Minhas Lindas Figuras em LaTeX

minhas lindas figuras
“M inha linda figura” era o título padrão que costumava usar para as figuras antes que esti-
vessem terminadas. Na época meu principal problema era a construção de diagramas de
circuitos eletrônicos e, como solução, encontrei o conjunto de macros circuit_macros escritos em lingua-
gem m4 por J. D. Aplevich (ece.uwaterloo.ca/~aplevich/Circuit_macros/). Reuni aqui a maior
parte das figuras que fiz nos últimos 10 anos. Uma parte delas foi feita com estas macros.
A maioria das figuras, no entanto, foi escrita em PStricks (http://www.tug.org/PSTricks/). Aviso
aos navegantes que nenhum dos códigos foi revisado ou escrito para ser didático. Alguns códigos eram
muito longos e resolvi colocar apenas a figura, caso se interessem por umas destas figuras cujo código
não está disponível, enviarei por email (leite.andre@gmail.com).
A numeração de uma figura e de seu código é a mesma, embora o código as vezes apareça uma ou
duas páginas depois. No total são 125 figuras, dais quais 79 foram escritas em PSTricks.
Recife, 02 de fevereiro de 2011

André Leite
1
2
n Σ
1 1 1
2 2 1 2
3 3 2 2 2 1 5
4 4 3 3 3 15
Figura 1: Tree structure.
Código da Figura .1 Código em PStricks.

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\psline(-2,2)(-1,1)\psline(-2,2)(-2,1)\psline(-4,1)(-3,0)\psline(-4,1)(-4,0)%
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\estado{-1}{1}{2}%
25 \estado{-2}{1}{2}%
\estado{-4}{1}{3}%
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\estado{-4}{0}{3}%
\estado{-5}{0}{3}%
30 \estado{-6}{0}{4}%
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3
n+1 n n
1 n
Figura 2: A closer view.

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8 6 9
2 3
24
12
1 3
1
A = 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9
A= 1, 3, 6, 12, 24
x•y ⇔ x|y x•y ⇔ x|y
Figura 3: Diagrama de Hasse. Figura 4: Diagrama de Hasse.

4

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5
{a, b, c}
{a, b} {b, c}
{a, c}
{a, b}
{a} {b} {c}
{a} {b}
∅
∅

A = a, b, c
A = a, b
X, Y ⊂ P(A) X, Y ⊂ P(A)
X◦Y⇔X⊂Y X◦Y⇔X⊂Y
Figura 5: Diagrama de Hasse. Figura 6: Diagrama de Hasse.

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6

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40 $\mathcal{X},\mathcal{Y}\subset\mathscr{P}(\mathcal{A})$}%
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7
L(θ)
Distribuição para θ1
Distribuição para θ2
θ IE(θ̂) max{x1 , . . . , xn } θ
Figura 7: Um estimador viesado θ1 que possui uma Figura 8: Função de verosimilhança.

variância menor que um estimador não viesado θ2 .

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8
R(d; θ2 )
L(θ)
1,00 b t
0,75 b
0,50
b
0,25
b
0
θ R(d; θ1 )
0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
Figura 9: Teste não aleatorizados e testes aleatori- Figura 10: Fronteira.

zados.

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9
θ̂ θ̂
u2 (θ)
h2 (θ)
u1 (θ) h1 (θ)
θ̂ 5,26
θ θ
θ̂2 θ̂1 5,26 13,48
Figura 11: Método para obter intervalos de confi- Figura 12: Intervalo de confiança.
ança.
x y
Figura 13: Plot

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11
O M1 x
b
y
b
M(x, y)
B l
b
M2
y x
O x1 x2
Figura 14: Figura 15:
O a α c β b
Figura 16:

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12

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y y
y = f (u)
F (x)
F (x) f (x) m M
O a x u O a x x1 u
Figura 17: Figura 18:

13

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14
x3
 
0

1
 0
b = −2  7
7
 
0
−2 
0
x2
 
x1 1
0
0
Figura 19: Um vetor em um espaço tridimensional.
2b
x3
 
1

1
 b + c = 2 
b = −2  8
7
 
0
c = 4 
1
x2
x1
−b
−2b
Figura 20: Adição de vetores e multiplicação por um escalar.

15

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17
matriz 3 por 4 matriz 4 por 2 matriz 3 por 2
b11 b12
 
a11 a12 a13 a14 ⋆ ⋆
   
 
 
  b21 b22   
    
a21 a22 a23 a24   =⋆ ⋆ 
    
  b31 b32   
 
a31 a32 a33 a34   ⋆ (AB)32
b41 b42
Figura 21: Uma ilustração de multiplicação de matrizes.

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\begin{bmatrix}
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a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24}\\[10pt]
a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34}
25 \end{bmatrix}
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b_{11} & b_{12}\\[10pt]
b_{21} & b_{22}\\[10pt]
b_{31} & b_{32}\\[10pt]
30 b_{41} & b_{42}
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35 \ \star &(AB)_{32}
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40 \end{pspicture}
18
ci
α
evento prob. result.
ganha ganha
A α ci α 1−α
ci cj
não A 1−α cj
1−α cj
Figura 22: Maneiras de apresentar uma loteria [ci , α, cj ] para o decisor.

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19
C2
c2k cjk
c1j C1
Figura 23: Exemplo de partição do plano de dois atributos C1 e C2 .

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20
C2
não relacionado
com c34
c25 b b b b b
crs cij ≡ cij 4 crs
c24 b b b b b b
c23 b b b b b b
c22 b b b b b b
c21 b b b b b b
c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 C1

Figura 24: Exemplo de partição do plano de dois atributos e relações entre c34 e demais consequências.

Too big. Ask me.
c65
c55 c64
c45 c54 c63
c35 c44 c53 c62
c25 c34 c43 c52 c61
c15 c24 c33 c42 c51
c14 c23 c32 c41
c13 c22 c31
c12 c21
c11
Figura 25: Diagrama de Hasse de C = (C, 4) quando n = 2, n1 = 6 e n2 = 5.

Too big. Ask me.
21
C2
c22 c22
c22
c22 b b
c12 c21
c12 c21 c21 c12

c21 b b
c11 c11
c11 c12 C1 c11
(a) (b) (c)

Figura 26: Exemplo de partição de um espaço de consequência com dois atributos. (a) Plano representando
as consequências. (b) Diagrama de Hasse da ordem parcial induzida. (c) Extensões lineares da ordem parcial
induzida.
C2
c23
c23 b b
c13 c22
c22 b b
c12 c21
c21 b b
c11 c12 C1 c11
(a) (b)
Figura 27: Exemplo de partição de um espaço de consequências com dois atributos. (a) Plano representando as
consequências. (b) Diagrama de Hasse da ordem parcial induzida.
22

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23

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24
{c11 , c12 , c22 , c13 , c23 }
{c11 , c12 , c22 , c13 } {c11 , c12 , c21 , c22 }
{c11 , c12 , c13 } {c11 , c12 , c21 }
{c11 , c12 } {c11 , c21 }
{c11 }
Figura 28: Diagrama de Hasse do conjunto parcialmente ordenado J(C).

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25
Figura 29: Cadeias maximais de J(C) ou extensões lineares de C .

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26
c33
C2
c23 c32
c23 b b b
c13 c22 c31

c22 b b b
c12 c21
c21 b b b
c11 c12 c13 C1 c11
(a) (b)
Figura 30: Exemplo de partição do plano de dois atributos mais simples possível. (a) Plano representando as
consequências. (b) Diagrama de Hasse da ordem parcial induzida.
Figura 31: Exemplo de partição do plano de dois atributos mais simples possível.
27

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28

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40 \end{pspicture}
29
c33
C2
c23 c32
c23 b b b
c13 c22 c31

c22 b b b
c12 c21
c21 b b b
c11 c12 c13 C1 c11

Figura 32: Ordem induzida para n = 2, n1 = 3 e n2 = 3.
Etapa 1 Etapa 2 Etapa 3
c23 c23 c23
c13 c22 c13 c22 c13 c22
c12 c21 c12 c21 c21
c11
Etapa 4 Etapa 5 Etapa 6
c23 c23 c23
c22 c22
c21
Figura 33: Aplicação do algoritmo de ordenação topológica de C com n = 2, n1 = 2 e n2 = 3. Visualização a

partir do diagrama de Hasse. Os vértices em destaque são elementos minimais.
30

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31

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\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](2,1)(1,2)\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](0,1)(1,2)%
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\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4)
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\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](2,1)(1,2)\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](-1,2)(0,3)(1,2)%
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\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 3}\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4.5)
40 \psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](2,1)(1,2)\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](0,3)(1,2)%
45 \uput{7.5pt}[270](0,3){\small $\mbf{c}_{23}$}\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 4}
\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4.5)
\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 5}\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4.5)
55 \uput{7.5pt}[270](0,3){\small $\mbf{c}_{23}$}\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 6}
\end{pspicture}
32
ℓ 1
α 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 2 2
c33
c32 c33
c31
c23 c23 c32
c22
c21 c13 c22 c31
c13
c12 c12 c21
c11
c11 c12 c13 c21 c22 c23 c31 c32 c33
Figura 34: Matriz de incidência e diagrama de Hasse para etapa 2 do processo de edução da ordem. Note-se que o
decisor precisa escolher entre dois elementos minimais.

