lens, each having focal length
50cm are placed in contact. What is the focal length and power
of combination. makes same angle
51We have right angled isosceles prism, μ= 1.5. If we make
incident ray of light normally on the two perpendicular surfaces.
Name the phenomenon which occurs?
52.A parallel beam is incident on a convex lens of focal length f. It 56.The refractive index of the prism is 2. Find maximum refracting
is then put in contact with a concave lens of focal length f/2. What angle of the prism.
VLQ -1 0
will happen to its image. ,I $! WKH UD\ GRHV QRW HPHUJH IURP WKH SULVP +HQFH PD[ DQJOH
0
53.The satellite takes 12h to rotate once about its axis . How much
time does the sun take to shift by 10 when viewed from the
satellite. 57.One of the refracting surfaces of a prism of angle 30 is
3600 = 12 h , 10 =360/ 12 , 8 minutes silvered. A ray of light incident at an angle of 60 retraces its path.
Find the refractive index of the prism.
r2 = 0, r1 =A=300 L VLQ VLQ ¥
54.How does the resolving power of microscope affects when
(a)wave length of illuminating radiation decreased. (b)the diameter
of the objective lens is decreased.
55.A Cassegrain telescope two mirrors such telescope is built with
the mirror 20mm apart. If the radius of curvature of larger mirror
is 220 mm and smaller mirror is 140 mm. Where will be final 58,angle of minimum deviation is equal to the angel of prism A of
image of an object at infinity be? 1.5 m an equilateral glass prism Find the angle of incidence at which
minimum deviation occurs.
54.A concave mirror and concave lens are held in water. What $ /M , D/m)/2 – 60
happens, in their respective focal length as compared to their
values in air.
55. Two plane mirrors are arranged at right angled to each other.
$UD\RIOLJKWLVLQFLGHQWRQWKHKRUL]RQWDOPLUURUDWDQDQJOH 59.A plane mirror is made of glass slab u= 1.5 , 2.5 cm thickness
:KDWYDOXHRIWKHUD\HPHUJHVSDUDOOHOWRWKHLQFRPLQJUD\DIWHU and silvered on back. A point object is placed 5 cm infront of the
reflection from the vertical mirror. unsilvered face of the mirror. What will be the position of the
final image. .
70 71
62 A point object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a convex
i1,i2,i3 be image formed by
1)refraction from ABC . lens of f = 20 cm. If the glass slab of thickness t , μ = 1.5 is
2)refraction from DEF. inserted between the object and lens, the image is formed at
3)again refraction from AB. infinity, what is thickness? shift, 25-20=(1-1/µ)t t=15cm
BI1=5µg=7.5, EI1=2.5+7.5=10
EI2=10cm behind the mirror
BI2=10+2.5=12.5
BI3=12.5/1.5=8.3 63. A plano convexlens fits exactly in to a plano concave lens.
Their plane surfaces are parallel to each other. If the lenses are
made of different materials of refractive indices μ1 and μ2 , R is
60.A 2 cm diameter coin rest flat on the bottom of a bowl in which radius of curvature then what is the focal length of the
water is 20cm deep, μ = 4/3 If the coin is viewed directly above . combination.
What is the apparent diameter.
61.Parallel beam of light is incident on the system of two
convexlenses of f1 = 20 cm. f2 = 10 cm . What should be the
distance between the two lenses so that the rays after refraction
from both the lenses pass undeviated.
72 73
only one image will be formed because optic axis &both parts coincide. If optic
axis are different two images would have formed
1/f=1/f1+1/f2 1-1)(1/U2-1)((1/-r)-1/

I U1-2) 66.Two sources S1 and S2 are 24 cm apart where should a convex
lens of focal length 9 cm be placed in between them sothat the
images of both sources are formed at the same place?
64 A plano convexlens μ = 3/2 and R = 10 cm is placed at a if image of s1 is real and s2 is virtual
for s1=1/y+1/x=1/9
distance of b from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm . for s2=-1/y+1/(24-x)=1/9
What should be the distance of a point object O from the x=6cm
plano convexlens sothat the position of final image is
independent of b. 67.The angle of incidence for equilateral prism is 60. What should
be the μ of prism sothat the ray is parallel to the base inside the
prism at minimum deviation r1=r2=a/2=30
VLQVLQ ¥
68.What is the minimum value of the refractive index for a 90 – 45

– 45 prism which is used to deviate a beam through 90 by TIR.
at AC
µ=1/sin45 =¥
1/f=(3/2-1)*(1/10-1/∞)
=20cm
69. A point object is placed on the optic axis of a convex lens of
focal length f at a distance of 2f to the left of it. The diameter of
65.A convexlens of focal length 10 cm is painted black at the the lens is d. An eye is placed at a distance of 3f to the right of the
middle portion for 2 cm. An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm lens and distance h below the optic axis . What is the maximum
from the lens then how many images are formed. value of h to see the image.
74 75
UNIT – VII DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATIONS (4marks)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:-
1. An electron and photon have same wavelength. Which one of the two
has more energy?
Relativistic energy of a particle, E= (m0c4+p2c2)½
Hence the electron has more energy than photon.
2. If wavelength of electromagnetic waves are doubled what will happen to

energy of photon?
E = hν
KF ( ∝ HQHUJ\ RI SURWRQ UHGXFHV WR KDOI
3.Alkali metals are most suitable for photoelectric emission. Why?

Alkali metals have too low work functions. Even visible light can eject
h/(d/2)=f/2f electrons from them.
h=d/4
4. Out of microwaves, UV, IR which radiation will be most effecting for
emission of electrons from a metallic surface?
UV are most effective since they have highest frequency hence more
energetic.
5. If the intensity of incident radiation on a metal is doubled what happens

to the K.E of electrons emitted?
K.E of photons remains unaffected since they do not depend
6. What is the value of stopping potential between the cathode and anode
of photocell? If the max K.E of electrons emitted is 5eV?
Stopping potential V0 = Kmax/e = 5ev/e =5 V
7. It is easier to remove an electron from sodium than from copper, which

