Analysis of Laterally Loaded Single Piles Using Opensees and Lpile

1
Chapter 1
ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED SINGLE PILES USING

OPENSEES AND LPILE
1.1 Introduction
In this study, the response of laterally loaded piles obtained from the software LPILE
is compared with results obtained using the finite element platform OpenSees. Detail
information on the properties of the pile and soil condition are described. Section analysis
is performed and the effect of boundary conditions at the pile tip is investigated. Finally
results obtained from OpenSees are explained. The objective of this study is to evaluate the
capability of OpenSees to reproduce the results obtained using LPILE. Details on LPILE
software and analysis were provided by the University of Texas team.
1.2 Test Models
1.2.1 PILE
In this study, three single piles with different lengths and embedded into two different soil
types (loose sand and medium sand) are considered. The pile embedment length is 12 ft
and the pile lengths above the ground surface are 0ft, 3ft, and 6ft, respectively. The applied
deflections at the top of pile heads are 4.8 inch, 5.7 inch, and 7.0 inch for the piles embedded
in loose sand and 3.6 inch, 5.2 inch, and 6.2 inch for the piles embedded in medium sand. A
pile test model and its geometry are shown in Figure 1.1. Table 1.1 and 1.2 summarize the
displacements used in this study. These values are selected to reproduce the LPILE cases.
Figure 1.2 shows a deformed pile mesh obtained from OpenSees. The pile is meshed
to have elements with 0.5 ft of length. Every pile element node below the ground surface
is connected to a p-y spring. The p-y spring nodes that are not connected to the pile are
constrained in displacement.
2
Figure 1.1: Test models (piles embedded in loose sand)
Figure 1.2: OpenSees finite element mesh (deformed)

3
Table 1.1: Applied displacements at the top of the pile in LPILE - ultimate load analysis
length of pile head 0ft head 3ft head 6ft head

loose soil 4.8 inch 5.7 inch 7.0 inch
medium soil 3.6 inch 5.2 inch 6.2 inch
Table 1.2: Applied displacements at the top of the pile in LPILE - cracking, linear, and
yielding condition (medium soil)
length of pile head 3ft head 6ft head

cracking 0.20 inch 0.2 inch
linear 0.76 inch 1.0 inch
yielding 1.50 inch 2.1 inch
A cross-section configuration of the reinforced concrete pile is illustrated in Figure 1.3.