Too big. Ask me.
x2
24h x2
24h
16h
1h 8h
1h 24h x1 x1
Figura 35: Lista de Micro I. Figura 36: Lista de Micro I.

y
4
(x, y) % a
2 b
1 2 4 x
Figura 37: Lista de Micro I.

33

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34

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20 {4 x 2 mul sub}%
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y
4
2 b
a ≻ (x, y)
1 2 4 x
35

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y y
Plano 1 Plano 2
R$ 60,00
R$ 20,00
300 340 x 160 260 x

36

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y
R$ 85,00 Plano 3
x2
30
80 186, 25 x 15 60 x1
37

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38
x2
30
15 30 x1

\scriptsize%
{1.5 1 x mul sub }%
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10 {0}%
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39
aorta
a. pulmonar
v. cava superior vv. pulmonares
átrio esquerdo
átrio direito
ventrículo direito ventrículo esquerdo
v. cava inferior
Figura 44: Esquema anatômico do coração.

Too big. Ask me.
nódulo sinusal
nódulo AV
átrio direito
feixe de His
fibras de Purkinje
Figura 45: Sistema de condução de estímulos do coração.

Too big.
40
200 fluxo direto regurgitação

(sístole) (diástole)
160
pressão [mmHg] VE
120 Aorta
80
40
t0
0 b t [s]
0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
400
300
Fluxo [ml/s]
200
100
0 t [s]
0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
−100
Figura 46: Os eventos do ciclo cardíaco. Baseada em uma figura que não me lembro mais a fonte, acredito que
seja de Herbet Voß.
120
Ps
Pressão Arterial (mm Hg)
100
Pp
80
60
Pd
40
t (seg.)
0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25
Figura 47: Contorno da curva de pressão arterial.

41

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42
2,5
Fluxo Sanguíneo (× normal) 2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Figura 48: Fluxo sanguíneo como uma função da pressão arterial.

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43
(a) (b)
3,0
Fluxo Sanguíneo (× normal)
Fluxo Sanguíneo (× normal)

4
2,5
2,0 3
1,5
2
1,0
1
0,5
0 0
0 20 40 60 0 2 4 6 8
% • deficiente Metabolismo (× normal)

Figura 49: (a) Fluxo sanguíneo em função da deficiência de • no sangue, mantendo pressão arterial e metabolismo
constante. (b) Fluxo sanguíneo em função do metabolismo, mantendo pressão arterial e • fixos e com valores
normais.

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44
SNA
vias eferentes
Efeito Cronotrópico
Simpático
regulação da freqüência cardíaca
Efeito Cronotrópico
Parasimpático
Efeito Inotrópico regulação da contratilidade do miocárdio

Simpático
SCV
Efeito Dromotrópico
Simpático
regulação do atraso de condução
Efeito Dromotrópico
Parasimpático
Efeito Periférico regulação da resistência periférica

Simpático
vias aferentes pressão

Baroreceptores
arterial
Figura 50: Arco barorreflexo, esquema da regulação da pressão arterial (cf. seção ??).
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
t (seg.)
0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25

45

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{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Cronotrópico\\ Parasimpático}}}%
30 \rput[r]{0}(2,5){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%
{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Inotrópico\\ Simpático}}}%
\rput[r]{0}(2,3.5){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%
{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Dromotrópico\\ Simpático}}}%
\rput[r]{0}(2,2){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%
35 {\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Dromotrópico\\ Parasimpático}}}%
\rput[r]{0}(2,.5){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%
{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Periférico\\ Simpático}}}%
\psframe[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](8,0)(10,7.75)
\rput[c]{90}(!9 0 7.5 add 2 div){\large\bfseries\sffamily SCV}%
40 \rput[r]{0}(6.5,-1){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white%
]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%
{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Baroreceptores}}}%
\rput[c]{0}(7.75,-1){{\parbox[c]{3cm}%
{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize pressão\\ arterial}}}%
45 \rput[b]{0}(0.5,-.9){\bfseries\sffamily\scriptsize vias aferentes}%
\end{pspicture}%
46

\scriptsize
\psset{xunit=3.5cm,yunit=.06cm}%
5 \begin{pspicture}(-.5,40)(3,140)
\psaxes[Oy=50,Dx=.25,Dy=10,comma,ticks=all,%
tickstyle=bottom,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,50)(2.52,130)%
\rput[b]{90}(-.3,80){\small\sffamily Pressão Arterial (mm Hg)}%
10 \listplot[linewidth=.5pt,linecolor=gray1]{\DataABP}
\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{0}{.75}%
{ 105 .70 x mul neg EXP mul}%
\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{.75}{1.48}%
{ 104 .69 x .75 sub mul neg EXP mul}%
15 \psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{1.48}{2.25}%
{ 107 .70 x 1.48 sub mul neg EXP mul}%
\end{pspicture}%
120
b
b
P̄τ = 4,16 + 1,01 · P̄
115 b
b b
110 b
105 bb
b
P̄τ (mm Hg)
b b
b
b
b b
b
b b b b b b
b b
b b
b b b b b
100 b
b
bb
b
bb
b b
bb
b
b
b
b b b b bb b
b b b
b b
b b b b bb
b
b bb b b b
b bb b bbb b
95 b
bb b
b bb bb b bb b b
b b b b b b b b bb
bb b b
bb b
b b b b b
b b
bb
b b b
b b b b bb b b
bb b b b b
b bb b
b b b bb b b b b b
b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b b
bb b b
bb b b b bb b
90 b b
b b b b bb b
b
bb
b
b bb b b b
b bb b b
b b b bb b b
b
b
bb bb bb b b
b b b b b bb b
b b b
b b b b
b b b
b b b
85 b
b b
bb
b
b
bb
b b
80
75
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
P̄ (mm Hg)
Figura 52: Relação entre a média calculada e a média estimada no modelo de Windkessel.
47

\scriptsize
\readdata[nStep=5]{\DataABP}{Dados/pampamrcADE.txt}%
\psset{xunit=.12cm,yunit=.12cm}%
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tickstyle=bottom,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(75,75)(125,125)%
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10 \listplot[showpoints=true,linestyle=none,dotstyle=*,linecolor=blue,dotsize=2pt]{\DataABP}
\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red]{75}{112}%
{4.1621 1.015 x mul add}
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\end{pspicture}%
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
t (seg.)
0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25

\scriptsize
5 \begin{pspicture}(-.5,40)(3,140)
\psaxes[Oy=50,Dx=.25,Dy=10,comma,ticks=all,%
tickstyle=bottom,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,50)(2.52,130)%
10 \listplot[linewidth=.5pt,linecolor=gray1]{\DataABP}
\psline[linestyle=solid,linewidth=.5pt]{|<->|}(.75,62)(.86,62)%
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\psline[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid](0,60)%
(.13,104)(.75,62)(.86,103)(1.48,63)(1.59,106)(2.25,62)
15 \end{pspicture}%
b
48
b
120 b
b
b
P̄△ = 1,87 + 1,08 · P̄
115 b
b
110 b b
bb
b
b
b b
b
b b
b b b b b b
b bb
105 b b
b b
b
P̄△ (mm Hg)

b b
b b b b bb
b b b b b b
b
b b b b b
b bb
b b b b
b b b b
b
100 b b
bb
b
b
b b bb b b b
b
b b b b bb b b b
b bb
bb
b
b b bb
b
b bb b b b
b b
bb b b b b b b b bb
b bb b b b
bb b b b b b b b
b b b
b b b bb b
b
b b b bb b b b b b
95 bb
b
b b b b b b bb b b b bb b
bb b bb b
b b
b b bb b b b b b
b
b
b b b bb b
b b b b b bb b b
b b bb b b b
b b bb b b b b b b
b b b b
b
b bb b bb
b b b b b
90 b
b
b b
b
b bb
b
b
bb
b
b b
b
85 b
80
75
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
P̄ (mm Hg)
Figura 54: Relação entre a média calculada e a média estimada no ajuste triangular.
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
t (seg.)
0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25
Figura 55: Contorno da curva de pressão arterial e ajuste polinomial.