has a higher value of threshold wavelength?
w0 = hν0 = hc/λ0
∴λ0 ∝ 1/ w0
Since sodium has lower work functions than copper it is easier for
electron ejection. As it is lower work function, higher wavelength.
8. An electron and proton possessing same K.E. Which one will have
greater wavelength?
1/2 mv2 = (m2 v2)/2m = p2/2m
λe > λp
76
electrons have greater De broglie wavelength than proton . ( K¨ KF [ 3 eV
(ii)In this case energy of X-rays photon is 27.6 KeV, the striking electron
9. In Davisson – Germer experiment if the angle of diffraction is 520 find must be of energy higher than 27.6 KeV. Therefore an accelerating voltage
Glancing angle? of the order of 30 KV is required.
θ = 90 - φ/2
= 90 – 52/2 =64° 17. It is difficult to remove free electrons from metal X as compare to metal
Y . What you infer?
10. What is the effect on the velocity photo electrons, if the wavelength of Work function of metal X is higher than metal Y.
incident light is decreased?
KE of photoelectrons is given by Einstein’s photoelectric equation. 18. A particle behaves like a wave. What determine the wavelength of the
Ek =1/2 mv2 wave?
= h¨- w0 Momentum of the moving particle.
' . ¥
As wavelength decreases velocity increases. 19. Draw a graph giving variation of maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons with frequency of incident radiations.
11. The stopping potential for some material is 1.2 V. What is the energy What is the slope of this graph?
range of the emitted photoelectrons? The equation of this straight line is
The range of energies of the emitted photoelectrons will be from 0 to 1.2 K.E. = 1/2mv2max= h (υ - υo)
eV.
20. The wavelength of radiations incident on a
12.The intensity of incident radiations in a photoelectric experiment is material is decreased. Does the maximum velocity of
doubled. How the stopping is potential affected? photoelectrons increase or decrease?
The stopping potential will remain unaffected because it does not depend A decrease in wavelength implies an increase in frequency. Since
on the intensity of the incident light. an increase in frequency increases the maximum K.E. of the emitted
photoelectrons, the maximum velocity would increase.
13. If the intensity of the incident radiation on a metal is doubled, what
happens to the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons? 21. For photoelectric effect in sodium, the figure shows the plot of cut off
There is no change in the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons. This K.E. voltage versus frequency of incident radiation. Calculate the threshold
is independent of the intensity of the incident radiation as long as its frequency (υ0) the work function for sodium
frequency remains the same. (ii)The work function (W) is related to the threshold frequency (υ0) by the
relation.
14. The frequency (υ) of incident radiation is greater than threshold Wo = hυo = 6.6 x 10-34 x 4.5 x 1014 J
frequency (υq) in a photocell. How will the stopping potential vary if = 29.7 xl0-20J = 2.97 xl0-i9J
frequency (υ) is increased, keeping other factors constant? 2.97 x 10 -19
When, (υ >υo) stopping potential will be increased. = eV ≈1.856 eV
1.6× 10 -19
15.What is the energy and wavelength of a thermal neutron ? 22. Suppose the photoelectric effect occurs in a gaseous target rather than
Kinetic energy of a thermal neutron = f/2 kBT. a solid. Will photoelectrons be produced at all frequencies of the incident
Since degree of freedom of a thermal neutron is three. photons?
K.E = 3/2 kBT = 6.06 x 10-21 J No; we are likely to get photoemission only for those frequencies whose
Wave length e = h/(2mK.E)1/2 e = h/(3m kBT)1/2=0.147nm. photons have an energy equal to or more than the (minimum) ionization
energy for the gas concerned.
16. An X –ray tube produces a continuous spectrum of radiation with its
shots wavelength end 0.45 °A. What is the maximum energy of a photon in 23. Yellow light does not eject photoelectrons from a given photosensitive
the radiation in electron volt?(ii) From your answer to (i) what order of surface, whereas green light does. What shall be situation in case of red
accelerating voltage (fo0r electron) is required in such a tube?. and violet light?
We will not get any photoemission with red light since its frequency is
-9 -7
less than that of yellow light. We will, however, get photoemission with ¢= 400 x 10 m=4 x 10 m
violet light since its frequency is more than that of green light.
E= h c/¢ = (6.6 x 10-34 x 3 x 108)/ (4 x 10-7) = 4.98 x 10-19 j
24. By what factor does the maximum velocity of the emitted
photoelectrons change when the wavelength "the incident radiation is E= (4.98 x 10-19)/ (1.6 x 10-19) =3ev
increased four times? (Given that the initial frequency used is five times Hence, metal x will emit electrons.
the threshold frequency)
When the wavelength is increased four times, the frequency goes down
1 1 28. A photon and an electron have same de-broglie wavelength. Which has
mv12 = h (ν 1 −ν 0 ) and mv 22 = h (ν 2 −ν 0 ) greater total energy. Explain ?
2 2
v12 ν 1 −ν 0 For a photon E1=hc/¢
=
For an electron ¢=h/mv or m=h/¢v
by a factor of four. v 2 ν 2 −ν 0
2
E2=mc2
Now,
= (h/¢v) x c2
v12 5ν 0 −ν 0 4ν 0 v1 E2/E1=c/v>1
= = =16 =4
v 22 5 ν 0 −ν 0 1 ν 0 v2 Therefore,E2>E1.thus, electron has total energy greater then that of photon.
4 4
Thus, the maximum velocity goes down by a factor of 4.
25. A cesium photocell, with a steady potential difference of 90 volt across
it, is illuminated by a small bright light placed one metre away. The number
29. The de-broglie wave length of a photon is same as the wave length of
of electrons that cross the photocell is n. What will be the number of
electron. Show that K.E. of a photon is 2m.¢/h times K.E. of electron.
electrons crossing the photocell when the same light is placed half metre
Where ‘m’ is mass of electron, c is velocity of light.
away?
When the light is brought to a distance of 0.5 m, the intensity of the
¢ph=¢e=¢=h/mv
light falling on the photocell goes up four times. Since the number of
K.E. of photon Eph=hν=hc/¢
photoelectrons emitted is directly proportional to the intensity of incident
K.E. of electrons E=1/2mv2=1/2 m [h/m¢]2
light, the new number of photoelectrons emitted would become 4n.
=h2/2m¢2
26. The sun rays are focused on a metal surface , and it produces a
Eph/Ee= (hc/¢) x 2m¢2/h2
current. The lens forming the image is then replaced by another lens of the
=2mc¢/h
same diameter but only half in focal length. What will be the effect on the
photoelectric current? ∴ Eph=Ee(2mc¢/h)
Hence, the intensity of light falling on the metal surface gets
reduced in case (b) and, we, therefore, get a reduced photoelectric current. 30. How may photons are required for emission of one photo electron if
frequency of incident radiation is
less than threshold frequency.
More than threshold frequency.
(i)No photo – electron will be emitted and photons are absorbed by
electrons.
ii)One photon will emit one photo electron.
27. To work functions 2ev and 5ev for two metals x and y respectively. 31. State the dependence of work function on the kinetic energy of
Which metal will emit electrons, when it is irradiated with light and wave electrons emitted in a photocell. If the intensity of incident radiation is
length 400nm and why?
doubled, what changes occur in the stopping potential and the Let v = potential through which electron is accelerated.
photoelectric current? Therefore, Energy = ½ mv2 = eV
According to Einstein theory of photoelectric effect, kinetic ! KP(1/2 = h/(2mev)1/2
energy of emitted electron is => v = h2 PH2
1 here, h = 6.625 × 10-34Js
Ek = mVmax
2
= hν −W0 m = 9.1 × 10-31kg
2
Greater the work function of the metal, lesser the kinetic energy of the e = 1.6 × 10-19 C
photoelectron. on doubling the intensity of the incident radiation stopping × 10-10 m
potential remains the same, whereas photoelectric current is doubled. hence v = 6.03 × 104 V
32. Using Davisson and Germer Experiment to establish the existence of 34. An e- and photon have the same energy of 100eV. Which has greater
de Broglie waves. associated wavelength?
The experimental set up consists of an electron gun connected to a +HUH e = h/(2mEe)1/2
low tension battery. The electrons emitted by the gun are accelerated to a => Ee = h2Pe2 …………………………………………..(1)
desired velocity by applying a suitable potential difference V using a high Now,
tension battery. Value of V can be varied. Ep KFp => Ep2 = h2c2 ………………………………..(2)
Using Bragg's law of diffraction of light through crystal lattices, the p2
wavelength of the wave showing diffraction peak at 50° was calculated as as Ee = Ep = E = 100eV ………………………………………..(3)
1.65 A. Dividing equation (1) by (2) and using equation (3) we get
The predicted de Broglie wavelength of electrons accelerated through 54 V E = h2c2p2
is h2P e2
h h h 12.27 12.27 => E = 2mc2e2
λ= = = = A = A =1.66 A p2
p 2mE 2meV V 54 e p = (E/2mc2)1/2
The excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental values of as E = 100eV
de Broglie wavelength confirms the wave nature of electrons and hence => 2mc2 § 0H9
the existence of the de Broglie waves. therefore E << 2mc2
LH e p
Therefore the wavelength associated with a photon is greater than
an electron for the same energy.
35. the frequency of the light falling on the metal is doubled, what will be
the effect on photocurrent & the maximum Kinetic Energy?
The photo current does not depend on the frequency of incident
radiation as:
Ek = h¨ – W
If the frequency is doubled
Ek/ = 2h¨ - W
=> Ek//Ek = (2h¨ – W)/(h¨ – W) = (2h¨ – 2W + W)/(h¨ – W)
= 2 + W/(h¨ – W) > 2
i.e. maximum KE will increase slightly more than double.
36.e work function of ‘Li’ and ‘Cu’ are 2.3eV & 4eV. Which of these metals
will be useful for the photoelectric cells working with the visible light?
33. Through what potential difference an electron be accelerated so that it The threshold wavelength of a metal is:
may have de – broglie wavelength 0.5Ö"
o = hc/W = 12475/(W in eV) Ö 7KXV WKH LQFLGHQW IUHTXHQF\ LV JUHDWHU WKDQ 0 1D DQG 0 (K) but less
=> Lio = 12375/2.3 Ö Ö WKDQ 0 0R DQG 0 (Ni) , therefore Mo and Ni will not give photo electric
and Cu0 = 12375/4 Ö Ö emission.
The wavelength 5380Ö OLHV LQ WKH YLVLEOH UHJLRQ KHQFH µ/L¶ ZLOO EH If the laser is brought closer , intensity decreases. This does not effect
useful for the photoelectric cell. the result regarding Mo and Ni but photoelectric current will increase for Na
and K.
40. a) show that a free e- at rest can not absorb a photon and thereby
37. An e- has a speed of 5 × 106 m/s in a magnetic field of 10-4 T. What is the acquire K.E. equal to the energy of the photon. Would the conclusion
acceleration of e- if e/m = 1.76 × 1011 C/kg. change if the e- has a constant velocity.
BeV = mv2 as the force due to magnetic field provides the b) If the absorption of a photon by a free e- as proved in (a) , how does
necessary centripetal force. photo electric takes place?
=> v2/r = Bev/m Ans: a) the total energy of an e- , E = (m02c4+p2c2)1/2
as acceleration = v2/r = m0c2K
=> a = B(e/m) Squaring both the sides p2c2+2m0c2pc= p2c2
=> a = v2/r = 10-4 × 1.76 × 1011 × 5 × 106 Or 2m0c2pc=0
=> a = 8.8 × 1013 ms-2. This is impossible
b) we have shown in (a) that e- JLYHV H-. however, for an e- a lattice
the momentum of the incident photon can be shared by both the e- and the
38. Assume that the potential difference between cathode and anode is the lattice while the lattice due to large mass does not share the energy of the
same as that between two deflecting plates. If this potential difference is photon. Thus, e- ODWWLFH JLYHV H- +lattice is not forbidden.
doubled, calculate by what factor the magnetic field should changed to
keep the electron beam undeflected?
e
/m = E2/2vB2 But E = v/d
e
/m = v2/2vB2d2 = v/2B2d2 41. A monochromatic point source, S radiating wavelength 6000 Å with
or, B2 = v . power 2W, an aperture A of diameter .1m are placed , area A = .5 cm2,
2(e/m)d2 efficiency = .9 , h = 6.63*10-34js, c= 3*108 , e= 1.6*10-9C .
or B . v => B . ¥Y
2
calculate the photon flux at the center of the screen and photo current in
if v is doubled, then the detector if a concave lens L of focal length .6m is inserted in the
B//B = (2)1/2 or B/ = (2)1/2B aperture find the new values of photon flux and photocurrent , uniform
Thus, the magnetic field should be increased by a factor of (2)1/2 average transmission is 80% .If the work function of the photo emissive
surface is 1eV , calculate the values of the stopping potential.
39. Work function of the metals:
Na : 1.92 eV ; k : 2.15 ev ; Mo :4.17 ; Ni : 5.0;
Which of these willnot give photo electric emission for a radiation of
wavelength 3300Å from a He-Cd laser placed 1m away ? What happens if
laser is brought nearer and placed 50 cm away ?
Sol: Wavelength of the incident radiation , Å
)UHTXHQF\ RI UDGLDWLRQ F 8/3300*10-10 = 9.1*1014 Hz
Threshold frequencies for different metals ;
0 (Na)= 1.92*1.6*10-19/6.3*10-34= 4.6*1014 Hz