The pile diameter is 12 inches and its area 113 in2 . The cross section moment of inertia
is 1.111 in4 . Sixteen #3 reinforced bars are used as longitudinal reinforcement and the
thickness of the concrete cover is set to 1 inch. In LPILE the concrete compressive strength
is 4 ksi and the yield stress of the steel bar is 60 ksi. The initial modulus of the steel is 29,000
ksi. In LPILE, the ultimate moment capacity and nonlinear bending stiffness is calculated
internally based on the cross-section properties. The lateral load analysis is performed using
the nonlinear flexural stiffness computed in the previous step.
In OpenSees the pile is modeled using nonlinear beam column elements with a reinforced
concrete fiber section. The section consists of three parts: a) core concrete, b) cover con-
crete, and c) reinforcing steel. The concrete and steel material properties used in OpenSees
are summarized in Table 1.3. The core and cover concrete are meshed using 12 and 4 seg-
ments in the radial direction respectively and the section is subdivided into 16 fibers in the
circumferential direction as shown in 1.3. Stress-strain curves for the concrete and steel
fibers are plotted in Figure 1.4.
4
−2
−4
−6
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
Figure 1.3: Discretized section of pile in OpenSees
1.2.2 Soil and p-y Curves
In this study, uniform loose and medium soil conditions are considered. For the loose sand,
the unit weight, γ, is 90 pcf, and the friction angle, φ, is 30o . For the medium sand, γ is 90
pcf and φ is 36o .
LPILE uses 25 pci and 90 pci for the soil subgrade reaction modulus of both loose and
medium sands and follows the extended hyperbolic criteria for the construction of the p-y
curves. The ultimate resistance (pult) for sand is obtained using Reese’s criteria.
OpenSees uses the pySimple1 material implemented by Boulanger to define the p-y
springs. It requires three material parameters: a) contributory ultimate resistance of p-y
spring (pult), b) displacement at which 50% of pult is mobilized (y50), and c) drag resistance
ratio within a gap (Cd ). The ultimate resistance (pult) for sand is obtained following
Reese’s criteria using a tcl script. The pult value requires information on friction angle,
5
5 70
60
4
50
stress (ksi)
stress (ksi)
3
40
2 30
20
1
10
0 0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
strain strain
Figure 1.4: Stress vs. strain curves of fibers in section (a) cover concrete (b) steel bar
unit weight, depth, and pile diameter and is factored by charts that have been developed
from experimental field tests. The value of y50 is assumed to vary along the length of the
pile. For clays, y50 is suggested to be equal to 2.5 × εc × diameter, based on Skempton’s
load-settlement concepts. εc represents the strain that occurs at one-half of the maximum
stress on a laboratory stress-strain curve. It can be obtained from a laboratory test or may
be assumed between 0.005 and 0.02. For sands, it is not easy to determine the appropriate
values of y50 in a consistent way. In this study, a y50 equal to 0.02 to 0.006 ft. is chosen
for loose and medium sand respectively. The value of Cd is set to 0.3 for all p-y materials.
Table 1.4 summarizes the soil parameters used to define p-y curves in LPILE and
OpenSees. Figures 1.5 and 1.6 present p-y curves as obtained from LPILE and OpenSees.
1.3 Effect of Boundary Conditions and Axial Force
1.3.1 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Moment-Curvature Curves
Moment-curvature curves generated using OpenSees are presented in Figures 1.7 - 1.9 and
are compared with those obtained using LPILE. Moment-curvature curves depend on axial
force, which in turn is related to the boundary conditions at the top and tip of the pile and
along the pile length. When the longitudinal displacement of the pile is constrained, the
peak value of the bending moment becomes greater than that obtained from an analysis
6
600
500
400
p (lb/element)
300
200
100
−100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y (in)
Figure 1.5: p-y curves obtained using LPILE and OpenSees - Loose Sand (blue line (LPILE)
is plotted at every foot depth, and red one (OpenSees) at every half foot)
600
500
400
p (lb/element)
300
200
100
−100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y (in)
Figure 1.6: p-y curves obtained using LPILE and OpenSees - Medium Sand (blue line
(LPILE) is plotted at every foot depth, and red one (OpenSees) at every half foot)
7
Table 1.3: Pile section properties used in LPILE and OpenSees
LPILE OpenSees
- core concrete
compressive strength = 4 ksi compressive strength = 6 ksi
strain at compressive strength = 0.004
crushing strength = 5.0 ksi
strain at crushing strength = 0.014
concrete
- cover concrete
compressive strength = 5 ksi
strain at compressive strength = 0.002
crushing strength = 0.0 ksi
strain at crushing strength = 0.006
steel bar yield strength = 60 ksi yield strength = 60 ksi
initial modulus = 29,000 ksi initial modulus = 29,000 ksi
hardening ratio = 0.01
that does not have the constraint. Figure 1.7 illustrates the effect of different boundary
conditions on pile response. For the case shown in Figure 1.7 the maximum resultant
axial force obtained by restricting the axial movement goes up to 225 kips. Figure 1.8
compares moment-curvature curves obtained by applying different axial forces. It is shown
that the moment-curvature curve obtained from LPILE is similar to the curve obtained
from OpenSees with no longitudinal constraint and no axial force.
Figure 1.9 illustrates moment-curvature curves obtained from an OpenSees section anal-
ysis using the same properties used in LPILE for both core and cover concrete. The figure
shows a flat residual moment after a peak value that is slightly lower than LPILE’s. Even
though the use of the same properties for core and cover concrete gives slight better results,
the properties presented in Table 1.3 are used in this study as realistic parameters for a
8
Table 1.4: The parameters to define the p-y curve in LPILE and OpenSees
soil type Loose Medium Loose Medium