\scriptsize\readdata[nStep=5]{\DataABP}{Dados/pampamtriangloADE.txt}%
\psaxes[Ox=75,Oy=75,Dx=5,Dy=5,comma,ticks=all,%
5 tickstyle=bottom, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(75,75)(125,125)%
\rput[b]{90}(67,97.5){\small\sffamily $\bar{P}_\triangle$ (mm Hg)}%
\listplot[showpoints=true,linestyle=none,dotstyle=*,linecolor=blue,dotsize=2pt]{\DataABP}
\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red]{75}{112}{1.8733 1.0869 x mul add}
10 \rput[l]{0}(113,118){\small $\bar{P}_\triangle=1,\! 87 + 1,\! 08 \cdot \bar{P}$}%
\end{pspicture}%
49

\scriptsize
\begin{pspicture}(-.5,40)(3,140)
5 \psaxes[Oy=50,Dx=.25,Dy=10,comma,ticks=all,%
tickstyle=bottom, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,50)(2.52,130)%
\listplot[linewidth=.5pt,linecolor=gray1]{\DataABP}
10 \psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{0}{.75}%
{x .75 x sub 4 exp mul 5 .75 div 5 exp 4 -4 exp mul 43 mul mul 62 add}%
\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{.75}{1.48}%
{x .75 sub 1.48 x sub 4 exp mul 5 .73 div 5 exp 4 -4 exp mul 41 mul mul 63 add}%
\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{1.48}{2.25}%
15 {x 1.48 sub 2.25 x sub 4 exp mul 5 .78 div 5 exp 4 -4 exp mul 46 mul mul 63 add}%
\end{pspicture}%
120
P̄n = 4,29 + 0,95 · P̄
115
110 b b
105 b b
P̄△ (mm Hg)
100 bb
b
b
b
b b
b
b b
b
b b b b b b
95 b
b
b
b
bb
b
b b
b bb
bb
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b b b bb
b b b b b
b b
b b b b b b
90 b
b b bb
bb b b b b b b
b bb b
b b b b b bb b b b b
bb
bb
b b bb
b
bb b
b
b bb
b
b
b
b b b b bbb b b
bb bb b b b b
b b b bb b
b b b bb b bb
b b b bb b b b
b b b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b b
85 bb
b b
b
bb
b b bb b
bb bb b b b
b b
b
b
b b bb
b bb b b b
b bb b
b bb b b
b b b bb b b
b
b
b
bb bb b
b b b bb
b b b b b
b b
b b b
80 b b
b
b b
bb b
b
bb
75
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
P̄ (mm Hg)
Figura 56: Relação entre a média calculada e a média estimada no ajuste polinomial.

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\psaxes[Ox=75,Oy=75,Dx=5,Dy=5,comma,ticks=all,%
5 tickstyle=bottom,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(75,75)(125,125)%
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\listplot[showpoints=true,linestyle=none,dotstyle=*,linecolor=blue,dotsize=2pt]{\DataABP}
\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red]{75}{112}{4.2945 0.9511 x mul add}
10 \rput[l]{0}(113,118){\small $\bar{P}_n=4,\! 29 + 0,\! 95 \cdot \bar{P}$}%
\end{pspicture}%
50
xa
diástole b
sístole
bd bs
b b
b
Figura 57: Esboço da variedade M .

51

\begin{pspicture}(0,-3)(12,11)
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5 \psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(0,6.8)(1.5,8)(2.5,9)(2.8,10.81)%
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\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(2.5,4.65)(3.54,5.15)(3.9,5.2)(4.5,6.2)%
\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(5.13,5.8)(4.9,7)(5.2,8.7)(5.4,8.5)%
\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(5.4,8.5)(5.45,8.45)(5.4,8.4)(5.2,8.1)
10 \rput[c]{0}(3.1,10.4){\small\sffamily $M$}%
\rput[c]{0}(7,3.8){\small\sffamily sístole}%
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\psline[linewidth=.8pt,arrowscale=1.4]{->}(1.85,4.5)(1.85,6.3)
\psline[linewidth=.8pt,arrowscale=1.4]{->}(5.15,5.5)(5.15,3.6)
15 \psline[linewidth=1pt,linestyle=dotted](2.8,2)(12,2)(9.2,-2)(0,-2)(2.8,2)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(1,0)(11.5,0)
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(4.6,-2.5)(7.4,2)(7.68,2.45)
\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(6.15,0)(5.4,-1.2)(6,-1.5)(6.5,-2)%
\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(6.15,0)(5.4,-1.2)(4,-1.75)(2.5,-2)%
20 \psdots(8.5,0)(4,0)
\rput[c]{0}(3.1,1.6){\small\sffamily $\mathscr{C}$}%
\rput[b]{0}(8.5,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_s$}%
\rput[b]{0}(4,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_d$}%
\rput[b]{0}(11.7,-.2){\small\sffamily $b$}%
25 \rput[b]{0}(7.8,2.5){\small\sffamily $a$}%
\psline[linewidth=.8pt,linestyle=dashed](4,.8)(4,3.5)%
\psline[linewidth=.8pt,linestyle=dashed](4,4.5)(4,5.2)%
\psline[linewidth=.8pt,linestyle=dashed](4,5.4)(4,6.3)%
\psline[linewidth=.8pt,linestyle=dashed](4,7.2)(4,8)%
30 \psdots(4,7.2)\rput[b]{0}(4.45,7.3){\small\sffamily $x_a$}%
\end{pspicture}
52
a1 : a2 :
bd bs bd bs
b b b b
a3 : a4 :
bd bs bd bs
b b b b
Figura 58: Ilustração da dinâmica para valores diferentes de a.
5,90
5,85
rs
5,80
− log α△
5,75
rs
5,70
5,65
5,60 rs rs
Média
5,55
rs Média ± E.P.
Média ± 1,96×E.P.
5,50
1 2 3
Peso categorizado
Figura 59: Influência do peso no − log α△ .

53

\rput{90}(0,0){\psplot[linewidth=1pt]{-1.6}{1.6}%
5 {x 3 exp 2 x mul add .4 mul}}%
\psline[linewidth=.75pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(-3,0)(3,0)%
\psline[linewidth=.75pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,-3)(0,3)%
\psdots(-1,.875)%
\psdots[dotscale=.8](-1,0)(2,0)%
10 \rput[b]{0}(-1,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_d$}%
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\rput[c]{0}(-3,3){\small\sffamily $a_1$:}%
\end{pspicture}\hspace{1.5cm}
{x 3 exp -1.5 x mul add 1 mul}}%
20 \psdots[dotscale=.8](-1,0)(2,0)%
\psdots(-1,1.475)%
\rput[b]{0}(-1,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_d$}%
25 \end{pspicture}
\vspace{1cm}
30 {x 3 exp -2 x mul add 1 mul}}%
\psdots[dotscale=.8](-1,0)(2,0)%
\psdots(-1,1.6)%
35 \rput[c]{0}(-3,3){\small\sffamily $a_3$:}%
\end{pspicture}\hspace{1.5cm}
40 \rput{90}(0,0){\psplot[linewidth=1pt]{-2.25}{2.25}%
{x 3 exp -3.5 x mul add 1 mul}}%
\psdots(-1,2)
45 \psdots[dotscale=.8](-1,0)(2,0)%
\end{pspicture}
54