0 (K)= 5.2 *1014 Hz
0 (Mo) =1.0 * 1015 Hz
0 (Ni)= 1.2 *1015 Hz
Sol : Energy of each phRWRQ ( KF -34*3*108/6*10-7 J SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
=3.315*10-19J
Therefore number of photon emitted= power / energy of each photon 1.What is the order of energy gap in a conductor, semi conductor, and
= 6.03*1018s -1 insulator?.
Number of photons passing through the aperture of diameter .1m Conductor - no energy gap
NA = 6.03*1018s-1E 2 * Semi Conductor - It is of the order of 1 ev.
E 2=1.047*1016s-1 Insulator - 6 ev (or) more than 6 ev.
Now the screen is at a distance of 6m from the source let the area of 2. Zener effect and avalanche effect are the two possible break down
E
2
WKH VFUHHQ LOXPLQDWHG E\ WKH OLJKW IURP EH D WKHUHIRUH D RU D E mechanisms that helps the external current . Why
m2 Zener effect : The electric field in the depletion layer reach a point that it can
16
The number ns = 1.33 *10 photons break the covalent bonds and generate electron–hole pairs.
Number of photoelectrons = .6*1012 electrons Avalanche breakdown : The minority carriers that across the depletion layer
Photocurrent = .096 microA under the influence of the electric field gain sufficient kinetic energy to be able to
break covalent bond in atoms which they collide.
b) 1/v = 1/f+ 1/u and thus, v= -.3m
photons transmitted through the lens n’ = .838* 1016 s-1 3. Light emission in semiconductor is the process of creation of a photon by
DUHD LOOXPLQDWHG D¶ E P2 means of the annihilation of an electron-hole pair. How can we create them. Give
15
photon flux = n’/a’= 2.95*10 photons the necessary condition for the light emission?
therefore photocurrent = .012 microA hω = Eeh greater than or equal to Eg.
Condition for light emission is excess carriers.
42: Standing distance of the waves = 2 Å , d increased to 2.5 Å . energy of
the electrons = ? . least value of d for which wave is defined ?
$QV Q G IRU VWDQGLQJ ZDYH 4.Why does the conductivity of a semi conductor change with the rise in
Therefore n = 2d1 DQG Q G2 temperature ?
Therefore n+1-n = 2d2 -2d1 When a semi conductor is heated more & more electrons get enough energy to
For least value of d, n is 1 jump across the forbidden energy gap from valence band to the conduction
7KXV Gmin band, where they are free to conduct electricity. Thereby increasing the
Energy of the electron E = p2/2me conductivity of a semi conductor.
1RZ S K
Therefore E= 150.95 eV 5. On the basis of energy level diagram, identify the P-type semi conductor &
N-type semi conductor
C.B
___________ Donor energy level
V.B
C.B
____________ Acceptor energy level
V.B
6. A student has to study the characteristics of a P-N Junction diode. What kind
of a circuit arrangement should she use for this purpose? 15. Digiatal signal is preferred for communication Why not analog signal?Give
its waveform.
A continuous time varying wave form of a current (or) voltage is called analogue
signal.
7. Draw the typical shape of input characteristics likely to be obtainedby a

student . What do we understand by the forward bias and reverse bias of the A digital signal in a two level voltage signal (ie) “0” and “1” . Digital signals are in
diode? In which of these states does the diode being used as a rectifier.? the form of pulse of equal level.
16. In a given diagram ,is the diode reverse (or) forward biased?.
Reverse biased.
8. To achieve light amplification, We should provide positive feed back in 17.Identify the logic gate, Give its truth table and output wave form?.
LASER .Why?
Laser is not an amplifier but an oscillator! However, any oscillator is an amplifier
with a positive feedback. To obtain lasing , it is necessary to achieve light
amplification and provide positive optical feedback.
9. Self supporting stimulated emission is the principle of a Laser .why? NAND GATE.
Probability of stimulated emission is proportional to the density of excess
electrons and holes , and to the density of photons. Under the normal 18.The ratio of number of free electrons to holes ne/nh for two different materials
circumstances it is negligible. Therefore if we provide a positive feedback , the A and B are 1 and <1 respectively. Name the type of semi conductor to which A
stimulated emission can become self supporting. and B belongs.
If ne/nh =1 . Hence A is intrinsic semi conductor.
11. If the active layer in a P-N photo diode is the thick depletion layer then P-N If ne/nh <1 , ne<nh hence B is P-type.
Photodiode act very effective . Why?
In p-I-n photodiode ,due to thick i – layer the sensitivity improves 19.Can you identify waveform. How will you convert A.C To D.C?
dramatically.. Large reverse biases (< 100V for Si ) may be required.
12. Modern technology use poly silicon instead of metal to form the gate. Why?
Poly silicon has high conductivity compare to metal.
20. Under what conditions an amplifier can be converted in to an oscillator.Draw
a suitable diagram .
1. When feed back is positive. 2. When feed factor k is equal to l/AV
In the given circuit emitter –base junction of N-P-N transistor is forward biased
, with battery “B”. When “r” decreases IE increases . Because
IC = I E – IB .
Therefore IC will also increase. Hence bulb will glow with more brightness and
voltmeter reading will increase.
21.Using basic logic gates (NOT, OR, AND ) construct the circuit for the given
logic gate & give its truth table and wave form.? 26.Determine the current through resistance “R” in each circuit. Diodes D1 and
D2 are identical and ideal.
22. Convert a Fraction from Decimal (0.625)10 to Binary?

