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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 1

CHAPTER # 12
Q#1
The potential is constant throughout a given region of space .is
the electric field is zero or non zero in this region?
Ans#1:
Electric field E and potential difference are related by equation,
E =-∆ v/∆ r
When the potential is taken as constant which means v= constant then the
potential difference becomes zero ∆ v=0 so,
E =0/r ∆ → E=0
This relation tells that electric field is zero in a region of where the
potential is constant
Q#2:
Suppose that you follow an electric field line due to a positive
point charge .do electric field and the potential increases or decreases?
Ans#2:
Relation for the electric field and and electric potential are
E= 1/4π ε0 x q/r2 and v=1/4π ε0 x q/ r
this gives for same charge

E α 1/ r2 Vα 1/ r
When we follow electric field line due to positive charge, distance from
positive charge increases which cases to decrease electric field and
potential.
Q#3:
How can you identify that which plate of a capacitor is positively
charged?
Ans#3:
When a freely suspende`d positively charged gold leaf of
electroscope is 8brought near to one of the plates of capacitor the
divergence to gold leaf shows that the plate of the capacitor is positively
charge d otherwise negatively charged..
Q#4:

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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 2

Describe the force or forces on a positive point charge when


placed between parallel plates,
(a) With similar and equal charges.
(b) With opposite and equal charges.
Ans#4:
The electric force F on a charge q due to eclectic field E is given by
F= qE
(A) When a positive point charge is placed between parallel plates with
similar and equal charges. it will experience no electric force because
electric field between the plate is zero . F=qE
F=q(0) =0 → F=0
(B) When a positive pint charge is placed between the plates of the
Scapacitor it will experience electric force , F=qE S

Due to electric field set up from positive to negative .


Q#5:
Electric lines of forces never cross each other. Why?
Ans#5:
No, two electric lines of forces never cross each other because “E”
only one direction at a given point .if two lines cross each other then there
will be more directions at a point which is impossible.
Q#6:
If appoint charge q of mass m is released in a non uniform
electric field with field lines pointing in the same direction, will it make
a rectilinear motion?
Ans#6:
Motion along a straight line is called rectilinear motion when a
charge “q” of mass “m” is released in a non uniform electric field. It will
not move in a straight line and adopts irregular path due to variable electric
field.
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 3

Q#7:
Is E necessarily zero inside a charged rubber balloon if balloon is
spherical? Assume that charge is distributed uniformly over the
surface ?
Ans#7: Yes E is necessarily zero inside a charged rubber balloon if balloon
is spherical and enclosed no charge but chage is distributed uniformly over
its surface. According to Gauss’s law.

Фe =q/ε0=0/ ε0=0 → Фe = 0 --------1


From definition, Фe = E.A--------2
Putting equation 1 in eq 2 0= E.A A # 0 so, E=0
Q#8:
Is it true that Gauss’s law states that the total number of lines of
forces crossing any closed surface in the outward direction is
proportional to the net positive charge enclosed within surface?
Ans#8:
Yes, it is true that total no of lines of forces crossing any closed
surface in outward direction proportional to the net positive charge
according with surface in the outward direction proportional to the net
positive charge enclosed with in the surface .
According to Gauss’s law,
Фe =q/ε0 = constant x q
→ Фe α q here
q = net positive charge .
Фe =no of electric lines of force
Hence no of electric lines of forces are proportional to net positive charge
Q#9:
Do electrons tend to go to region of high potential or of low
potential?
Ans#9:

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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 4

Electrons tend to go to a region of high potential because high


potential is more positive than the lower potential as the charge on electron
is negative.

CHAPTER # 13
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:-
Q#1:
A potential difference is applied across the ends of a copper wire
.what is the effect of drift velocity
(1) Increasing the potential difference.
(2) decreasing the length and the temperature of the wire.
Ans#1
The uniform velocity that the free electrons acqure opposite to the
electric field of battery is called the drift velocity.
(1) the increase of potential difference makes the electric field strong
which cases to increase the drift velocity
(2) the decrease in length an temperature of the wire which causes to to
increase the drift velocity of the free electron in the wire.
Q#2:
Do bends in wire effects it’s electrical resistance?
Ans#3
We know that R=ρ l/A with bends in a wire , its length (L) and area
of cross section (A) remains the same .hence bends in a wire do not affect
the electrical resistance (R) of the wire .
Q#4:
Why does the resistance of a conductor rise with temperature?
Ans#4
As temperature of the conductor rises the irrational amplitude of the
atoms of the conductor increases and hence the probability of collisions of
free electrons with them increases .at high temperature , the atoms offer a
bigger target-area to free electrons to collide with them and resistance of
conducer