\scriptsize
\newrgbcolor{gray1}{.8 .8 .8}\psset{xunit=1cm,yunit=14cm}%
\begin{pspicture}(0,-.08)(8,.46)
\psaxes[Ox=0,Oy=5.50,Dx=2,Dy=.05,comma,axesstyle=frame,yticksize=8 .5,ticklinestyle=dotted,%
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labelsep=20pt,]{-}(0,0)(8,.45)%
\rput[t]{0}(2,-.02){\small\sffamily $1$}\psline[linewidth=.5pt](2,0)(2,-.01)%
10 \rput[t]{0}(4,-.07){\small\sffamily Peso categorizado}%
\rput[b]{90}(-1,.225){\small\sffamily $-\log\alpha_\triangle$}%
\def\ycatA{5.82935973876614\space}
\def\ycatEPA{0.032319\space}
\def\ycatB{5.711550\space}
15 \def\ycatEPB{0.026445\space}
\def\ycatC{5.598516\space}
\def\ycatEPC{0.027083\space}
\psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA sub 5.5 sub)%
(!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA 1.96 mul sub 5.5 sub)%
20 \psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA sub 5.5 sub)%
(!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA 1.96 mul add 5.5 sub)%
\psframe[linewidth=.75pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray1](!1.5 \ycatA \ycatEPA sub 5.5 sub)%
(!2.5 \ycatA \ycatEPA add 5.5 sub)%
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25 (!4 \ycatB \ycatEPB 1.96 mul sub 5.5 sub)%
\psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!4 \ycatB \ycatEPB sub 5.5 sub)%
(!4 \ycatB \ycatEPB 1.96 mul add 5.5 sub)%
\psframe[linewidth=.75pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray1](!3.5 \ycatB \ycatEPB sub 5.5 sub)%
(!4.5 \ycatB \ycatEPB add 5.5 sub)%
30 \psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC sub 5.5 sub)%
(!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC 1.96 mul sub 5.5 sub)%
\psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC sub 5.5 sub)%
(!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC 1.96 mul add 5.5 sub)%
\psframe[linewidth=.75pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray1](!5.5 \ycatC \ycatEPC sub 5.5 sub)%
35 (!6.5 \ycatC \ycatEPC add 5.5 sub)%
\psdots[dotscale=1.2,dotstyle=square](!2 \ycatA 5.5 sub)
(!4 \ycatB 5.5 sub)(!6 \ycatC 5.5 sub)(8.4,.1)%
\rput[l]{0}(8.75,.1){\small\sffamily Média}%
\rput[l]{0}(8.75,.06){\small\sffamily Média $\pm$ E.P.}%
40 \rput[l]{0}(8.75,.02){\small\sffamily Média $\pm$ $1,\! 96\times$E.P.}%
\psdots[dotscale=3.5,dotstyle=square](8.4,.06)%
\psline[linewidth=.5pt,tbarsize=.4]{|-|}(!8.4 .02 .012 add)(!8.4 .02 .012 sub)%
\end{pspicture}%
55
6,1
rs
6,0
5,9
5,8 rs
− log α△
5,7
rs
5,6
5,5
rs
5,4
rs
Média
5,3 rs Média ± E.P.
5.2
Média ± 1,96×E.P.
1 2 3 4
IMC categorizado
Figura 60: Influência do IMC no − log α△ .
1,0 u
u u u u u
ut
ut
u u
ut
uut
b
tuu
b
ut
b
ut
b
ut
b
ut
b
bc
ubt
bc
ubt
bc
utb
bc
butbc utb
bc butbc
u ut b b bc bc
b bc
u ut b bc
0,9 u
b
but
b
bc
bc
bc
u b ut bc
bc
0,8 u b
b
ut bc
b bc
0,7 u b ut bc
Especialista 1:
Probabilidade
b bc
0,6 u
b
b ut
bc
bc
Min
ut
0,5
b
bu
bc
bcut
Max
u
0,4
b
b u
bc
bc ut
Especialista 2:
Min
bc ut
0,3 b
b u
bc
bc
b u bc ut
0,2 b
b
u bc
bc
ut
b
Max
b bc
b bcu ut
0,1 b
b
b
bc
bc
bc
u ut
b b bc bc u ut
b b bc bc u ut
bbc b b bc bc bc bc u u ut ut
bbc ut
bbcut ubct bcut ubct ut ut uut utu ut ut ut ut
0 ut ut ut ut
0 20 40 60 80 100
Figura 61: Dois Especialistas.

56

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5 \psaxes[Ox=0,Oy=\linf,Dx=2,Dy=.1,comma,axesstyle=frame,yticksize=10 .5,ticklinestyle=dotted,%
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\def\ycatC{5.668812\space}
\def\ycatEPC{0.027090\space}
20 \def\ycatD{5.429746\space}
\def\ycatEPD{0.043501\space}
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25 (!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA 1.96 mul add \linf sub)%
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30 \psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!4 \ycatB \ycatEPB sub \linf sub)%
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35 (!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC 1.96 mul sub \linf sub)%
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57

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58
Governo oferece Indivíduo aceita Governo paga uma Indivíduo decide O indivíduo
um contrato ou recusa o parcela do seguro se realiza esforço permanece ou não
{bt , at } contrato desemprego ou não desempregado
1 2 3 4 5
t=0 t=1 t=2 t=3 t=4
Figura 62: minha linda figura.

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59
Coluna B – IB
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Coluna A – IA
Figura 63: Visualização gráfica da questão mais difícil.
1,0 u
u u
ut
u tuu
b
tu
b
ut
b
bc
ubt
bc
ubt
bc
ubtbc
ut b
u bc
b bc
ut
0,9 u
b
bc
b
bc
ut
0,8 b
bc
u
b
0,7 ut
bc Especialista 1:
Probabilidade
b
0,6 bc
ut
Mínima
u
b
0,5 bc
u
Máxima
ut
b
0,4 bc Especialista 2:
u
b
0,3 bc
ut
bc
Mínima
b
bc
0,2 b
u
b
Máxima
bc ut
b
0,1 b bc
bc
u
ut
b bc
b bc u ut
bbc b bc bc u
bbcut ut
ubct ut ut utu ut ut
0 ut
0 20 40 60 80 100
Parâmetro
Figura 64: O Caso de Dois Especialistas.
X, a Y, b Z, c
unidade unidade unidade
Figura 65: Exemplo de sistema.
Matéria Processo Processo Processo Processo Processo Produtos

prima A B C D E acabados
Figura 66: Sistema de produção.

60

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61

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62

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63
15 un/dia 20 un/dia 8 un/dia 10 un/dia 15 un/dia

Demanda: 14 un/dia
Matéria Processo Processo Processo Processo Processo Produtos

prima A B C D E acabados
Figura 67: Sistema de produção com processos dependentes.

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Teoria das Restrições
Gerenciamento Processos de
Logística
das restrições pensamento
Ganho
Processo de Inventário Decisão sobre mix Ganho Diagramas Auditoria Diagrama de
programação Análise V-A-T Despesas de produtos dólar/dia ECE ECE nuvens
operacionais
TPC:
Tambor-Pulmão-
Corda
Gerenciamento
dos Pulmões
Figura 68: Classificação da Teoria das Restrições.
64
65
Estoque de matérias
primas
Estoque produto em
processo
Inventário
Estoque produto acabado
Ativos em geral
Figura 69: Inventário.
ganho despesas
inventário operacionais
Figura 70: Indicadores da Teoria das Restrições.
Aumento do
LL
Aumento do Aumento do
ganho RSI
Aumento do
FC
Figura 71: Impacto do aumento do ganho.

66
Restrições físicas Processo de Aprimoramento

contínuo
Restrições não físicas Processo de raciocínio
Figura 72: Divisão dos processos da Teoria das Restrições.
identificar a restrição Etapa 1

do sistema
explorar a restrição para Etapa 2

melhorar a performance
subordinar todos os outros Etapa 3

recursos à restrição
elevar a capacidade Etapa 4

da restrição
não restrição sim Etapa 5

elevada?
Figura 73: Processo de melhoria contínua.
Processo X Processo Y
20 un/sem 10 un/sem
Figura 74: Sistema de produção XY.

67

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71
Efeitos indesejáveis
O que mudar? Árvore da realidade

atual
Para o que mudar? Árvore da realidade

futura
Como mudar? Árvores de pré-requisitos

e transição
Figura 75: Processo de raciocínio.
Produto I Produto II Produto III — Vendas

Acidificação Reação Salinização
OP10 OP20 OP30
sub prod. A
cam. prod. II
Sulfatação Produto IV — Vendas

cam. sub prod. A OP40
Produto III
Extrusão filmes Produto VI — Vendas

OP60
Polimerização Produto V
OP50
Extrusão resinas Produto VII — Vendas
OP70
Figura 76: Fluxograma dos processos.