Hint:(0.625)10 = (0.101)2
23. Convert an octal number (4536) into decimal number?
(4536)8 = 4x83 + 5x82 + 3x81 + 6x80 = (1362)10
24. Convert Hexa decimal (3A9F) and (2D3.5) into decimal number?
(3A9F)16 = 3x163 + 10x162 + 9x161 + 15x160 = 1499910
(2D3.5)16 = 2x162 + 13x161 + 3x160 + 5x16-1 = 723.312510 In circuit (i) Both D1 and D2 are forward baiased hence both will conduct
current and resistance of each diode is “0”. .Therefore I = 3/15 = 0.2 A
25. In the circuit diagram given , a volt meter is connected across a lamp , (ii) Diode D1 is forward bias and D2 is reverse bias, therefore resistance D1 is
what changes would occur at lamp”L” and voltmeter “V:” , if the resistor R is “0” and resistance D2 is infinite. Hence D1 will conduct and D2 do not conduct .
reduce in value? Give reason for your answer? No current flows in the circuit.
27.Write the output wave form of the OR gate for the inputs given?
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Interval
Input A 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Input B 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
Output, 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Y=A+B
28.In the figure given below is (i) emitter and (ii) collector forward or ereverse
biased. With the help of a circuit diagram explain the action of a N-P-N
transistor?
32.Differentiate the electrical conductivity of both types of extrinsic
semiconductors in terms of the energy band picture.
Emitter –base is reverse biased and (ii) collector – base is forward biased . This
will not acts as transistor.
29. In only one of the circuits given below the lamp“L” light glow . Identify which
circuit is it? Give reason for your answer?
33. semiconductors obey OHM’S law for only low fields .Give reason?
The drift velocity of a charge carrier is proportional to electric E.
In fir (i) emitter –base junction has no source of emf . Therefore Ic =0, Therefore V = eET/m ie. V α E
bulb will not glow. In figure (ii) emitter – base junction is forward biased, But V cannot be increased indefinitely by increasing E . At high speed relaxation
therefore lamp “L” will glow. time (T) begins to decrease due to increase in collision frequency. S: so drift
velocity saturates at thermal velocity (lOms-1). An electric field of 106 V/m causes
30. the emitter and base of n-p-n transistor have same doping concentrations, saturation of drift velocity. Hence semi- conduction obey ohm’s law for low
explain how will the collector and base currents be affected? electrical field and above this field ( E < 106 V/m ) current becomes independent
All charge carriers entering the base will be neutralise in the base due to of potential.
electron –hole combination. Therefore collector current in this situation is almost
zero.( IE =IB ) .
31 From the given graph identify the KNEE voltage and breakdown voltage. 34. Relate input frequency and the output frequencies of a half wave rectifier
Explain? and a full wave rectifier?
In half-wave rectification, we get pulsating output for half cycle only. Therefore
output ripple frequency is same as the input frequency. But in full wave
rectification we get output for both half cycle. Hence the output at ripple
frequency is full-wave rectification is double the input frequency.
transistor? In which of these states does the transistor not remain when being
used as a switch?
35. Emitter is heavily doped while collector is moderately doped . Why?

There are two main differences between emitter and collector of a transistor
construction wise. First emitter is heavily doped while collector is moderately
doped. Second the area of the collector is larger than the emitter.So output will
be maximum.
36. Key point for its proper functioning of base region in a transistor depends
upon the thickness of the base Why ?
Base region in a transistor controls the current. The majority charge carriers
supplied by the emitter do not combine in the same region due to its thin size
and light doping and most of them pass on to the collector. This is the key point When both emitter and collector are reverse biased, no current flows through the
for its proper functioning. transistor. This condition is known as cut-off state.
When both Emitter and collector are reverse biased, no current flows through
37. For faster action which transistor is used and why? the transistor. This condition is known as saturation state.
For faster action NPN Transistor is used .In an NPN transistor, current 40.A germanium diode is preferred to a silicon one for rectifying small voltages.
conduction is mainly by free electron ,whereas in PNP type transistor .it is mainly Explain why?
holes Since electron are more mobile than holes we prefer NPN for faster action Because the energy gap for Ge ( Eg = 0.7 ev) is smaller than the energy gap for
as well as high conduction current. Si (Eg = 1.1ev ) . Moreover, the germanium diode is much more open to the
danger of high temperature affect than silicon at high voltage.
38.A student has to study the input and output characteristics of a n-p-n silicon
transistor in the common emitter configuration. What kind of a circuit 41. Draw the logic circuit and the output wave form for given output Y=0,0,1,1.
arrangement should she use for this purpose? A
Y
B
The output of the AND gate is Y = A.B consequently the input of the OR gate are
A and A.B . Then the final Y = A + A.B
Input for AND gate Output of Input of output of

AND gate OR gate OR gate
A B Y= A.B A Y Y=A+Y
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
39. Draw the typical shape of input characteristics likely to be obtained by a 1 0 0 1 0 1
student. What do we understand by the cut off, active and saturation of the 1 1 1 1 1
Rectification — It is the process in which alternating current is converted to direct
42. Construct the truch table for the Boolean equation Y=(A+B).C and current.P-N junction Diode as Half wave rectifier
represent by logic circuit .
C
Y
B
A
As shown in the figure above the a.c input is applied across the primary of
The output of OR gate is A+B. Consequently, the inputs of AND gate are A+B &
transformer. The secondary is connected to junction diode and load resistance
C Hence the Boolean equation for the given circuit is Y=(A+B).C
(Rc) in series.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:- when positive half cycle or a.c takes place the diode is
forward biased and output is obtained across the load resistance Rc. But when it
negative half cycle diode is reverse biased and no current flows, hence there is
no output across load resistance Rc. So only half is obtained as output.
Full wave rectification:
43.Write the output wave form of the OR gate for the inputs given?
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Interval
Input A 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Input B 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
Output, 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Y=A+B
44. Is it Logic gate used to prove Commutativity and Associativity ? Draw the
truth table ?
The Commutative Property: 46.Construct AND gate using NAND GATE and give its truth table?.
a+b=b+a AND Gate using NAND GATE:-
a· b=b· a
The Associative Property:
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
a · (b · c) = (a · b) · c
45. Diode acts as rectifier Why? Differentiate between Half wave and full wave
rectification? A B Y= A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
4.Construct NOT gate using NAND gate and give its truth table.
NOT gate using NAND gate:-
Truth Table:-
A Y=A
0 1
1 0
NAND acts as NOT gate
47.. Using suitable block diagram for explain the function of feed back
amplifier.?Explain..
Transistor as an oscillator- It consists of three main parts Vf = 1/99+1 V0 =(/100) x (-10) = -0.1V
2. Feedback circuit Vi = Vs – Vf = 0.2-(-0.1)= 0.3V
3. Transistor acts as an amplifier. Vi = Vs + Vf = 0.2+(-0.1)=0.1V
Feed back circuit : It is used to give the part of the output of the transistor as an Therefore, gain
input . Av = V0 / Vi = -10/0.1 = -100
Av = V0 / Vs = -10/0.2= -50
50 . Why should we use Zener diode in the output stage of the electronic circuit?
Zener effect : The electric field in the depletion layer reach a point that it can
break the covalent bonds and generate electron–hole pairs.
If the output voltage of a DC power supply does not change with load it is called
regulated power supply Explain the working of a Zener diode as a voltage
regulator. Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
Transistor acts as an amplifier : in this circuit the NPN transistor acts as an

amplifier. It amplifies the input signal. This amplified output goes to the Rl .
48.Compliment(1’s) the following binary numbers

(a) 110010 (b) 111101 (c) 101010 (d)111111
(a) 1’s compliment=001101
(b) 1’s compliment=000010
Using basic building block construct AND,OR,NOT and give its truth table and
(c) 1’s compliment=010101
output waveform.
(d) 1’s compliment=000000
49. In the circuit, Vs=0.2V, V0 = -10 V. Find Vi & gain Av = V0 / Vi & Av ‘ = V0 / Vs ?