-
-
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 5

increases.
Q5#:
What are the difficulties in testing whether the filament of
lighting bulb obeys ohm law?
Ans#5
At the beginning, when bulb is turned ON its filament is at low low
temrature and it obeys Ohm’s law. I α V
Later on when current rises to its maximum value .the maximum power
P=I2R dissipated across the filament which increases resistance but current
increases at lower rate and does not obey ohm’s law
Q#6:
Is the filament resistance lower or higher in a 500W, 220V light
bulb than in 100W, 220V bulb?
Ans#6
Resistance of 1st bulb= R1=?
Resistance of 2nd bulb =R2=?
Power of first bulb =P1=500 watts
Power of 2nd bulb=P2=100 watts
Voltage =V=220 volts
By applying the formula, P=V2/R → R=V2/P
For1stbulb = R1=V2/P1 (220)2/500 = 48400/500 = 96.8Ω
nd 2
For 2 bulb =R2=V /P2 (220)2/500 = 48400/100 = 484Ω
Q#7:
Describe a circuit which will giva a continuously varying
potential?

Ans#7
Potentiometer is an instrument which gives continuously varying
potential. Its circuit diagram is given as. When the sliding contact C is

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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 6

moved from A to B ,r

varies from O to R and potential varies from O to E the current following


through is given by ; I=E/R …………1)
The potential drops across
‘r” is given by V=Ir as I=E/R so
V=E/R xr V= r/R E ………………2)
This gives us continuously varying potential

Q#8:
Explain why the terminal potential difference of a battery
decreases when a current drawn from it is increased?
Ans#8
The terminal potential difference is given by /
Vt= E –Ir ………1)
The emf E of cell is constant .when current I through is increases ,the
product Ir increases which cases to decrease the the terminal potential
difference Vt.
Q#9:
What is the wheat stone bridge? How can it be used to determine an
unknown resistance?
Ans#9
An electrical circuit devised by Professor Charles Wheatstone used
to determine unknown resistance is called wheat stone bridge.
It consists of four resistances R1, R2, R3, and R4. Connected in the form of
mesh ABCDA . a battery of emf E is connected between points A and C
through a switch S .a sensitive galvanometer is of resistance Rg is
connected between points B and D.
Its equation is , R1/R2 = R3/R4 ……….1)
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Contact# 0344-7846394,0323-7690026
SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 7

Determination of unknown resistance:


To determine unknown resistance in the arm containing R4 (R4 =Rx
Then known value of R1, R2. And R3are so adjusted that galvanometer no
deflection .then from equation no i
R1/R2 = R3/Rx x = R2/R2 x R3

Chapter #14
Q#1
A plan conducting loop is located in a uniform magnetic field
that is directed along the x-axis .for what orientation of the loop is the
flux a maximum?. For what orientation is the flux a minimum?
Ans#1:
When plane of loop is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field the
flux will be maximum Фe = EAcos0 = EA (max)
When plane of loop is placed parallel to the magnetic field, the flux will be
minimum as, Фe = EAcos90 = 0 (min)
Q#2
A current in a conductor produces a magnetic field, which can
be calculated using Ampere’s law. Since current is defined as the rat of
flow of charges, what can you conclude about the magnetic field due to
stationary charges? What about moving charges?
Ans#2:
Magnetic field due to stationary charges is zero. Moving charges
produce magnetic field around them.
Q#3
Describe the magnetic field inside a solenoid carrying a steady
current I” if (a) the length is solenoid is doubled but the number of
turns remains the same and (b)the number of turns doubled but the
length remains same
Ans#3:.
The magnetic field due to solenoid is given by ,
B = μ0 n I As n = N /l so.B = μ0 (N/l )I
Case #1:
If the length is double and N remains the same .

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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 8

B = μ0 (N/2l )I = 1/2 μ0 (N/l )I = 1/2 B


Which means magnetic field reduce to half
Case #2:
If the number of turns (N) is double and l remains the same.
B = μ0 (2N/l )I = 2 μ0 (N/l )I = 2 B

Which means magnetic field increases to two times?