(LPILE) (LPILE) (OpenSees) (OpenSees)
friction angle (degree) 30 36 30 36
unit weight 90 pcf 90 pcf 90 pcf 90 pcf
p-y parameters k = 25 pci k = 90 pci y50 = 0.02 ft y50 = 0.006 ft
Cd = 0.3 Cd = 0.3
5 5
x 10 x 10
10 10
8 8
moment (lb−in)
moment (lb−in)
6 6
4 4
2 2
OpenSees OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
0 0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
curvature (radian/inch) curvature (radian/inch)
Figure 1.7: Moment-curvature curve obtained from section analysis - (a) constrained (b)
free in longitudinal direction
reinforced concrete model.
1.3.2 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Bending Moment and Shear Force
While LPILE uses the precalculated ultimate bending moment and the variation of flexural
stiffness based on the section analysis, OpenSees uses a fiber section. Therefore, during the
analysis the moment-curvature curve can be affected by the local boundary conditions and
in turn affect the bending moments and shear forces that are developed along the pile.
In an analysis where the top and bottom of the pile are constrained vertically, the pile
section develops a large internal axial force. This force causes the peak value of the bending
9
5
x 10
6
moment (lb−in) 4
1 OpenSees (compression − 10 kip)

OpenSees (no axial force)
OpenSees (tension − 10 kip)
LPILE
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
curvature (radian/inch)
Figure 1.8: Moment-curvature curve obtained from section analysis - free in longitudinal
direction and different axial forces
5
x 10
5
4
moment (lb−in)
OpenSees
LPILE
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015
curvature (radian/inch)
Figure 1.9: Moment-curvature curve obtained from section analysis - free in longitudinal
direction and using the same concrete properties as in LPILE
10
(a) (b)
0 soil capacity − LPILE
soil capacity − OpenSees soil capacity − OpenSees
soil pressure − LPILE soil pressure − LPILE
soil pressure − OpenSees soil pressure − OpenSees
−50 −50
depth (inch)
depth (inch)
−100 −100
−150 −150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 −1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
pult and pressure (lb/in) pult and pressure (lb/in)
Figure 1.10: Soil pressure (a)pile tip free in vertical direction (b)pile tip constrained in
vertical direction (3ft pile head - medium sand)
moment, generated due to a lateral load, to be higher than that obtained from a section
analysis without any axial force, as shown Figure 1.13 (b). For the 3ft head pile embedded
in medium sand, about 150 kips of axial force is developed along the pile depth when the
pile is laterally loaded and the tip is constrained in the vertical direction. Figures 1.10
- 1.13 demonstrate the difference in pile displacement, and internal force due to different
boundary conditions.
To reproduce LPILE results, the ultimate strength of t-z spring and q-z springs (that
provide the vertical skin friction resistance and the pile tip resistance) are set to a small
value and the pile is free to move in vertical direction.
11
(a) (b)
100 OpenSees
100 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
50 50
depth (in)
depth (in)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in) disp (in)
Figure 1.11: Pile displacement (a)pile tip free in vertical direction (b)pile tip constrained
in vertical direction (3ft pile head - medium sand)
(a) Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram (b) Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram
50 OpenSees
50 OpenSees
50 50
OpenSees OpenSees
LPILE LPILE LPILE LPILE
0 0 0 0
depth (inch)
depth (inch)
depth (inch)
depth (inch)
−50 −50 −50 −50
−100 −100 −100 −100
−150 −150 −150 −150