Sol: Vs=0.2 V, V0 = -10 V
$
<
%
51.For the given Boolean expression F = x(y+z’) and its output
Y=0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1 . Draw the logic circuit for the Boolean expression and input
/ output wave form.
Output Characteristics of PNP represent the variation of collector current 1 with

collector voltage Vce , keeping base constant current Ib.
53. The output of the transistor amplifier is 180º out of phase Why ?
CE Transistor acts as an amplifier:-
55.Identify which basic gate OR, AND and NOT is represented by the circuits in
the dotted lines boxes 1,2 and 3. Give the truth table for the entire circuit for all
possible values of A and B?
Using Kirchhoffs first law, IE = IB + IC
This voltage drop ICRL is clearly in opposition to the applied voltage Vcc.
Net collector voltage, VCE = Vcc - ICRL .. (1)
54.Draw a circuit diagram for PNP common emitter transistor characteristics.

Explain the input and output characteristics.
Common Emitter Transistor characteristics.
The dotted line box 1 represents a NOT gate. The dotted line box 2
represents an OR gate.Here we use de Morgan’s theorem. The dotted line 3
represents AND gate.
56.Two input waveforms A and B shown in figure (a) and (b) are applied to an
AND gate . Write the output
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6
interval
Input A 0 1 1 0 0 1
Input B 0 0 1 1 0 0
Output 0 0 1 0 0 0
Y = A.B
Y
waveform.
59. For a transistor working as a common base amplifier, current gain is 0.96. If
the emitter current is 7.2mA, then calculate the base current.
57. In NPN transistor circuit, the collector current is 5mA. If 95% of the electrons Here
emitted reach the collector region, what is the base current?
α = 0.96 , Ie = 7.2mA
Here
α = Ic / Ie
Ic=95% of Ie = (95 / 100 ) Ie
Ie = (100 / 95) × 5 mA = 5.26mA ∴Ic = α Ie = 6.91 mA
Ie= Ic+ Ib I b = Ie – I c
Ib = 0.25 mA Ib = 0.29 mA.
58. A circuit symbol of a logic gate and two input wave forms A and B are shown.
60. The base current of a transistor is 105 μA and collector current is 2.05 mA.
A Deterine the value of β , Ie , and α
Y A change of 27 μA in the base current produces a change of 0.65 mA in the
B collector current . Find βa.c.
A
Ib = 105 × 10-6 A Ic = 2.05 × 10-3A
β = Ic / Ib = 19.5
Also,
Ie = Ib + Ic = 2.155 × 10-3 A
B α = Ic / Ie = 0.95
7 Ib = 27μA = 27 × 10-6 A
7 7
β = Ic / Ib = 24.1
61.In a silicon transistor, a change of 7.89mA in the emitter current produces a

a) Name the logic gate change of 7.8 mA in the collector current. What change in the base current is
b) Give the output wave form necessary to produce an equivalent change in the collector current?
This is AND logic gate Output wave form Here

7Ie = 7.89 × 10 A -3
A 7Ic = 7.8 × 10 A –3
Now
α . = 7I / 7I = 0.9886
a.c c e
B We have,
β ac = αac / (1-αac) = 86.72 1.What is the highest frequency for which antennas can be made (approximately)
1012 to 1013 Hz.
Also,
β = 7I / 7I 2. What is the condition of the electrons in the transmitting antenna when maximum
7I = 7I / β
ac c b
∴
7I = (7.8 × 10 ) / (86.72) magnetic field is being transmitted?
b c ac
-3
7I = 89.94 × 10 A
b
-6
b A maximum current is flowing, so the electrons have maximum speed up and
down the antenna. The electric current produces the magnetic field.
It can be detected by an antenna similar to the transmitting antenna except that a

detector of electric current replaces the voltage source.
4. How can the magnetic field portion of an electro-magnetic wave be detected?
The magnetic wave is best detected by placing a loop of wire (with its ends hooked
to a current detector) in the path of the wave. The changing magnetic field causes a
current in the loop.
5.The small ozone layer on the top of the atmosphere is crucial for human survival.
Why?
The ozone in the atmosphere is confined to the ozone layer, some 50-80 km above
the ground. The ozone layer blocks the passage of the ultra-violet radiations; x-rays and
y-rays from the solar and other extra-terrestrial sources and effectively protects us from
the dangerous and harmful portions of solar radiations as they cause genetic damages
to living cells. Practically all radiations of wave length less than 3 x 10-7m are absorbed
by the ozone layer. This explains why ozone layer on the top of the atmosphere is
crucial for human survival.
6.How does "Green House Effect" affect the temperature of the earth's surface ?
Green house effect serves to keep the earth's surface warm at night.
7.How do we make television broadcasts for larger coverage and for long distance?
By using (i) tall antennas which is familiar landmark in many cities and (ii) using
artificial satellites —called geostationary satellites. Since television signals are of high
frequency and are not reflected by ionosphere so we use satellites to get them reflected
& transmission of TV signals can be used for larger coverage as well as for long
distance.
8. Scientists put x-ray astronomical telescope on the artificial satellite orbiting above the A tm o sp h e re a b s o rb s X -ra ys, w h ile visib le a n d ra d io w a ve s c a n p e n e tra te it.
earth's atmosphere whereas they build optical and radio-telescopes on the surface of the T h a t is w h y o p tica l a n d ra d io te le s c o p e s ca n w o rk o n e a rth 's s u rfa ce b u t X -ra y
earth. Why ? a s tro n o m ica l te le s co p e s m u s t b e u s e d o n s a te llite s o rb itin g th e e a rth .
X-rays have very high frequency and much smaller wavelength. These rays get 1 6 . If th e e a rth d id n o t h a ve a n a tm o s p h e re , w o u ld its a ve ra g e s u rfa c e te m p e ra tu re
absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. On the other hand, optical (visible) radiations and b e h ig h e r o r lo w e r th a n w h a t it is n o w ?
radio-waves can pass through the atmosphere. That is why optical and radio telescopes A n s. T h e te m p e ra tu re o f th e e a rth w o u ld b e lo w e r b e c a u s e th e g re e n h o u s e e ffe c t
can be installed on the earth's surface. o f th e a tm o s p h e re w o u ld b e a b se n t.
9. F o r a n e le ctro m a g n e tic w a ve , w rite th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n a m p litu d e o f .
e le c tric a n d m a g n e tic fie ld s in fre e sp a c e . 1 7 . W h a t is th e e q u a tio n fo r th e s p e e d o f e le c tro m a g n e tic w a ve s in fre e sp a c e ?