Q#4
At a given instant the proton moves in the x direction in a region
where there is magnetic field in the negative z direction. What is
direction of the magnetic force? Will the proton continue to move the
positive x direction ? Explain
Ans# 4:
If proton moves along the positive x –axis in a region of magnetic
field is along negative z –axis .the magnetic force is given by R.H. rule ,
Fb = q(v x B) , this force(Fb) is along the positive Y- axis and it will be
start to move in circular path in xy plane around z –axis and it will not
continue to move in the positive x – direction.

Q#5
Two charged particles are projected into a region where there is
a magnetic field perpendicular to their velocities. If the charges are
reflected in opposite directions, what can you say about them?
Ans#5:
Two charge particles are projected in a magnetic field perpendicular
to its their velocity and they are deflected in opposite directions. As we
know that in magnetic field particles are deflected so they are oppositely
charged .So, one particle is positively charged and other is negatively
charged.
Q#6

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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 9

Suppose that a charge q is moving in a uniform magnetic field


with a velocity v. Why is there no work done by the magnetic force that
acts on the charge q?
-Ans#6:
A charge q is moving in uniform magnetic field B, with a velocity V
in a
Circular path due to magnetic force. The angle between
magnetic force and velocity will be 900 .work done is given by ,
90o
W = F.d = Fd cos 900 =0 (as cos of 900 is zero).
So work is being done .
F

Q#7

If a charged particle moves in a straight line through some


region of space, can you say that the magnetic field in the region is
zero?
Ans#7:
No, when a particle moves in straight line in the direction of
magnetic field. B
. q o v
The force acting on charge will be zero as angle is 00 charge q and
magnetic field is parallel so,
F= qvBsin00 = qvB(0) = 0
Therefore we can not say magnetic field in this zero.
Q#8
Why does the picture on TV screen become distorted when a
magnet is brought near the screen?
Ans#:8
As the picture is formed on the TV screen due to the electrons , when
a magnetic is brought is near the TV screen ,the beam of electron is
deflected due the magnetic force which is given by, F= evBsinθ 0 .on the
each electron.
Q#9
Is it possible to orient a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
cush that the loop will tend to rotate? Explain.
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 10

Ans#9
The torque acting on a current carrying loop in the uniform magnetic
field is given by,
τ(torque )=NIABcosα ,Where α is the angle between B and plane of
loop .if α= 900 then cos of 900= 0 so torque will be zero here this shows that
if plane of loop is oreintted at 900 with B .Then loop will not tend to rotate.
Q#10
How can a current loop be used to determine the presence of a
magnetic field in a given region of space?
Ans#10:
When current carrying loop is placed in the presence of a magnetic
field with its plane makes an angle α with B .The torque acting on it will be
τ(torque )=NIBAcosα if current loop deflects , filed is present other wise
not.

Q#11
How can you use a magnetic field to separate isotopes of
chemical element?
Ans#11:
When isotopes of chemical element are projected in a magnetic field
at right angle. then magnetic force ,
Fb= evBsin90 = evB
Provide centripetal force , Fc = mv2/r
Bev = mv2/r r= mv/Be
Isotopes has same charge , but due to different masses they adopt different
paths due to which fall at different places and are separated .
Q 12:
What should be the orientation of a current carrying coil in a
magnetic field so that torque acting upon the coil (a)maximum (b)
minimum
Ans#12:
When the current carrying wire placed in the uniform magnetic
field . the torque acting on it is given by,
τ(torque )=NIBAcosα
where α is the angle between and plane of the coil
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 11

(a) when plane of the coil is oriented parallel to to B .then


α=0 and cos0 = 1 so, τ(torque )=NIBA(1) = NIAB(max) α=90
and cos 90 = 0 τ(torque )=NIBA(0) =0
at this the torque will be minimum.
Torque will be maximum
(b) when plane of coil is oriented at right angle to B then angle will be 90
so,
Q#13
A loop of wire is suspended between the poles of a magnet with
its plane parallel to the pole faces. What happens if a direct current uis
put through the coil? What happens if an alternating current is used
instead?
Ans#13:
Torque on loop wire is given by , τ(torque )=IBAcos α
When the loop of wire is suspended between the poles of a magnet with its
plan parallel to pole faces then α =90 and cos 90 = 0 then we get the
result
τ(torque )=IBAcos90 =0
if direct current or alternating current is passed through the coil .these
current have no effect on the loop

Q#14
Why the resistance of an ammeter should be very low?
Ans#14:
Ammeter is always connected in series the magnitude of current
decreases through through the circuit with the presence of ammeter .to
measure

I R
maximum current the resistance of ammeter should be very small as
compared to the resistance of circuit.
Ans#15:
Why the voltmeter should have a very high resistance?
Ans#15:
Voltmeter is always connected I in parallel with two points where
potential is to be measured. the potential across the points decreases with
presences of voltmeter because it draws some current Iv of the circuit . to
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 12

reduce the current through voltmeter ,the resistance of voltmeter should be


large as compared to the resistance of circuit .