−20 0 20 −1000 0 1000 −50 0 50 −1000 0 1000
Fx (kip) M (kip−inch) Fx (kip) M (kip−inch)
Figure 1.12: Pile force (a)pile tip free in vertical direction (b)pile tip constrained in vertical
direction (3ft pile head - medium sand)
12
5 (a) 5 (b)
x 10 x 10
9 ele61
9 ele61
ele41 ele41
ele40 ele40
8 ele39 8 ele39
ele38 ele38
secAnalysis secAnalysis
7 7
moment (lb−in)
moment (lb−in)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
curvature curvature
Figure 1.13: Moment-curvature curves (a)pile tip free in vertical direction (b)pile tip con-
strained in vertical direction (3ft pile head - medium sand)
1.4 Comparison of results from LPILE and OpenSees - Loose Sand
Plots of soil pressure, displacement, and internal force (shear force and bending moment)
in the pile as calculated by OpenSees for a loose sand condition are compared with results
obtained from LPILE. The plots are shown in Figures 1.20 - 1.16. OpenSees shows good
agreement with LPILE’s output. Envelopes of soil pressure, pile displacement, and pile
force for different pile head lengths are shown in Figures 1.23 - 1.26.
13

soil capacity − OpenSees
soil pressure − LPILE
soil pressure − OpenSees
−50
depth (inch)
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000
pult and pressure (lb/in)
Figure 1.14: Soil pressure (0ft pile head) - loose sand
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)
Figure 1.15: Pile displacement (0ft pile head) - loose sand
Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

0 OpenSees
0 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
−50 −50
depth (inch)
−100 −100
−150 −150
−50 0 50 −1000 0 1000
Fx (kip) M (kip−inch)
Figure 1.16: Pile force (0ft pile head) - loose sand

14

−50
depth (inch)
−100
−150
−500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)

50 OpenSees
50 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
0 0
depth (inch)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−20 0 20 −1000 0 1000
Fx (kip)
M (kip−inch)

15

depth (inch)
−50
−100
−150
−500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)

100 OpenSees
100 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
50 50
depth (inch)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−10 0 10 −1000 0 1000

16
12ft embedded − loose sand

50 soft soil capacity − LPILE
soft soil pressure (0ft) − LPILE
soft soil pressure (0ft) − OpenSees
soft soil pressure (3ft) − OpenSees
0 soft soil pressure (6ft) − OpenSees
depth (inch)
−50
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000
Figure 1.23: Envelopes of soil pressure for different pile head lengths - loose sand

100 soft soil (0ft) − LPILE
soft soil (3ft) − LPILE
soft soil (0ft) − OpenSees
50 soft soil (6ft) − OpenSees
depth (inch)
−50
−100
−150
−2 0 2 4 6 8
disp (in)
Figure 1.24: Envelopes of pile deflection for different pile head lengths - loose sand
17

depth (inch)
0
−50
−100
−150
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20
shear force(kip)
Figure 1.25: Envelopes of shear force for different pile head lengths - loose sand

depth (inch)
−50
−100
−150
−600 −400 −200 0 200 400 600
moment (kip−in)
Figure 1.26: Envelopes of moment of pile for different pile head lengths - loose sand
18
1.5 Comparison of results from LPILE and OpenSees - medium sand
Plots of soil pressure, displacement and internal force (shear force and bending moment) in
the pile as obtained from OpenSees for medium sand condition are compared with results
obtained from LPILE. They are shown in Figures 1.33 - 1.29. OpenSees shows good agree-
ment with LPILE’s output. Envelopes of soil pressure, pile displacement, and pile force for
different pile head lengths are shown in Figures 1.36 - 1.39.
19

−50
depth (inch)
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Figure 1.27: Soil pressure (0ft pile head) - medium sand
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)
Figure 1.28: Pile displacement (0ft pile head) - medium sand

0 OpenSees
0 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
−50 −50
depth (inch)
−100 −100
−150 −150
−50 0 50 −1000 0 1000
Figure 1.29: Pile force (0ft pile head) - medium sand

20

−50
depth (inch)
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)

50 OpenSees
50 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
0 0
depth (inch)
depth (inch)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−20 0 20 −1000 0 1000

21

depth (inch)
−50
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)

100 OpenSees
100 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
50 50
depth (inch)
depth (inch)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−20 0 20 −1000 0 1000

22
12ft embedded − medium sand

50 medium soil capacity − LPILE
medium soil pressure (0ft) − LPILE
medium soil pressure (0ft) − OpenSees
medium soil pressure (3ft) − OpenSees
0 medium soil pressure (6ft) − OpenSees
depth (inch)
−50
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Figure 1.36: Envelopes of soil pressure for different pile head lengths - medium sand