1
[H in ts If E o is th e a m p litu d e o f a n e le c tric fie ld a n d B o is th e a m p litu d e o f th e C=
μ 0ε 0
E0
a s s o c ia te d m a g n e tic fie ld in fre e s p a c e th e n c = w h e re c is th e s p e e d o f lig h t
B0 1 8 . T h e w a ve le n g th o f e le c tro m a g n e tic ra d ia tio n is d o u b le d . W h a t w ill h a p p e n to
in fre e s p a c e i.e . 3 x 1 0 8 m /s . th e e n e rg y o f th e p h o to n ?
10. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. What is the displacement current T h e e n e rg y w ill b e h a lve d b e ca u s e fre q u e n cy w ill b e h a lve d .
across its plates? 1 9 . N a m e th e p a rt o f e le c tro m a g n e tic s p e c tru m to w h ic h w a ve s o f w a ve le n g th (i)

Hints: Displacement current = Charging current = 0.25 A] 1 A ° a n d (ii) 1 0 -2 m b e lo n g . U s in g th e re la tio n λT = (0 .2 9 c m ) K , o b ta in th e
11. What is a ground wave? How does it differ from a sky wave? c h a ra c te ristic ke lvin te m p e ra tu re c o rre sp o n d in g to th e se tw o w a ve le n g th s.
Ans. A signal emitted by an antenna from a certain point can be received at another point of
the surface of the earth in two ways. The wave which travels directly following the surface of the (i) X -ra ys , (ii) M icro w a ve s
earth is called ground nave. The wave that can reach the same point after being reflected
0.29 cm 0.29 cm
from the ionosphere is called sky wave. A g a in , (i) T = = 29 ×10 −8 K (ii) T= = 0.29 K
1× 10 −10 cm 1 cm
12. Why short wave communication over long distances is not possible via ground waves?
2 0 . G ive a s im p le a rg u m e n t to su g g e s t th a t a n a c ce le ra te d ch a rg e m u s t e m it
|Hints: Because the wave gets attenuated.]
e le c tro m a g n e tic ra d ia tio n
1 3 . A re c o n d u ctio n a n d d isp la c e m e n t cu rre n ts th e s a m e ?
A n s. W h e n c h a rg e m o ve s w ith co n s ta n t ve lo c ity, th e m a g n e tic fie ld d o e s n o t
[H in t: N o ; th e y a re d iffe re n t b u t th e y a re e q u a l .
c h a n g e w ith tim e . S o , it ca n n o t p ro d u c e a n e le ctric fie ld . W h e n c h a rg e is
1 4 . It is n e c e s s a ry to u s e sa te llite s fo r lo n g d ista n c e T V tra n sm is s io n . W h y?
a c c e le ra te d , b o th e le c tric a n d m a g n e tic fie ld s c h a n g e w ith tim e a n d s p a ce , o n e
It is s o b e c a u se te le visio n sig n a ls a re n o t p ro p e rly re fle cte d b y th e
b e co m in g a so u rc e o f a n o th e r. T h is g ive s rise s to e le ctro m a g n e tic w a ve .
io n o sp h e re . T h e re fo re , fo r re fle c tio n o f s ig n a ls sa te llite s a re n e e d e d a s re fle c tio n is
2 1 . S h o w th a t th e a ve ra g e e n e rg y d e n sity o f th e E fie ld e q u a ls th e a ve ra g e e n e rg y
e ffe c te d b y sa te llite s .
d e n s ity o f th e B fie ld .
1 5 . O p tic a l a n d ra d io te le s co p e s a re b u ilt o n g ro u n d b u t X -ra y a stro n o m y is
1
p o ss ib le o n ly fro m sa te llite s o rb itin g th e e a rth . W h y? uE = ε 0 E 2
A n s. E n e rg y d e n s ity in E fie ld , 2
1 A n s. N o t n e ce ss a rily. A d isp la ce m e n t cu rre n t s u c h a s th a t b e tw e e n th e p la te s o f a
uB = B2
E n e rg y d e n sity in B fie ld ,-------------- 2μ 0 c a p a c ito r th a t is b e in g c h a rg e d c a n a lso p ro d u ce lo o p s o f B •
1 2 6 . A clo s e d lo o p o f B is p ro d u c e d b y a c h a n g in g e le c tric fie ld . D o e s it n e c e s sa rily

U s in g E = c B a n d c = , uE = uB.
μ 0ε 0 dE
m e a n th a t E a n d a re n o n -ze ro a t a ll p o in ts o n th e lo o p a n d in th e a re a
dt
2 2 . O n w h a t fa c to rs d o e s its ve lo c ity in va c u u m d e p e n d ?
e n clo s e d b y th e lo o p ?
A n s. E le ctro m a g n e tic w a ve s c o n sist o f sin u so id a l va ria tio n o f e le c tric a n d
A n s. N o t n e c e ss a rily. A ll th a t is n e e d e d is th a t th e to ta l e le c tric flu x th ro u g h th e
m a g n e tic fie ld ve c to rs . T h e fie ld ve c to rs vib ra te w ith th e sa m e fre q u e n cy a n d a re
a re a e n clo s e d b y th e lo o p s h o u ld va ry in tim e . T h e flu x c h a n g e m a y a ris e fro m
in th e s a m e p h a s e . T h e fie ld ve c to rs a n d th e d ire ctio n o f p ro p a g a tio n a re a ll
dE
m u tu a lly p e rp e n d ic u la r. T h e ve lo c ity o f e le c tro m a g n e tic w a ve s in va c u u m a n y p o rtio n o f th e a re a . E ls e w h e re E o r m a y b e ze ro . In p a rtic u la r, th e re n e e d
dt
d e p e n d s u p o n a b s o lu te p e rm e a b ility μo a n d a b so lu te p e rm ittivity ε0 .N o te th a t c
b e n o e le c tric fie ld a t th e p o in ts w h ich m a k e th e lo o p .
1
= 2 7 . W h y is it th a t in d u c e d e le c tric fie ld s d u e to ch a n g in g m a g n e tic flu x a re m o re
μ 0ε 0
re a d ily o b s e rva b le th a n th e in d u ce d m a g n e tic fie ld s d u e to ch a n g in g e le ctric
fie ld s?
2 3 . W h a t is th e n a m e a s s o c ia te d w ith th e fo llo w in g e q u a tio n s ?
A n s. T h e m a g n itu d e o f th e m a g n e tic fie ld d u e to d isp la ce m e n t cu rre n t is to o s m a ll
q
(i ) ∫ E. dS = ε 0
(ii )∫ B. dS = 0 to b e e a s ily o b s e rva b le . T h is e ffe c t c a n o f c o u rse b e in cre a s e d b y in c re a sin g th e
d isp la ce m e n t cu rre n t. [In a n A C c irc u it, th is c a n b e d o n e b y in c re a sin g ω.]

