CARDIOACTIVE GLYCOSIDES

Foxglove
Part used: dried leaf
Scientific name: Digitalis purpurea
Uses: increase contractility, improves tone of cardiac muscles, stimulates vagus center.
Constituents: purpurea glycosides A & B, gitalon, digitoxin, hydrolytic enzymes and oxidase.

Night blooming cereus (Cactus grandiflorus)

Part used: stem
Scientific name: Selenicereus grandiflorus
Uses: substitute for digitalis
Constituents: resinous substances, alkaloid

Strophanthus
Parts used: dried, ripe seed
Scientific name: Strophanthus kombe
Uses: heart tonic and diuretic
Constituents: fixed oil, kombic acid, choline, natural and insoluble ash, trigonelline

Lily of the valley root

Parts used: rhizome, roots
Scientific name: Convallaria majalis
Uses: cardiac tonic and diuretic
Constituent: convallarian

Black Hellebore
Parts used: rhizome and roots
Scientific name: Helleborus niger
Use: in veterinary practice
Constituents: helleborin, volatile oils, two acrid resins

Black Indian hemp

Parts used: rhizome and roots
Scientific name: Apocynum cannabin
Uses: expectorant, diuretic, emetic, diaphoretic and cardiac stimulant
Constituents: cymarin, isomeride, chloroform, acetone, Kilani’s oxydigitogenic acid

Squill
Part used: dried fleshy inner scales bulb (white variety)
Scientific name: Adonis vermalis
Uses: expectorant, emetic, cardio tonic, diuretic
Constituents: scillaren A & B

Red squill
Part used: dried fleshy inner scales bulb (red variety)
Scientific name: Urginea maritime
Uses: rat poison
Constituents: scillaren A & B

Lanatoside C
Part used: leaves
Scientific name: Digitalis lanata
 Uses: cardiotonic and extremely poisonous
Constituents: lanatosides A, B, & C

Digitoxin
Part used: dried leaf
Scientific name: Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea
Uses: cardiotonic
Constituents: glycosides A & B

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
Cascara sagrada
Part used: dried bark
Scientific name: Rhamnus purshiana
Uses: cathartic, laxative
Constituents: emodin, isoemodin, frangula-emodin, chrysophanic acid

Buckthorn berries
Part used: dried, ripe fruit
Scientific name: Rhamnus cathartica
Use: purgative
Constituents: rhamno-emodin, b-rhamnocitrin

Aloe
Part used: dried juice of leaves
Scientific name: Aloe perryi
Uses: in veterinary practice
Constituents: socaloin, barbaloin, capaloin, yellow volatile oils, ash

Rhubarb
Parts used: dried rhizome and root
Scientific name: Rheum officinale
Uses: cathartic, astringent, tonic
Constituents: glucogallin, tetarin, gallic acid

Senna
Part used: dried leaflet
Scientific name: Cassia acutifolia
Use: cathartic
Constituents: sennosides A & B

Rumex / yellow and curled dock

Part used: root
Scientific name: Rumex crispus
Uses: laxative and tonic
Constituents: rumicin, nepodin, lapodin

Indian rhubarb
Parts used: dried rhizome and root
Scientific name: Rheum emodi
Use: cathartic
Constituents: emodin, chrysophanic acid and tannins

Chrysarobin
Part used: wood
 Scientific name: Andira araroba
Uses: local irritant and an antiparasiticide
Constituents: chrysaphanolanthrone, emodinanthrone-monoethyl ether

Frangula (Buckthorn bark)

Part used: dried bark
Scientific name: Rhamnus frangula
Uses: mild laxative and cathartic
Constituents: frangulin, gluco-frangulin

Aloin
Part used: dried juice of leaves
Scientific name: Aloe vera
Use: cathartic
Constituents: barbaloin, socaloin, capaloin, yellow volatile oils, ash

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
Sarsaparilla
Part used: dried root
Scientific name: Smilax aristolcochiafolea
Uses: tonic, flavoring agent
Constituents: sitoaterol, sarsaponin, crystalline sarsapic acid and glycoside

Senega / Seneca snakeroot

Part used: dried root
Scientific name: Polygala Seneca
Uses: expectorant, stimulant, irritant
Constituents: senegin, polygalic acid, volatile oil, ash

Wild yam root / Dioscorea

Part used: dried rhizome
Scientific name: Dioscorea villosa
Uses: diaphoretic, expectorant
Constituents: acrid, saponin

Quillaja
Part used: dried inner bark
Scientific name: Quillaja saponaria
Uses: emulsifying agent, irritant, expectorant
Constituents: two amorphous glycosides ( quillajic and quillajasapotoxin)

Fringe tree bark

Parts used: dried bark and root
Scientific name: Chionanthus virginicus
Use: tonic
Constituents: anhydrous extractive soluble

Poke root
Part used: dried root
Scientific name: Phytolacca Americana
 Uses: emetic
Constituents: formic acid, phytolaccic acid, phytolaccine, saponin like glycoside

Blazing star / false unicorn / helonias

Parts used: dried rhizome and roots
Scientific name: Chamalirium luteum
Uses: diuretic, uterine tonic
Constituents: chamaelirin, amorphous, chamaeliretin

Bethroot / Trilium
Parts used: dried rhizome and roots
Scientific name: Trillium erectum
Use: uterine stimulant
Constituents: saponin (trillin), starch, volatile oils

Condurango
Part used: dried bark
Scientific name: Marsdenia cundurango
Uses: astringent, for gastric mucosa
Constituents: condurangin, amorphous

Ginseng
Part used: root
Scientific name: Panax quinquefelium
Uses: stimulant, stomachic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, anti aging, anti cancer
Constituents: saponin, panaxosides, ginsenosides steroidal saponin

CYANOPHORE GLYCOSIDES
Wild cherry / wild black cherry tree
Part used: dried stem bark
Scientific name: Prunus serotina
Uses: sedative, expectoral, tonic, astringent, flavored vehicle
Constituents: amygdalin, prunasin, coumaric acid

Bitter almond
Part used: seeds
Scientific name: Prunus amygdalus
Uses: sedative, flavoring agent and demulcent
Constituents: amygdalin, emulsion, benzaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid and glucose

Linseed
Part used: dried fully ripe seed
Scientific name: Linum usitatissimum
Uses: For external use, treatment of scabies, anti inflammatory, demulcent
Constituents: linamarin (phaseolunatin), linase, mucilage

THIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES

Black mustard
 Part used: seeds
Scientific name: Brassica nigra
Uses: rubeficient, counterirritant, emetic and condiment
Constituents: sinigrin, myrosin, allyl isothiocyanate, volatile oil, mustard

White mustard
Part used: seeds
Scientific name: Brassia alba
Uses: rubeficient and counterirritant
Constituents: sinalbin, myrosin, acrinyl isothiocyanate, sinapine acid sulfate

PHENOLIC GLYCOSIDES

ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES
Vanilla
Part used: full grown unripe fruit
Scientific name: Vanilla planifolia
Use: flavoring agent
Constituents: glucovanillin, glucovanillic alcohol, vanillic alcohol, vanillin