100
50
depth (inch)
−50
−100 medium soil (0ft) − LPILE

medium soil (3ft) − LPILE
medium soil (0ft) − OpenSees
−150
−2 0 2 4 6 8
disp (in)
Figure 1.37: Envelopes of pile deflection for different pile head lengths - medium sand
23

100 medium soil (0ft) − LPILE
50 medium soil (6ft) − OpenSees
depth (inch)
0
−50
−100
−150
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20
shear force(lb)
Figure 1.38: Envelopes of shear force of pile for different pile head lengths - medium sand

100 medium soil (0ft) − LPILE
50 medium soil (6ft) − OpenSees
depth (inch)
−50
−100
−150
−600 −400 −200 0 200 400 600
moment (kip−in)
Figure 1.39: Envelopes of moment of pile for different pile head lengths - medium sand
24
1.6 Comparison of results from LPILE and OpenSees - cracking, linear, yield-
ing: medium sand
For the cracking, linear, yielding cases, the displacement and internal force (shear force and
bending moment) of the pile embedded in medium sand are compared with results obtained
from LPILE. The plots are shown in Figures 1.49 - 1.48. Overall, OpenSees shows good
agreement with LPILE’s results. However, the soil pressure and internal forces evaluated
in OpenSees are, in some cases, quite different to LPILE’s. The reason for these differences
may be that at a small deformation the p-y curve stiffness in OpenSees, corresponding to
the intermediate parabolic portion of the p-y curve, does not match well to the p-y curves
obtained from LPILE. As shown in Figure 1.5 and 1.6, the soil resistance before the ultimate
resistance (about 0.1 inch to 0.4 inch of y50) from OpenSees does not match well LPILE
results.
25

−50
depth (inch)
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Figure 1.40: Soil pressure (3ft pile head) : cracking - medium sand
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)
Figure 1.41: Pile displacement (3ft pile head) : cracking - medium sand

50 OpenSees
50 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
0 0
depth (inch)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−5 0 5 −200 0 200
Figure 1.42: Pile force (3ft pile head) : cracking - medium sand
26

−50
depth (inch)
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Figure 1.43: Soil pressure (3ft pile head) : linear - medium sand
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)
Figure 1.44: Pile displacement (3ft pile head) : linear - medium sand

50 OpenSees
50 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
0 0
depth (inch)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−10 0 10 −500 0 500
Figure 1.45: Pile force (3ft pile head) : linear - medium sand
27

−50
depth (inch)
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Figure 1.46: Soil pressure (3ft pile head) : yielding - medium sand
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)
Figure 1.47: Pile displacement (3ft pile head) : yielding - medium sand

50 OpenSees
50 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
0 0
depth (inch)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−20 0 20 −1000 0 1000
Figure 1.48: Pile force (3ft pile head) : yielding - medium sand
28

depth (inch) −50
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Figure 1.49: Soil pressure (6ft pile head) : cracking - medium sand
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)
Figure 1.50: Pile displacement (6ft pile head) : cracking - medium sand

100 OpenSees
100 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
50 50
depth (inch)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−5 0 5 −200 0 200
Figure 1.51: Pile force (6ft pile head) : cracking - medium sand
29

depth (inch)
−50
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Figure 1.52: Soil pressure (6ft pile head) : linear - medium sand
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)
Figure 1.53: Pile displacement (6ft pile head) : linear - medium sand

100 OpenSees
100 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
50 50
depth (inch)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−10 0 10 −500 0 500
Figure 1.54: Pile force (6ft pile head) : linear - medium sand
30

depth (inch) −50
−100
−150
−1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Figure 1.55: Soil pressure (6ft pile head) : yielding - medium sand
100 OpenSees
LPILE
50
depth (in)
−50
−100
−150
0 2 4 6 8 10
disp (in)
Figure 1.56: Pile displacement (6ft pile head) : yielding - medium sand