d d
(iii ) ∫ E. dl = − dt ∫ B. dS (ii )∫ B. dS = μ 0 ε 0 ∫ E.dS + μ 0 I
dt
O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e e ffe ct o f in d u c e d e le c tric fie ld d u e to c h a n g in g m a g n e tic
flu x c a n b e in cre a s e d sim p ly b y ta k in g m o re a n d m o re n u m b e r o f tu rn s in th e co il.
(i) G a u ss 's la w (ii) N o p a rtic u la r n a m e
T h e in d u c e d e m fs in d iffe re n t tu rn s o f th e s a m e co il a d d u p in se rie s.
(iii) F a ra d a y's la w (iv) A m p e re 's la w .
2 8 . A va ria b le -fre q u e n c y A C s o u rc e is c o n n e cte d to a c a p a c ito r. W ill th e
2 4 . E le c tro m a g n e tic w a ve s w ith w a ve le n g th d isp la ce m e n t cu rre n t in c re a se o r d e cre a s e w ith in cre a s e in fre q u e n c y?
(i) λ1 a re u se d to tre a t m u s cu la r stra in A n s. In c re a s e in fre q u e n cy c a u se s d e cre a s e in im p e d a n ce o f th e c a p a c ito r a n d
(ii) λ2 a re u se d b y a F M ra d io sta tio n fo r b ro a d ca stin g c o n s e q u e n t in cre a se in th e cu rre n t w h ic h e q u a ls d is p la c e m e n t c u rre n t b e tw e e n
(iii) λ3 a re u se d to d e te c t fra c tu re in b o n e s th e p la te s .
(iv) λ4 a re a b s o rb e d b y th e o zo n e la ye r o f th e a tm o sp h e re . 2 9 . S o m e s c ie n tists h a ve p re d ic te d th a t a g lo b a l n u c le a r w a r o n th e e a rth w o u ld
Id e n tify a n d n a m e th e p a rt o f th e e le c tro m a g n e tic sp e c tru m to w h ic h th e se b e fo llo w e d b y a s e ve re 'n u c le a r w in te r' w ith a d e va sta tin g e ffe c t o n life o n e a rth .
ra d ia tio n s b e lo n g . A rra n g e th e s e w a ve le n g th s in d e c re a sin g o rd e r o f m a g n itu d e . W h a t m ig h t b e th e b a s is o f th is p re d ictio n ?
A n s. T h e c lo u d s p ro d u c e d b y a g lo b a l n u c le a r w a r w o u ld p e rh a p s co ve r
A n s. (i) λ1 -» in fra re d (ii) λ2 -» ra d io w a ve s s u b s ta n tia l p a rts o f th e s ky p re ve n tin g so la r lig h t fro m re a c h in g m a n y p a rts o f th e
(iii) λ3 — > X -ra ys (in ) λ4 — > u ltra -vio le t ra ys λ2 > λ1 > λ4 > λ3 . g lo b e . T h is w o u ld ca u s e a 'w in te r'.
2 5 . If yo u fin d clo s e d lo o p s o f B in a re g io n in sp a c e , d o e s it n e ce ss a rily m e a n th a t
a c tu a l ch a rg e s a re flo w in g a c ro s s th e a re a b o u n d e d b y th e lo o p s?
30. What is the contribution of the Greenhouse effect towards the surface temperature of 7. Write the order of frequency range and one use of the following e. m radiations.
i)Microwaves ii) Ultra-violet rays iii) gamma rays
the earth?
Ans. The infrared radiation emitted by the earth's surface keeps the earth warm. In the a. i) Microwaves :- 109 to 1012 Hz approx used in radars/microwave ovens
ii) Ultra violet rays:-1015 to 10 18 Hz approx. sterilizing the medical instruments
absence of this effect, the surface temperature of earth would be lower.
iii) gamma rays:- 10 18 to 10 22 Hz in radio therapy ,treating cancer and tumours.
31. Why the small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival?
8. How are the following e.m radiations produced, Mention one used of them.
Ans. The small ozone layer on the top of the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiations, y- i) radio waves ii ) infra red rays iii) x rays
rays etc. from the sun. It also absorbs cosmic radiations. So, these radiations, which can
a. i) radio waves :produced by oscillating circuits having inductor and
cause genetic damage to the living cells, are prevented from reaching the earth. Thus, the capacitor. Used in radio and TV communication.
small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. ii)infra red rays: produced by all hot bodies treating muscular strains/ solar
appliances etc.,
32. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction. What can you say iii) gamma rays: produced when high energy electrons bombards metals. . to
about the directions of its electric and magnetic field vectors? If the frequency of the wave detect fracture in bones/ study crystal structure
is 30 MHz, what is the wavelength?

Ans. E and B lie in the x-y plane and are mutually perpendicular. Wavelength,
3xlO 8
λ= m =10 m
30×10 6
33. Given below are some famous numbers associated with electromagnetic radiation in
different contexts in physics. State the part of the e m spectrum to which each belongs.
(i) 21 cm (wavelength emitted by atomic hydrogen in interstellar space).
(ii) 1057 MHz [frequency of radiation arising from two close energy levels in hydrogen;
known as Lamb shift].
(Hi) 2.7 K temperature associated with the isotropic radiation filling all space-thought to be
a relic of the 'big-bang’ origin of the universe.
(iv) 5890 A - 5896 A [double lines of sodium].
(v) 14.4 keV [energy of a particular transition in 57Fe nucleus associated with a famous
high resolution spectroscopic method (Mossbauer spectroscopy).
Ans. (i) Radio (short wavelength end) (ii) Radio (short wavelength end) (Hi) Microwave (iv)
Visible (Yellow) (v) X-rays (or soft y-ray) region.
34. Electromagnetic waves in a cavity with conducting walls can exist only in certain
modes i.e., they cannot exist, for example, with any arbitrary wavelength. Suggest a
simple reason why this should be so.
Ans. The waves must satisfy a boundary condition. The electric field should be zero on the
walls of the conductor. This restricts the possible modes. [It is something like the restricted
modes of a string fixed at two ends.]
CLASS –12
PHYSICS
13.The lengths of three conducting wires are in the ratio 1:2:3. All the wires are of same
ASSIGNMENT –1 metal and their radii are equal. If we join them in parallel across a battery, what will be
the rato of currents in them ?
TOPIC- ELECTROSTATICS, CURRENT ELECTRICITY
14.A cell of emf 4V and internal resistance 0.5 ohm is connected across a load
resistance (i)7.5 ohm (ii)11.5 ohm. Calculate (i) the ratio of differences in emf of the
1..What is the angle between the directions of electric field at any (i) axial point and cell and potential drop across the load (ii)ratio of currents in two cases ?
(ii) equatorial point due to an electric dipole ?
15 .A small sphere of radius R1 and charge Q1 is enclosed by a spherical shell of
2. Name the physical qantity whose unit is(i) coulomb /volt. radius R2and charge Q2. Show that if Q1 is positive , charge will necessarily flow from
(ii) newton/coulomb the sphere to the shell when the two are connected by a wire, no matter , what the charge
(iii)joule/coulomb. Q2 on the shell is?
3.The I-V characterstics of a resistor are observed to deviate from a straight line for 16. A potentiometer wire of length 100cm has a resistance of 10 ohm. It is
higher values of current. Why? connected in series with a resistance and an accumulator of emf 2 V and negligible
resistance . A source of emf 10 mV is balanced against a length of 40 cm of
4. Name the materials used for making standard resistances. Give reasons. potentiometer wire . What is the value of external resistance?
.
5.(i)Is the electrostatic potential nessarily be zero at a point where electric field 17.A battery of emf 2 V and internal resistance 0.1 ohm is being charged by current
strength is zero?Give example to illustrate your answer. of 5 A. what is the direction of current inside the battery?. What is the potential
(ii)Does the electric potential rise or fall along the electric line of force? difference between the terminals of the battery?
6..Define dielectric constant of a medium? What is the value of dielectric constant for a 18.An electric field is uniform between two points separated by a distance of 0.12m .
metal? 2.88 x 10 –4 J of work has to be done in carrying a charge of 80/3 x 10 –9 C from one
point to another. Find the intensity of electric field ?
.7. Are the paths of electrons straight lines between successive collisions with the
positive ions of the metal in the a) absence of electric field b) presence of . 19 . Two resistances of 3 ohm and 6 ohm are connected in parallel in the right gap of
electric field? a meter bridge with a known resistance of 1.5 ohm in the left gap. Find the position of
8.Define resistivity of a conductor ? a) How does it vary with increase in temp. for a the null point when the bridge is balanced?
metallic conductor? b) What is the unit of resistivity?
20.In a potentiometer a standard cell of emf 5V and negligible resistance maintain a
9.Two wires Aand B are of the same material, have the same area of cross section and steady current through the potentiometer wire of length 5m. The two primary cell of
their lengths in the ratio 2 : 1. What will be the ratio of current flowing through them emf`s E1 and E2 are joined in series with (i) same polarity (ii) opposite polarity. The
when the same potential difference is applied across length of each of them. combination is connected through a galvanometer and jockey to the potentiometer. The
balancing length in two cases are found to be equal to 350 cm and 50cm respectively.
10. At a point due to point charge , the values of electric field intensity and potentials (i) draw the circuit diagram
are 25N/C and 10J/C respectively. Calculate a) the magnitude of charge? (ii) Find the value of the emf`s of the two cells..
b)distance of the charge from the point of observation.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11.A battery of e m f E and internal resistance r gives a current of 0.5A with an
external resistor of 12 ohm. And a current of 0.25 A with an external resistor of 25
ohm. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell and e m f of the cell?
12. Two cells of emf 1V,2V and internal resistances 2 ohm and 1 ohm respectively are
connected in (i) series (ii) parallel. What should be the external resistance in the circuit
so that the current through the resistance be the same in the two cases ?In which case
more heat is generated in the coils?
15.A conducting rod of length l, with one end pivoted , is rotated with uniform angular
speed in a vertical plane, normal to a uniform magnetic field B. Deduce an expression
ASSIGNMENT-2
for the emf induced in this rod?
TOPIC- MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT, MAGNETISM
16.. A galvanometer has a resistance 30 ohm and gives full scale deflection for a
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
current of 2 mA. How much resistance in what way must be connected to convert it into
i) an ammeter of range 0.3A
1. Which physical quantity has unit of Wb/m2 ? Is it a scalar or vector quantity ?
ii) a voltmete of range 0.2V.
.
2.Name materials, one in each case , which are suitable for (i)permanent magnet
17..A short bar magnet of magnetic moment M= 0.32 J/T is placed in a uniform
(ii)core of electric transformer. Justify your answer ?
magnetic field of 0.15T. If the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field, which
orientation correspond to (i) stable (ii) unstable equiliburium ? What is the potential
3.Draw diagrams to depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines near a bar of
energy of the magnet in each case ?
(i)copper (ii)aluminium (iii) Mercury ,cooled to very low temperatur (4.2 k).
4. .As soon as the current is switched on in a high voltage wire, the bird sitting on it
18 Where on the earth`s surface is the value of vertical component of the earth`s
flies away. Why?
magnetic field zero?
5. An ammeter and a milliammeter are converted from the same galvanometer. Out
The horizontal component of earth`s magnetic field at a given place is 0.4x10 –4
of the two , which current measuring instrument has higher resistance ?
Wb/m2 and angle of dip is 30 . calculate the value of a) vertical component b) total
intensity of magnetic field ?
6..what is the basic difference between the atoms or molecules of a diamagnetic and
paramagnetic material? Why are elements with even atomic number more likely to
19. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment of of 10 4 J/T is free to rotate in a
be diamagnetic ?
horizontal plane . A horizontal magnetic field of B= 5x10 –4 T exists in space. Calculate
7. .How does the self inductance of an air core coil change when (i)the number of
the work done to rotate the magnet by 60 from the direction of the magnetic field?
turns in the coil is increased (ii) an iron rod is introduced in the coil ?
8.. How doeds the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when (i) distance
20 . Two circular coils XandYhaving radii R and R/2 respectively are placed in a
between the coils is increased (ii) number of turns in each coil is decreased?
horizontal plane with their centers coinciding with each other . Coil X has current I
flowing through it in the clock wise direction. What must be the current in coil Y to
9.How does the a) pole strength b) magnetic moment of each part of a bar magnet
make the total magnetic field at the common center of the two coils , zero?
change if it is cut into two equal parts transverse to length ?
----------------------------------
10. An electron is moving in a circle in a auniform magnetic field. By what factor
will the radius of the path change if the velocity of electron is doubled and the
magnetic field is halved?
11. In a hydrogen atom the clectron revolves round the nucleus 6.8 x 10 15 times per
second in an orbit of radius 0.53 A .Calculate the equivalent magnetic dipole
moment
. 12. A proton and an alpha particle of the same velocity enter in turn a region of
uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular to the magnetic field . find the ratio of
the radii of the circular paths described.
Explain why the kinetic energy of the particle after emerging from the magnetic
field remains unchanged?
13. . What is the magnetic moment associated with a coil of 1 turn , area of cross
section 10 –4 m 2, carrying a current of 2A
14. Distinguish between dia, para and ferro magnetic materials on the basis of
a) behaviour in a non- uniform magnetic field
b) intensity of magnetization
c) susceptibility
d) permeability