72

\rput{0}(2,9){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=0,%
5 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily %
Efeitos indesejáveis}}}%
\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily %
10 O que mudar?}}}%
\rput{0}(9,5){\psellipse[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=.4,%
fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](0,0)(3,.75)
Árvore da realidade\\[-5pt] atual}}}%
Para o que mudar?}}}%
20 fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](0,0)(3,.75)
Árvore da realidade\\[-5pt] futura}}}%
25 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily %
Como mudar?}}}%
fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](0,0)(3,.75)
30 Árvores de pré-requisitos\\[-5pt] e transição}}}%
\psline[linewidth=1.5pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(2,8)(2,6)%
35 \psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(4.2,3)(5.8,3)%
\end{pspicture}
73

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(3.5,8.2)(6.5,8.2)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(9.5,8.2)(12.5,8.2)%
5 \psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(15.5,8.2)(20.3,8.2)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(3.5,7.8)(5,7.8)(5,5)(6.5,5)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(11.8,7)(12,7)(12,7.8)(12.5,7.8)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(15.5,7.8)(16.5,7.8)(16.5,6.5)(5.25,6.5)%
(5.25,5.25)(6.5,5.25)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(9.5,5)(14.3,5)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(9.5,1.5)(11.75,1.5)(11.75,2.5)(12.4,2.5)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(11.75,1.5)(11.75,.5)(12.4,.5)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(17,8.2)(17,3.75)(5,3.75)(5,1.5)(6.5,1.5)
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(15.6,.5)(20.3,.5)%
\rput[b]{0}(5,8.3){\small{\sffamily Produto} I}%
\rput[b]{0}(11,8.3){\small{\sffamily Produto} II}%
\rput[b]{0}(18,8.3){\small{\sffamily Produto} III --- {\sffamily Vendas}}
20 \rput[br]{0}(11.6,6.8){\small{\sffamily cam. prod.} II}%
\rput[br]{0}(3.35,4.55){\small{\sffamily cam. sub prod. A}}%
\rput[b]{90}(4.9,6.4){\small{\sffamily sub prod. A}}%
\rput[b]{0}(12,5.1){\small{\sffamily Produto} IV --- {\sffamily Vendas}}%
\rput[b]{0}(10.65,1.6){\small{\sffamily Produto} V}%
25 \rput[b]{0}(18,2.6){\small{\sffamily Produto} VI --- {\sffamily Vendas}}%
\rput[b]{0}(18,.6){\small{\sffamily Produto} VII --- {\sffamily Vendas}}%
\rput[b]{0}(11,3.9){\small{\sffamily Produto} III}%
30 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small%
{\sffamily Acidificação}\\[-3pt] OP10}}}%
\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small%
35 {\sffamily Reação}\\[-3pt] OP20}}}%
{\sffamily Salinização}\\[-3pt] OP30}}}%
{\sffamily Sulfatação}\\[-3pt] OP40}}}%
{\sffamily Polimerização}\\[-3pt] OP50}}}%
50 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small%
{\sffamily Extrusão filmes}\\[-3pt] OP60}}}%
55 {\sffamily Extrusão resinas}\\[-3pt] OP70}}}%
\end{pspicture}
74
Acidificação
OP10
Reação Sulfatação
OP20 OP40
Extrusão filmes
OP60
Salinização Polimerização
OP30 OP50
Extrusão resinas
OP70
Figura 77: Interdependência dos processos.
Protudo III Protudo VI Protudo VII
OP60 OP70
OP50 OP50
OP30 OP30 OP30
OP20 OP20 OP20
OP10 OP10 OP10
Figura 78: Estrutura de produção.

75

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(2,7.3)(2,5.7)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(9.5,1.5)(11,1.5)(11,2.5)(12.4,2.5)%
\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(11,1.5)(11,.5)(12.4,.5)%
10 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small %
{\sffamily Acidificação}\\[-3pt] OP10}}}%
\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small %
15 {\sffamily Reação}\\[-3pt] OP20}}}%
{\sffamily Salinização}\\[-3pt] OP30}}}%
{\sffamily Sulfatação}\\[-3pt] OP40}}}%
{\sffamily Polimerização}\\[-3pt] OP50}}}%
30 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small %
{\sffamily Extrusão filmes}\\[-3pt] OP60}}}%
35 {\sffamily Extrusão resinas}\\[-3pt] OP70}}}%
\end{pspicture}
76

5 \psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(2,5.7)(2,12.3)%
\rput{0}(14,1){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=.4,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white]%
(-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small OP10}}}%
20 \rput{0}(14,5){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=.4,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white]%
25 (-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small OP70}}}%
\rput{0}(14,13){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=0,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white]%
(-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small {\sffamily Protudo} VII}}}%
35 (-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small {\sffamily Protudo} III}}}%
45 (-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small OP60}}}%
(-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small {\sffamily Protudo} VI}}}%
\end{pspicture}
77
F (x) b
b b
b
b
0.75
b
b
0.50 b
0.25
b
0 b
0.25 0.50 b
0.75 1.00
x
−0.25 b
b
−0.50 b
−0.75 b
b b
−1.00 b
Figura 79: Aproximação de F (t) = sin(6t)

78

\centering
\begin{pspicture}(-0.2,-1.1)(1.25,1.5)
\psaxes[labels=all, ticks=all, showorigin=true, Dx=0.25,Dy=0.25,arrowscale=1.2]%
5 {->}(0,0)(0,-1)(1.25,1)
\rput(1.01,-0.2){$x$}
\rput(1.01,-0.2){$F(x)$}
\psplot{0}{1}{x 180 mul 3.1415 div 6 mul sin}
\savedata{\FunExD}[{%
10 { 0 , -0.00154334496763381}
{ 0.05 , 0.297234743364894}
{ 0.1 , 0.592664822883889}
{ 0.15 , 0.780666607227646}
{ 0.2 , 1.009975906655610}
15 { 0.25 , 0.956811009523580}
{ 0.3 , 0.970330876781844}
{ 0.35 , 0.802302704112419}
{ 0.4 , 0.655892508348767}
{ 0.45 , 0.455214041214377}
20 { 0.5 , 0.141519855373167}
{ 0.55 , -0.101448070792488}
{ 0.6 , -0.470317416315246}
{ 0.65 , -0.668531388995452}
{ 0.7 , -0.85154079064767}
25 { 0.75 , -1.01532882321143}
{ 0.8 , -0.97542773420711}
{ 0.85 , -0.978152328814847}
{ 0.9 , -0.751893891591666}
{ 0.95 , -0.542839531164022}
30 { 1 , -0.284186066703517}}]
\dataplot[plotstyle=dots,showpoints=true,linecolor=red]{\FunExD}
\end{pspicture}
{\fontsize{8pt}{9.6pt}{\caption{Aproximação de $F(t)=\sin(6t)$}}}
79
Figura 80: Válvula.
B2
C2
A2
B7 B3
D7 D2 C3
A7 B1 A3
C7 C1 D3
B6 A1 B4
C6 D1 C4
A6 B5 A4
D6 C5 D4
A5
D5
Figura 81: Sistema célular com 7 clusters e N = 4.

80
Código da Figura .80 Código em M4/Pic.

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
linethick=linethick*(1.5)
5 dimen_=dimen_
\newrgbcolor{azulclaro1}{.1 .5 1}
\psset{linecolor=azulclaro1,fillcolor=azulclaro2,fillstyle=none}%
Origem:(0,0)
10 linethick=linethick*12
R:circle radius 5*dimen_/2 with .c at Origem
L1:line right_ dimen_ with .c at Origem
L2:line right_ dimen_ with .e at L1.w-(dimen_/3,0)
L3:line right_ dimen_ with .w at L1.e+(dimen_/3,0)
15 L4:line from (L2.c.x,-dimen_/1.25) to (L3.c.x,-dimen_/1.25)
L5:line from (L2.c.x,dimen_/1.25) to (L3.c.x,dimen_/1.25)
L6:line from L5.c up_ 4*dimen_
L7:line from L4.w+(dimen_/5,dimen_/5) down_ 4*dimen_;
L8:line from L4.e-(dimen_/5,-dimen_/5) down_ dimen_/1.5;
20 linethick=linethick/2
linethick=linethick/6
.PE
81

% quick.m4
.PS # Pic input begins with .PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 linethick=linethick*(1.5)
dimen_=dimen_*.5
j=dimen_*sqrt(3)/2
i=dimen_/2
define cell {
10 move to ($2,$3)
A:line up_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 right_ dimen_/2
B:line right_ dimen_
C:line down_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 right_ dimen_/2
D:line down_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 left_ dimen_/2
15 E:line left_ dimen_
F:line up_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 left_ dimen_/2
"$1$" at A.start + (dimen_,0)
move to C.end}
cell(,0,0)
20 cell(B_1,0,2*j)
cell(C_1,3*i,j)
cell(D_1,3*i,-j)
cell(,0,4*j)
cell(B_2,0,6*j)
25 cell(C_2,3*i,5*j)
cell(D_2,3*i,3*j)
cell(,6*i,2*j)
cell(B_3,6*i,4*j)
cell(C_3,9*i,3*j)
30 cell(D_3,9*i,1*j)
cell(,6*i,-2*j)
cell(B_4,6*i,0)
cell(C_4,9*i,-1*j)
cell(D_4,9*i,-3*j)
35 cell(,0,-4*j)
cell(B_5,0,-2*j)
cell(C_5,3*i,-3*j)
cell(D_5,3*i,-5*j)
cell(,-6*i,-2*j)
40 cell(B_6,-6*i,0)
cell(C_6,-3*i,-1*j)
cell(D_6,-3*i,-3*j)
cell(,-6*i,2*j)
cell(B_7,-6*i,4*j)
45 cell(C_7,-3*i,1*j)
cell(D_7,-3*i,3*j)
linethick=linethick*(.5)
A:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (2*i,4*j); "\blue{$_{_{A_1}}$}" at A.start rjust
B:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (8*i,2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_2}}$}" at A.end + (0,.1)
50 C:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (8*i,-2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_3}}$}" at B.end ljust
D:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (2*i,-4*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_4}}$}" at C.end ljust
E:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (-4*i,-2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_5}}$}" at D.end + (0,-.1)
F:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (-4*i,2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_6}}$}" at E.end rjust
G:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (-4*i,2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_7}}$}" at F.end rjust
55 "\blue{$_{_{A_7}}$}" at G.end rjust
.PE # Pic input ends
82
Figura 82: Divisão de uma célula em quatro novas

