Cracking 17 Cracking larger hydrocarbons 18 Alkanes and Alkenes

Boiling points increase

Liquid burn less readily
Hydrocarbons As molecules becomes bigger...
Liquid more viscous

Insoluble in water Liquid burn with smokier flame

Solubility
Soluble in organic solvents Refininig of Petroleum Petroleum Gas 1-4 Carbon Molecules Cooking

higher bp/mp Physical Properties Petrol (gasoline) fuel motor vehicles

As the number of carbon
Less volatile/flammable atoms increase.... Naptha plastics, detergents
Fractions have different
More viscous properties and uses Kerosene(paraffin) aircraft

Produces carbon dioxide and steam Complete diesel diesel engines, trains
Combustion
Carbon monoxide is produced Incomplete Alkanes CnH2n+2 lubricating oil waxes, polish
Chemical Reactions
Substitution (with halogens in bitumen paving roads
UV light)
functional group C-C
Are saturated compounds 16
Others
Each member differs by next by a -CH2
group of atoms

More reactive than Alkane due

to the presence of double
Chemical Properties bond
Complete Produces Carbon dioxide and Steam
Combustion
Incomplete Carbon monoxide is produced
Chemical Reactions Catalyst: Nickel, at 200degrees 1
Alkenes CnH2n Hydrogenation celsius Alkanes is formed
Addition Reaction Hydration 2 Alcohol
Bromination Decolourises bromine
Functional group: C=C
Others
Unsaturated compounds 3

produced by oxidation of alcohols in

Colourless
oxygen or by acidified potassium
Organic Miscible in water
dichromate(VI) Chemistry Physical Properties
Flammable
with ALCOHOLS : ESTERIFICATION 14

BpMp increases as Mr increases

PARTIAL DISSOCIATION weak acids
Properties Alcohol + Oxygen ---> Water 4
completely miscible with water Carboxylic Acids
Combustion + Carbon Dioxide
REACTIONS CnH2n+1COOH
Metal + Acid --> Hydrogen +
Alcohols CnH2n+1OH Reactions Oxidation 5 To Carboxylic Acid
Salt METALS
Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid --> 7
Acid + Carbonate --->
Esterification 6 Water + Ester
Carbon Dioxide + Salt CARBONATES
From Ethene
Acid + Base/Alkali ---> Water + Salt ALKALI AND INSOLUBLE BASES 15
By Fermentation 8
Manufacturing Ethanol
In Alcoholic Drinks
Uses of Ethanol As a Solvent 9
As A fuel 10
breaking of C=C in
smaller alkene
Ester Linkage Addition Polymerisation 12 Large molecules built up from 11 Addition coumpounds
Amide Linkage small units
Polymerisation joining small monomer molecules by
Nylon (Synthetic) Condensation polymerisation 13 elimination of small molecules like water
Examples: Condensation molecules
Terylene (Synthetic) Macromolecules
Fire hazard
May produce poisonous gases
Non-biodegradable
when burnt
Causes land pollution
Notes
1) Catalyst: Nickel, at 200degrees celsius
AKA: HARDENING.

2) Hydration
catalyst: phosphorus acid (H3PO4) 300degress Celsius  at 60 atm

3) Unsaturated compounds
Can undergo addition reactions

4) Alcohol + Oxygen ---> Water + Carbon Dioxide

highly exothermic reaction

Due to large amount of energy released, can be used as fuels

5) Oxidation
acidified K2Cr2O7

TO ACIDIFY K2Cr2O7(aq), ADD H2SO4

6) Esterification
With Carboxylic Acids

Naming ESTERS:

1st part of the name from ALCOHOL

2nd part of the name from CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

7) Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid --> Water + Ester

Esters are sweet smelling compounds that have fruity/sweet smells. Often used in artificial fruit flavourings

8) By Fermentation
requires airlock!! To prevent oxygen from entering the alcohol. Oxidation of alcohols will become carboxylic acids

9) As a Solvent
Nail polish!

10) As A fuel
In Brazil, Ethanol is mixed with petrol and used as a fuel to run motor vehicles.

11) Large molecules built up from small units

Amide and ester linkages

12) Addition Polymerisation

Monomer units join together without losing any molecules

13) Condensation polymerisation

Occurs when monomer units join together with the elimination of simple molecules. (eg. Water)

14) with ALCOHOLS : ESTERIFICATION

ESTERIFICATION:

catalyst: Concentrated H2SO4

Requires HEATING

CONDENSATION REACTION

CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) CH3COOC2H5(s) + H2O(l)

15) ALKALI AND INSOLUBLE BASES

Neutralization Reaction

16) Are saturated compounds

Cannot undergo further addition reactions. (Only substitution reaction.)

17) Cracking
hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into short ones

18) Cracking larger hydrocarbons

 

Cracking is essential to meet demands for smaller hydrocarbons

SUCH AS:

PETROL: MEET DEMAND FOR PETROL. CRACK DIESEL and LUBRICATING OILS

ALKENES: ALKANES UNREACTIVE. ALKENES USED TO MAKEETHANOL and PLASTICS

HYDROGEN: FOR MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA (HABER PROCESS)