A IR R B

CHAPTER # 15
Q#1
Does the induced emf in a circuit depend upon the resistance of the
circuit?
Does the induced emf depends upon the resistance of the circuit ?
Ans#
According to Faradays law .emf is given by
ε =-N ∆Ф/∆ t
This relation shows that emf induced in coil depend upon the rate of change
of magnetic flux and does not depends on the resistance of the coil .
While in case of ohm law induced current flowing through coil depends
upon the resistance R, of the coil
I= ε / R
Q#2
A square loop of wire is moving through a uniform magnetic field. The
normal to the loop is oriented parallel to the magnetic field. Is emf
induced in the loop ? Give a reason for your answer?

Ans#2
. B
. A v
E= VBLsinθ0
If the vector area is parallel to B . then according to faradays law the time
rate of change of flux becomes zero. ∆Ф/∆ t=0 for N=1
ε =-N ∆Ф/∆ t = -1 X 0=0
Hence there is no emf produced in a loop

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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 13

Q#3
A light metallic ring is released from above into a vertical bar magnet.
Viewed for above, does the current flow clockwise or anticlockwise in
the ring?
Ans#3
According to lens’s law the direction of induced current will oppose the
motion of ring towards the bar magnet .for this purpose, the induced current
should flow in the clock wise direction the ring.
Q#4
What is the direction of the current through resistor R in fig.? when
switch S is
(a) closed
(b) opened
Ans#4
a) As the switch is closed, according to lens’s law, the direction of
current induced in R will be in anti clockwise direction.
b) A switch S is opened according to lens’s law the direction of current
induced in R will be in the clock wise direction
Q#5
Does the induced emf always act to decrease the magnetic flux through
a circuit?
Ans#5
No, induced emf does not always act to decrease the magnetic flux through
the circuit .according to lens’s law ,when bar magnet with N pole is moved
towards a loop flux decreases and when it taken away from a loop flux
increases which case emf induced.
Q#6
When the switch in the circuit is closed a current is established in the
coil and the metal ring jumps upward (fig.) why?
Describe what would happen to the ring if the battery polarity were
reversed?
Ans#6
When switch S is closed, the changing flux of coil causes to induce current
in the metal ring which produces flux opposite to that of coil and ring is
replaced and jumps upward. Same thing will be happen if polarity of the
battery is reversed.
Q#7
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 14

The fig. shows a coil of wire in the xy plane with a magnetic field
directed along the y – axis.
Around which of the three coordinate axes the coil should be rotated in
order to generate an emf and a current in the coil?
Ans#7
The coil must be rotated about about x-axis to get change of magnetic flux
and an induced current through it.The emf induced in the coil is given by
ε =NwABsinθ0 .
only in this case emf is induced.
If the coil rotated about z-axis then no change of magnetic flux takes place .
If coil rotated through y-axis then the flux through it will be zero.b/c plane
of the coil is at all times parallel to the lines of magnetic field
Q#8
How would you position a flat loop of wire in a changing magnetic field
so that there is no emf induced in the loop?
Ans#8
Induced emf is given by ,
ε =NwABsinθ0 N=1 so,
ε =wABsinθ0
As flate loop of wire is parallel to changing magnetic field then θ=00
ε =wABsin00 = 0 this shows that nom flux change through it and hence no
emf is induced.
Q#9
In a certain region the earth’s magnetic field vertically down .when a
plane files due to north, which wingtip is positively charged?
Ans#9
The magnetic force on a moving electric charge is given by ,
F = -e (V X B).
this relation shows that F acting at right angle to v is towards north B is
vertically downward ,the electron moves towards left
N direction of F is directed towards west .

w E
S
Q#10
Show that ε and ∆Фe/∆t have same units?
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 15