% quick.m4
.PS # Pic input begins with .PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
dimen_=dimen_*1
j=dimen_*sqrt(3)/2
i=dimen_/2
define cell {
10 move to ($2,$3)
A:line up_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 right_ dimen_/2
B:line right_ dimen_
C:line down_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 right_ dimen_/2
D:line down_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 left_ dimen_/2
15 E:line left_ dimen_
F:line up_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 left_ dimen_/2
"$1$" at A.start + (dimen_,0)
move to C.end}
cell(,0,0)
20 dimen_=dimen_*.5
cell(,0,0)
cell(,3*i/2,j/2)
cell(,3*i/2,-j/2)
.PE # Pic input ends
oct
Detetor de
RF + A envelope BF
Figura 83: Diagram de blocos.

83

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
dimen_=dimen_
L1:line -> right_ dimen_/2; "RF" rjust at L1.w
C1:circle radius dimen_/4 with .w at L1.e
L2:line -> from C1.e right_ dimen_/2
10 B1:box " $A$ " wid dimen_ ht dimen_*3/4
L3:line -> right_ dimen_;
L4:line -> from L3.c down_ dimen_*1 then left_ dimen_/2;
B4:box "$\beta$" wid dimen_ ht dimen_*3/4
L7:line -> left_ (B4.w.x-C1.c.x) then up_ to C1.s
15 "$+$" at C1.c
B2:box with .w at L3.e "{\small Detetor de}" "{\small envelope}"
L5:line -> from B2.e right_ dimen_/2; "BF" ljust
L6:line <- from B1.n up_ dimen_/2;
B3:box "oct" ht dimen_/2 wid dimen_*3/4
20 .PE
−gm /2 gLC is C 2L
Figura 84: Super regeneração.

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
dimen_=dimen_*1.25
G1:ebox(down_ dimen_); rlabel(,-g_m/2,)
L1:line from G1.n right_ dimen_;
G2:ebox(down_ dimen_); rlabel(,{g_{LC}},)
10 L2:line from G2.n right_ dimen_;
S1:source(up_ dimen_ with .n at L2.e,I); llabel(,i_s,)
L3:line from S1.n right_ dimen_;
C1:capacitor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,C,);
L4:line from C1.n right_ dimen_;
15 L1:inductor(down_ dimen_,W); llabel(,2L,);
line to G1.s
.PE
84
F1 (ω) F2 (ω)
1
A
−2
0 2 ω
ω0 −1
−2ω0 −ω0 0 2ω0 ω
Figura 85: Lista de métodos matemáticos.
f (t) = A cos(20t)
π 0 π t
5 5
Figura 86: Pulso de seno.
ℑ
A′ B′
A 0 B ℜ
Figura 87: Pulso de Gaussiano.
g(t)
A
0 t
Figura 88: Laplace.

85

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
\newrgbcolor{red}{1 0 0}
\newrgbcolor{yellow}{1 1 0}
\newrgbcolor{black}{0 0 0}
10 \newrgbcolor{white}{1 1 1}
\newrgbcolor{blue}{0 0 1}
X:line -> from O-(2.5*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$\omega$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$F_1(\omega)$" rjust;
\psset{linecolor=red}%
15 L1:line from O-(2*dimen_,0) to O+(-dimen_,1.5*dimen_) then to O
then to O+(dimen_,1.5*dimen_) then to O+(2*dimen_,0);
"${\scriptsize 2\omega_0}$" at L1.end below
"${\scriptsize \omega_0}$" at O+(dimen_,0) below
"${\scriptsize -\omega_0}$" at O+(-dimen_,0) below
20 "${\scriptsize -2\omega_0}$" at O-(2*dimen_,0) below
"${\scriptsize 0}$" at O below rjust
"${\scriptsize A}$" at O+(0,1.5*dimen_) rjust
.PE
.PS
25 include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
30 \newrgbcolor{red}{1 0 0}
\newrgbcolor{white}{1 1 1}
35 X:line -> from O-(2.5*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$\omega$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,1.5*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$F_2(\omega)$" rjust;
L1:line from O-(2*dimen_,0) down_ 1*dimen_ then right_ 2*dimen_
then up_ 2*dimen_ then right 2*dimen_ then down_ dimen_
40 "${\scriptsize 2}$" at L1.end below
"${\scriptsize 1}$" at O+(0,dimen_) rjust
"${\scriptsize -2}$" at O+(-2*dimen_,0) above
"${\scriptsize -1}$" at O-(0,1*dimen_) ljust
45 .PE
86

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
10 \newrgbcolor{black}{0 0 0}
X:line -> from O-(2.5*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$t$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 2*dimen_; "$f(t)=A\cos(20t)$" ljust;
15 "${\scriptsize 0}$" at O below rjust
for i=-2*dimen_ to 1.99*dimen_ by 0.01 do {
line from (i,.25*cos(2*3.1415*3.18*i)) to (i+0.01,.25*cos(2*3.1415*3.18*(i+0.01)))}
"${\scriptsize \frac{\pi}{5}}$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below
20 "${\scriptsize \frac{\pi}{5}}$" at O-(2*dimen_,0) below
.PE

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
include(libgen.m4)
cct_init
dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
X:line -> from O-(2.5*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$\Re$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 2*dimen_; "$\Im$" rjust;
15 "$0$" at O below rjust
\psset{linecolor=red}
L1: line from O-(1.5*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_ then right_ 3*dimen_
then down_ dimen_ then left_ 3*dimen_
L2:line -> from O left_ .75*dimen_
20 \psset{linecolor=black}
"${\scriptsize A}$" at L1.sw below
"${\scriptsize B}$" at L1.se below
"${\scriptsize A^\prime}$" at L1.nw above
"${\scriptsize B^\prime}$" at L1.ne above
25 linethick=linethick*(.5)
dimension_(from L1.se to L1.ne,-.15,$f$,14bp__);
.PE
87

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$g(t)$" rjust;
15 "${\scriptsize A}$" at O+(0,1) rjust
line from (i,exp(-abs(i))) to (i+0.01,exp(-abs(i+0.01)))}
.PE
0 h
v βV V
αH
H
Figura 89: Imagem de vídeo estátitica.

88

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
include(libgen.m4)
cct_init
dimen_=dimen_*.75
O:(0,0)
X:line -> from O-(.5*dimen_,-.5*dimen_) right_ 2*dimen_; "$h$" above;
Y:line -> from O-(.5*dimen_,-.5*dimen_) down_ 2*dimen_; "$v$" rjust;
15 "$0$" at X.start above rjust
linethick=linethick*(.75)
\psset{fillcolor=black,fillstyle=solid}%
B1: box ht 3*dimen_ wid 4.5*dimen_ with .nw at O;
\psset{fillcolor=white,fillstyle=solid}%
20 B2: box ht 1*dimen_ wid 1.5*dimen_ with .nw at O+(1.5*dimen_,-1*dimen_);
dimension_(from B1.ne to B1.se,.5,$V$,14bp__);
dimension_(from B2.ne+(1.5*dimen_,0) to B2.se+(1.5*dimen_,0),.2,$\beta V$,14bp__);
dimension_(from B1.sw to B1.se,-.4,$H$,20bp__);
dimension_(from B2.sw-(0,1*dimen_) to B2.se-(0,1*dimen_),-.15,$\alpha H$,20bp__);
25 .PE
89
f1 (t) f2 (t)
0 3 4 5 7 t 0 2 3 4 7 t
g(t)
α2 α1
t − β2 0 β1 t
Λ(t)
0 n=1n=2 n=3 t
Figura 92: Lista de métodos matemáticos
f (t) f (t)
1
← t2
···
0 T′ t
1 2 3 4 ··· N t
Figura 93: Lista de métodos matemáticos. Figura 94: Senoide retificada em onda completa.
90

