Sugar must be broken down to recapture

stored energy.
Glucose

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis 2 ATP

Breaking down sugar and Pyruvate

NAD+
NADH

releasing energy Fermentation

in the form of ATP

Acetyl CoA

Krebs 2 ATP
cycle
Electron
O2 transport 26 ATP
H2O chain

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cellular Respiration:
Glucose

Glycolysis 2 ATP

-- has FOUR steps: Pyruvate NAD

NADH
+

Fermentation
1) GLYCOLYSIS
Acetyl CoA

2) THE TRANSITION REACTION

Krebs 2 ATP
cycle
3) THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE Electron
O2 transport 26 ATP
H2O
(= THE KREBS CYCLE)
chain

4) THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1
 Glycolysis:
• The anaerobic breakdown of glucose

• Requires energy input in the form of ATP

• Results in 2 PYRUVATE (3-carbon)

molecules

• Also results in 2 ATP + 2NADH

• Happens in the cytoplasm

Glycolysis

Uses:
2 ATP

Yield:
2 NADH
4 ATP
2 pyruvate

2
 What is NADH?
• Electron-carrying molecule

• Carries an electron to the electron

transport chain

• NAD+ + e- + H+ Æ NADH

• Cyclic; can be used multiple times

What happens to
pyruvate?
• If O2 is available: • If O2 is not available:
– Proceeds to the – Is broken down by
mitochondrion fermentation

– Is changed by the – Becomes

transition reaction lactic acid or
ethyl alcohol
– Becomes “Acetyl CoA”

– Acetyl CoA proceeds

to the Krebs cycle

3
 MITOCHONDRIA: “The Powerhouse of the Cell”
-- DOUBLE MEMBRANE
-- mitochondria also have their own DNA

CRISTAE:
folds in the
inner
membrane

MATRIX:
Space inside
the inner
membrane

www.historyoftheuniverse.com/ mitochon.html

What happens to Acetyl CoA?

4
 What is FADH2?
• Electron-carrying molecule

• Carries an electron to the electron

transport chain

• FAD + e- + 2H+ Æ FADH2

• Cyclic; can be used multiple times

What happens to Acetyl CoA?

Yield:

Per 1 Acetyl CoA:

1 ATP
2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2

Per 1 Glucose:
2 ATP
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2

5
What happens to NADH & FADH2?

FADH2
FAD

What happens to NADH & FADH2?

Given to an electron
transport system!

This makes ATP:

3 ATP per NADH

2 ATP per FADH2

6
On the
mitochondrial
cristae, ATP are
made.