Ans#10
ε = W/q as unit of work is joule and charge is coulomb so,
ε = J/C = JC-1 = volt a)
Hence the unit of Є is volt.
Unit of ∆Ф/∆ t is ---------b)
∆Ф = B∆A = NA-1m-1 m2
∆ t = sec
Then b ) becomes ,
∆Ф/∆ t = NA-1m-1 m2/s
∆Ф/∆ t = N m/A s As N m =J, A s = coulomb = C
∆Ф/∆ t = J/C = volt
Q#11
When an electric motor, such as an electrical drill, is being used, does it
also act as a generator? if so what is consequences of this?
Ans#11
When an electrical motor is running, its armature is rotating in a magnetic
field. a torque acts on the armature and at the same time magnetic flux is
changing through is changing which produced an induced emf .the induced
emf opposes the rotation of armature .this means that motor also act as
generator when it is running .when motor rotate without load it will rotate
quite easy,then large back emf is induced .but in case of when motor is over
loaded the induced back emf in the coil produces high current which cause
to burn the motor out .
Q#12
Can a D.C motor be turned into a D.C generator? What changes are
required to be done?
Ans#12
Yes,
D.C motor and D.C generator are same in construction but the difference is
that D.C is mechanically driven instrument while D.C motor is electrically
driven.
If voltage is supplied by connecting a battery to slip ring of D.C generator,
then D.C generator acts as D.C motor.
When current passes through armature of motor a torque is produced which
rotates the armature .by converting electrical energy into mechanical
energy .thus a D.C motor can be converted into D.C generator.
There are two changes occurs to convert D.C motor into D.C generator
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 16

1) The magnetic field must be applied by permanent magnet and


not by electromagnet.
2) An arrangement to rotate the coil armature should be
provided.
Q#13
Is it possible to change both area of the loop and the magnetic field
passing through the field and still not have an induced emf in the loop?
Ans#13
Yes, it it is possible in the magnetic flux takes due to the change in the area
of the loop and magnetic field, no emf will be induced in the loop.
Magnetic field is given by .
∆Ф = B . A =B∆cosθ
if the vector area ∆A is parallel to magnetic field B.
θ = 00 so,
∆Ф =B∆Acos00 cos0=1
∆Ф =B∆A
if b B and A are constant then , ∆Ф =0
Є =-N∆Ф/∆t
Є =-N X 0/ ∆t =0
Hence no induce emf in the loop will be produced
Q#14
Can an electric motor be used to driven an electric generator with the
out put from the generator being used to operate the motor?
Ans#14
No, it is impossible .if it is possible it will be self operating system without
getting energy .which is against the law of conservation of energy.
Moreover the efficiency is always less than 100℅.
Hence a combination of motor and generator can never produce more
energy out than its energy.
Q#15
A suspended magnet is oscillating freely in a horizontal plane. The
oscillations are strongly damped when a metal plate is placed under
the magnet. Explain why this occurs?
Ans#15
The oscillating magnet produces change of magnetic flux close to it. The
metal plate below it experience a the change of magnetic flux .As a result
eddy current produced inside the metal .according to lens’s law ,
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SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 17

Eddy currents oppose the cause which produces it. Therefore ,the
oscillations of magnet are strongly damped.
Q#16
Four unmarked wires emerge from a transformer. What steps would
you take to determine the turn’s ratio?
Ans#16
Four wires coming out of transformer are the ends of two coils (p&s) of
transformer .each coil has negligible resistance for D.C .the coils are
separated as primary and secondary. an alternating voltage of known value
vp to the primary coil the output voltage across the secondary coil. The turn
ratio of the coil is determined as,
Vs/Vp =Ns/Np
Q#17
a) Can a step up transformer increases the power level?
b) In a transformer, there is no transfer of charge from the primary
to secondary .How is then the power transferred?
Ans#17
a) No, a step up transformer can not increase the power level. the power
of out put is always less than input. in ideal case input is equal to the
out put.
b) Two coils of transformer are magnetically linked, the change of flux
through one coil is linked with the other coil and emf is produced.
Q#18
When the primary of a transformer is connected to a.c mains the current in
it,
a) is very small if the secondary circuit is open ,but,
b) Increases when the secondary circuit is closed .explain these
facts.
Ans#18
a) if the secondary circuit is open, then out power will be zero .because
out put power always les than input power .therefore very small
value of current is being drawn by a primary coil of transformer a.c
mains
b) When the secondary circuit is closed, the out power will be
increase .therefore the transformer will draw a large current from the
a.c mains to increase the primary power.

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Asif Rasheed BS(Hons) Physics
Contact# 0344-7846394,0323-7690026
SOLUTION OF BOOK QUESTIONS 2nd YEAR PHYSICS 18

Prepared By:
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Contact# 0344-7846394,0323-7690026

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