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0); "${\scriptsize 0}$" below rjust
\newrgbcolor{red2}{1 .5 0}
\newrgbcolor{red3}{1 .5 .5}
10 \newrgbcolor{yellow}{1 1 0}
15 X:line -> from O-(.25*dimen_,0) right_ 4.5*dimen_; "$t$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,1*dimen_) up_ 2.5*dimen_; "$f_1(t)$" rjust;
L1:line from O+(0,.75*dimen_) right_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ 1.5*dimen_
then right_ .5*dimen_ then up_ 1.5*dimen_ then right_ .5*dimen_
20 then down_ 1.5*dimen_ then right_ dimen_ then up_ .75*dimen_
"${\scriptsize 3}$" at O+(1.5*dimen_,0) below rjust
"${\scriptsize 4}$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below rjust
25 .PE
.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
30 dimen_=dimen_
40 X:line -> from O-(.25*dimen_,0) right_ 4.5*dimen_; "$t$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,1*dimen_) up_ 2.5*dimen_; "$f_2(t)$" rjust;
L1:line from O+(0,-.75*dimen_) right_ 1*dimen_ then up_ 1.5*dimen_
then right_ .5*dimen_ then down_ 1.5*dimen_ then right_ .5*dimen_
45 then up_ 1.5*dimen_ then right_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ .75*dimen_
50 .PE
91

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
include(libgen.m4)
cct_init
dimen_=dimen_
10 \newrgbcolor{red3}{1 .5 .5}
15 \newrgbcolor{gray}{.5 .5 .5}
Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 2.25*dimen_; "$g(t)$" rjust;
line from O - (1.5*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_/10
line from O + (1.75*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_/10
20 line -> from O - (1*dimen_,-.5*dimen_) right_ dimen_/2
dimension_(from O - (2*dimen_,-dimen_) right_ 1*dimen_,.1,${\scriptsize \alpha_2}$,14bp__);
dimension_(from O + (1*dimen_,dimen_) right_ 1.5*dimen_,.1,${\scriptsize \alpha_1}$,14bp__);
L1:line from O - (2*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_ then right_ 1*dimen_ then down_ dimen_
25 L2:line from O + (1*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_ then right_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ dimen_
"${\scriptsize t-\beta_2}$" at O - (1.5*dimen_,0) below;
"${\scriptsize \beta_1}$" at O + (1.75*dimen_,0) below;
.PE
92

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
15 X:line -> from O-(5*dimen_,0) right_ 10*dimen_; "$t$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,.25*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$\Lambda(t)$" rjust;
L4:line dotted from O+(.5*dimen_,2*dimen_) left_ .5*dimen_; "${\scriptsize 1}$" rjust
L1: line from O - (.5*dimen_,0) to O+(.5*dimen_,2*dimen_) then
20 to O + (1.5*dimen_,0); "${\scriptsize n=1}$" below
\psset{linecolor=red2}%
L2: line from O - (1.5*dimen_,0) to O+(.25*dimen_,2*dimen_) then
to O + (2.25*dimen_,0); "${\scriptsize n=2}$" below
25 L3: line from O - (3.875*dimen_,0) to O+(.125*dimen_,2*dimen_) then
to O + (4.125*dimen_,0);"${\scriptsize n=3}$" below
.PE
93

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
X:line -> from O-(.25*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$t$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,.25*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$f(t)$" rjust;
15 O2:O-(1.5*dimen_,0);
\psset{fillcolor=gray,fillstyle=solid}%
L1:line from O2+(2.5*dimen_,0) up_ 1/(2.5*dimen_)^2 then left_ dimen_/2 then
down_ 1/(2.5*dimen_)^2 then right_ dimen_/2; "$2$" below;
L2:line from O2+(3*dimen_,0) up_ 1/(3*dimen_)^2 then left_ dimen_/2 then
20 down_ 1/(3*dimen_)^2 then right_ dimen_/2; "$3$" below;
L3:line from O2+(3.5*dimen_,0) up_ 1/(3.5*dimen_)^2 then left_ dimen_/2 then
down_ 1/(3.5*dimen_)^2 then right_ dimen_/2; "$4$" below;
L4:line from O2+(5*dimen_,0) up_ 1/(5*dimen_)^2 then left_ dimen_/2 then
down_ 1/(5*dimen_)^2 then right_ dimen_/2; "$N$" below;
25 L5:line dotted from O2+(2*dimen_, 1/(2*dimen_)^2) down_ 1/(2*dimen_)^2; "$1$" below;
move to L5.start + (dimen_/4,dimen_/3); "$\leftarrow \frac{1}{t^2}$"
#move to L4.start - (dimen_/2,0); "$n-1$" below
"$\cdots$" at O2+(4*dimen_,(1/(4*dimen_)^2)/2)
"$\cdots$" at O2+(4*dimen_,0) below
30 \psset{linecolor=red}%
for i=1.75*dimen_ to 6*dimen_ by 0.01 do {
line from O2+(i,1/(i^2)) to O2+(i+0.01,1/((i+.01))^2)}
.PE
94

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
"$0$" at O below rjust
15 "$T’$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below
"$A$" at O+(0,.75) rjust
line from (i,.75*abs(sin(3.1415*i/(2*dimen_)))) to
20 (i+0.01,.75*abs(sin(3.1415*(i+.01)/(2*dimen_))))}
.PE
f (t)
0 T t
2
Figura 95: Senoide retificada em meia onda.
f (t)
A f (t)
3
... ... ... 2 ...
1
τ 0 τ t 0 t
− T2 2 2
T T 2T T
2 3 3
Figura 96: Trem de pulsos. Figura 97: Função Escada.

95

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
15 "$\frac{T}{2}$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below
"$A$" at O+(0,.75) rjust
for i=0*dimen_ to 1.99*dimen_ by 0.01 do {
line from (i,.75*abs(sin(3.1415*i/(2*dimen_)))) to
20 (i+0.01,.75*abs(sin(3.1415*(i+.01)/(2*dimen_))))}
line from O-(2*dimen_,0) right_ 2*dimen_
.PE

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
L1:line from O-(.75*dimen_,0) up_ 1.75*dimen_ then right_ 1.5*dimen_
then down_ 1.75*dimen_
"$\frac{\tau}{2}$" at L1.start below
"$\frac{\tau}{2}$" at L1.end below
20 "$A$" at O+(0,1.75*dimen_) above rjust
"$\frac{T}{2}$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below
"$-\frac{T}{2}$" at O+(-2*dimen_,0) below
"$\dots$" at O + (2*dimen_,1.75*dimen_/2)
"$\dots$" at O + (-2*dimen_,1.75*dimen_/2)
25 .PE
96

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
O:(0,0)
X:line -> from O-(.5*dimen_,0) right_ 3*dimen_; "$t$" below;
Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 2.5*dimen_; "$f(t)$" rjust;
L1:line from O up_ .5*dimen_ then right_ .5*dimen_ then up_ .5*dimen_
then right_ .5*dimen_ then up_ .5*dimen_ then right_ .5*dimen_
then down_ 3*.5*dimen_;
"${T}$" at O+(3*.5*dimen_,0) below
20 "$\frac{2T}{3}$" at O+(2*.5*dimen_,0) below
"$\frac{T}{3}$" at O+(1*.5*dimen_,0) below
"$1$" at O+(0,1*.5*dimen_) rjust
25 "$\dots$" at O + (-1*dimen_,1*dimen_)
"$\dots$" at O + (2*dimen_,1*dimen_)
.PE
Figura 98: Reator.