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17. What do you understand by the term mirror isobars?

Please check that this question paper contains 12 printed pages.

55/1/1 3 [P.T.O. 55/1/1 4

55/1/1 5 [P.T.O. 55/1/1 6

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55/1/1 7 [P.T.O. 55/1/1 8

55/1/1 9 [P.T.O. 55/1/1 10

55/1/1 11 [P.T.O. 55/1/1 12

55/2/1 1 P.T.O. 55/2/1 2

Calculate the value of E.C.E. of copper in terms of the mass, m, deposited. 2

5. Suggest a possible communication channel for the transmission of a message signal

6. A spherical Gaussian surface encloses a charge of .

55/2/1 3 P.T.O. 55/2/1 4

14. Derive a mathematical expression for resistivity of a conductor in terms of number

55/2/1 5 P.T.O. 55/2/1 6

55/2/1 7 P.T.O. 55/2/1 8

55/2/1 9 P.T.O. 55/2/1 10

Q18. State Biot-Savart law. [2]

(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?

(i) Calculate capacitance of the capacitor C.

How is a zener diode fabricated so as to make it a special purpose diode? Draw I – V

Answers to 2008 CBSE Physics Paper

Code No. 55/1/2

9. A nucleus undergoes β−decay and becomes . Calculate the maximum

22.994466u - 22.989770u = 0.004696u

10. Distinguish between an intrinsic semiconductor and P−type semiconductor. Give

OR unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80 cm.

Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a long air-cored solenoid of length

21. An electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ is incident on a photosensitive surface of

the de –Broglie wavelength λ1, prove that .

25. A coil of number of turns N, area A, is rotated at a constant angular speed ω, in

(i) Maximum emf induced in the coil

(ii) Power dissipation in the coil

(i) frequency at which the power factor of the circuit is unity;

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(ii) There are 30 questions in total.

Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

4. Which part of electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar systems? 1

9. Explain the function of a repeater in a communication system. 2

Total energy of nucleus Z = 130 × 8.5 = 1105 MeV

Xl2 (100 l1 ) Xl1 (100 l2 ) Sl1 (100 l2 )

This is the expression for X in terms of S, l1 and l2.

The maximum distance up to which signals can be received, d 2RE hT

When only a cell is connected, the balance point is N1. Fa 0 I1 I

The attractive force per unit length on the loop is

The truth table of the AND gate is represented as

(b) The energy-band diagram of a conductor is represented as Solution:

The energy-band diagram of a semiconductor is represented as

The energy-band diagram of an insulator is represented as Underlying principle of an A.C. generator

On comparing the two sides, we obtain

Expression of the instantaneous value of the induced e.m.f. in a rotating loop vm qm Z im Z

Power factor = cos

(i) X -ra ys , (ii) M icro w a ve s (i) G a u ss 's la w (ii) N o p a rtic u la r n a m e

2 0 . G ive a s im p le a rg u m e n t to su g g e s t th a t a n a c ce le ra te d ch a rg e m u s t e m it (i) λ1 a re u se d to tre a t m u s cu la r stra in

e le c tro m a g n e tic ra d ia tio n (ii) λ2 a re u se d b y a F M ra d io sta tio n fo r b ro a d ca stin g

A n s. W h e n c h a rg e m o ve s w ith co n s ta n t ve lo c ity, th e m a g n e tic fie ld d o e s n o t (iii) λ3 a re u se d to d e te c t fra c tu re in b o n e s

c h a n g e w ith tim e . S o , it ca n n o t p ro d u c e a n e le ctric fie ld . W h e n c h a rg e is (iv) λ4 a re a b s o rb e d b y th e o zo n e la ye r o f th e a tm o sp h e re .

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20.A battery of internal resistance r=4 LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH QHWZRUN RI UHVLVWDQFH

21. A battery of emf 2V and internal resistance 0.1 LV EHLQJ charged by a

7 ) 5) Identify the magnetic materials from the following curves.

$OVR FRPSXWH WKH UHVXOWV ZKHQ D ELVPXWK FRUH m = -2 X 10-6)

^ D 0 i0Q1&52&RV&W E 0 nNR2 }