100 OpenSees
100 OpenSees
LPILE LPILE
50 50
depth (inch)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
−10 0 10 −1000 0 1000
Figure 1.57: Pile force (6ft pile head) : yielding - medium sand
31
1.7 Conclusion and Remarks
Overall, the analysis of laterally loaded pile using OpenSees is in good agreement with
results obtained from LPILE. The maximum moment obtained from OpenSees is at around
5ft of depth below the surface and is a little bit larger than that obtained from LPILE. The
response obtained from OpenSees at very low displacements is different than that obtained
using LPILE. This is due to discrepancies in p-y curves between OpenSees and LPILE. A
robust way to determine y50 should be found, or the current p-y model might need some
modification so that the value of y50 can be defined in a more consistent way.
Pile boundary conditions are important as they affect the behavior of a fiber section.
When the vertical movement of the pile tip (as well as pile top) is restrained, large axial
forces are developed, even though the pile is laterally loaded. Induced axial forces change the
moment-curvature behavior of the pile cross section. This consideration can be significant
in nonlinear analysis of a laterally loaded pile whose tip is embedded in a stiff soil or rock
soil as well as in analysis where the pile is modeled with t-z and q-z springs.

Analysis of Laterally Loaded Single Piles Using Opensees and Lpile

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Analysis of Laterally Loaded Single Piles Using Opensees and Lpile

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1

ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED SINGLE PILES USING

1.2 Test Models

Figure 1.1: Test models (piles embedded in loose sand)

Figure 1.2: OpenSees finite element mesh (deformed)

length of pile head 0ft head 3ft head 6ft head

length of pile head 3ft head 6ft head

A cross-section configuration of the reinforced concrete pile is illustrated in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3: Discretized section of pile in OpenSees

1.2.2 Soil and p-y Curves

1.3 Effect of Boundary Conditions and Axial Force

1.3.1 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Moment-Curvature Curves

Table 1.3: Pile section properties used in LPILE and OpenSees

soil type Loose Medium Loose Medium

reinforced concrete model.

1.3.2 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Bending Moment and Shear Force

1 OpenSees (compression − 10 kip)

−50 −50 −50 −50

−100 −100 −100 −100

−150 −150 −150 −150

1.4 Comparison of results from LPILE and OpenSees - Loose Sand

0 soil capacity − LPILE

Figure 1.14: Soil pressure (0ft pile head) - loose sand

Figure 1.15: Pile displacement (0ft pile head) - loose sand

Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

Figure 1.16: Pile force (0ft pile head) - loose sand

0 soil capacity − LPILE

Figure 1.17: Soil pressure (3ft pile head) - loose sand

Figure 1.18: Pile displacement (3ft pile head) - loose sand

Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

Figure 1.19: Pile force (3ft pile head) - loose sand

50 soil capacity − LPILE

Figure 1.20: Soil pressure (6ft pile head) - loose sand

Figure 1.21: Pile displacement (6ft pile head) - loose sand

Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

Figure 1.22: Pile force (6ft pile head) - loose sand

12ft embedded − loose sand

12ft embedded − loose sand

12ft embedded − loose sand

12ft embedded − loose sand

1.5 Comparison of results from LPILE and OpenSees - medium sand

0 soil capacity − LPILE

Figure 1.27: Soil pressure (0ft pile head) - medium sand

Figure 1.28: Pile displacement (0ft pile head) - medium sand

Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

Figure 1.29: Pile force (0ft pile head) - medium sand

0 soil capacity − LPILE

Figure 1.30: Soil pressure (3ft pile head) - medium sand

Figure 1.31: Pile displacement (3ft pile head) - medium sand

Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

Figure 1.32: Pile force (3ft pile head) - medium sand

50 soil capacity − LPILE

Figure 1.33: Soil pressure (6ft pile head) - medium sand

Figure 1.34: Pile displacement (6ft pile head) - medium sand

Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

Figure 1.35: Pile force (6ft pile head) - medium sand

12ft embedded − medium sand

12ft embedded − medium sand

−100 medium soil (0ft) − LPILE

12ft embedded − medium sand

12ft embedded − medium sand

0 soil capacity − LPILE