97

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 O:(0,0);
C1:circle radius .03 with .c at O;
L1:line from C1.e right_ dimen_/2;
D1:diode(up_ .75*dimen_)
L2:line right_ 1.5*dimen_
10 I1:inductor(right_ dimen_,W); llabel(,L,)
L3:line right_ dimen_/2 then down_ dimen_/2;
R0: resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R,)
L4:line down_ dimen_/2 then left_ 3*dimen_
15 L5:line up_ .5*dimen_
C2:circle radius .03 with .c at O-(0,.5*dimen_);
L1:crossover(from C2.e right_ 1.25*dimen_,L,L5);
move down_ .75*dimen_;
20 L6:line up_ .5*dimen_
.PE
Vcc
Q9 Q8 Q6 Q5
C
Ven− Q10 Q7 Ven+
Vsa
R0
Q1 Q3 Q4
Q2
Vss
1 2 3 4
Figura 99: Esquema simplificado do Amplificador Operacional projetado

98

.PS
include(libcct.m4); cct_init; linethick=linethick*(1.5)
Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R); "$Q_1$" at Q1.C - (0,dimen_/2); line from Q1.B right_ 1.5*dimen_
Q2:bi_tr(up_) with .B at Here; "$Q_2$" at Q2.B - (0,dimen_/3)
5 line from Q2.B right_ 2.75*dimen_
Q3:bi_tr(up_) with .B at Here; "$Q_3$" at Q3.C - (0,dimen_/2)
move from Q3.B right_ 1.5*dimen_
Q4:bi_tr(down_,R,P) with .B at Here; "$Q_4$" at Q4.E - (0,dimen_/2)
L12:line from Q4.E up_ 3*dimen_
10 Q5:bi_tr(up_) with .E at Here; "$Q_5$" at Q5.C - (0,dimen_/2)
move from Q5.B left_ 1.5*dimen_
15 move from Q8.B left_ .5*dimen_
Q9:bi_tr(down_,,P) with .B at Here; "$Q_9$" at Q9.E - (0,dimen_/2)
move from Q8.C down_ .5*dimen_
Q7:bi_tr(up_,R,) with .C at Here; "$Q_7$" at Q7.C - (0,dimen_/2)
20 Q10:bi_tr(up_,,) with .C at Here; "$Q_{10}$" at Q10.C - (0,dimen_/2)
move to Q1.C; line up_ dimen_/4; R0: resistor(up_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_0,)
L1:line from Q1.E down_ dimen_/4; line from Q2.E down_ dimen_/4
line from Q3.E down_ dimen_/4; L2:line from Q4.C down_ dimen_/4
L3:line from Q5.C up_ dimen_/4; line from Q6.E up_ dimen_/4
25 line from Q8.E up_ dimen_/4; line from Q9.E up_ dimen_/4
L4:line from R0.end up_ to (R0,L3.end)
line "$V_{ss}$" below right_ from L1.end to L2.end
line "$V_{cc}$" above right from L4.end to L3.end
line from Q1.C to (Q1.B,Q1.C) to Q1.B
30 line from Q9.B to (Q9.B,Q9.C) to Q9.C
line from Q9.C to Q10.C; line from Q8.C to Q7.C
L5:line from Q5.B left_ dimen_/4; L6:line from Q4.B left_ dimen_/4
L7:line from L5.end to L6.end; L8:line from Q6.C to Q3.C
line from L7.c to L8.c; line from Q8.B to Q9.B
35 line from Q6.B left_ dimen_/4 then down_ .75*dimen_
Cap:line from Here to (Q8.C,Here)
move to Cap.start;line dotted right_ dimen_/3; capacitor(right_ dimen_/5);
rlabel(,C,);line dotted right_ dimen_/3;
L9:line from Q7.E down_ dimen_/2
40 L10:line from Q10.E down_ dimen_/2
L11: line from L9.end to L10.end; line from Q2.C to L11.c
line from L12.c right_ dimen_/2; down_;dot; llabel(,V_{sa},)
move to Q7.B; dot; llabel(,V_{en+},); move to Q10.B; dot; rlabel(,V_{en-},)
linethick=linethick*(.5); move to L1.end - (dimen_/4,dimen_/2)
45 B1:line dotted "\tiny \Gray{1}" above right_ 1.4*dimen_
B2:line dotted "\tiny \Gray{2}" above right_ 3.25*dimen_
line dotted from B1.end up_ 6.5*dimen_
50 line dotted from B2.end up_ 6.5*dimen_
line dotted left_ to (B1.s,Here) then down to B1.s
.PE
99
Vcc
Q2 Q1
Vsa
Ven− Q4 Q3 Ven+
1mA
Vss
Figura 100: Par diferencial.

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 Q1:bi_tr(down_,R,P) with .B at Here
move from Q1.B left_ .5*dimen_
Q2:bi_tr(down_,,P) with .B at Here
Q3:bi_tr(up_,R,) with .C at Here
10 move from Q2.C down_ .5*dimen_
Q4:bi_tr(up_,,) with .C at Here
A:line from Q3.E to Q4.E
line from A.c down_ dimen_/4; source(down_ dimen_/2,I); llabel(,1mA,);
F:line from Here down_ dimen_/4
15 line from Q4.C to Q2.C;
line from Q3.C to Q1.C;
line from Q1.B to Q2.B;
line from Q2.B to (Q2.B,Q2.C) then to Q2.C;
B:line from Q1.E up_ dimen_/4;
20 C:line from Q2.E up_ dimen_/4;
"$Q_1$" at Q1.E - (0,dimen_/2);
"$Q_2$" at Q2.E - (0,dimen_/2);
"$Q_3$" at Q3.C - (0,dimen_/2);
"$Q_4$" at Q4.C - (0,dimen_/2);
25 D:line "$V_{cc}$" above from C.end - (dimen_/2,0) to B.end + (dimen_/2,0)
E:line "$V_{ss}$" below from (D.start,F.end) to (D.end,F.end)
move to Q3.B; dot; rlabel(,V_{en+},)
move to Q4.B; dot; llabel(,V_{en-},)
move to Q1.C; line from Q1.C right_ dimen_/2;up_;dot; rlabel(,V_{sa},)
30 line invis from D.start + (0,dimen_/4) to D.end + (0,dimen_/4)
.PE
100
Vcc
Vcc
Ven Vsa
Ven
Vsa
1mA
Vss Vss
Figura 101: Emissor Comum Figura 102: Estágio de Saída Classe B

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
B:line from Q1.E up_ dimen_/4
C:line "$V_{cc}$" above from B.end - (dimen_/2,0) to B.end + (dimen_/2,0)
move to Q1.C; line down_ dimen_/4;
source(down_ dimen_/2,I); llabel(,1mA,);
10 A:line down_ dimen_/4
line "$V_{ss}$" below from A.end - (dimen_/2,0) to A.end + (dimen_/2,0)
move to Q1.B; line left_ dimen_/4; down_; dot; rlabel(,V_{en},)
move to Q1.C; line right_ dimen_/2; up_;dot; rlabel(,V_{sa},)
line invis from C.start + (0,dimen_/4) to C.end + (0,dimen_/4)
15 .PE
101

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
L1:line from Q1.E up_ 1.5*dimen_
Q2:bi_tr(up_) with .E at Here
L2:line from Q1.C down_ dimen_/4
10 L3:line from Q2.C up_ dimen_/4
L5:line from Q2.B left_ dimen_/4
L6:line from Q1.B left_ dimen_/4
L7:line from L5.end to L6.end
line "$V_{ss}$" below from L2.end - (dimen_/2,0) to L2.end + (dimen_/2,0)
15 A:line "$V_{cc}$" above from L3.end - (dimen_/2,0) to L3.end + (dimen_/2,0)
line from L1.c right_ dimen_/2; down_;dot; llabel(,V_{sa},)
line from L7.c left_ dimen_/4; up_; dot; llabel(,V_{en},)
line invis from A.start + (0,dimen_/4) to A.end + (0,dimen_/4)
.PE
Vcc
Vsa
Ven
Vss
Figura 103: Configuração Emissor Comum

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_) with .B at Here
move to Q1.C;D:line from Q1.C up_ dimen_/4; R:resistor(up_ dimen_/2);
B:line from R.end up_ dimen_/4
C:line "$V_{cc}$" above from B.end - (dimen_/2,0) to B.end + (dimen_/2,0)
move to Q1.E;
10 A:line down_ dimen_/4
line "$V_{ss}$" below from A.end - (dimen_/2,0) to A.end + (dimen_/2,0)
move to Q1.B; line left_ dimen_/4; down_; dot; rlabel(,V_{en},)
move to Q1.C; line right_ dimen_/2; up_;dot; rlabel(,V_{sa},)
line invis from C.start + (0,dimen_/4) to C.end + (0,dimen_/4)
15 .PE
102
R1 R2
+
Ven
−
− +
+
Vsa
−
Figura 104: Amplificador Operacional na configuração inversora
Código da Figura .104 Código em M4/Pic

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 In:dot at (0,0); down_;rlabel(,+,);
line right_ dimen_/4;
R1:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_1,)
L1:line right_ dimen_/2
R2:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_2,)
10 L2:line from L1.c down_ .75*dimen_ then right_ dimen_/4
Amp:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In1 at L2.e
line from R2.e right_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_
line from Amp.Out right_ dimen_;
Out:dot; down_;llabel(,+,)
15 move to In; down_
L3:line invis "$V_{en}$" down dimen_;
dot; down_; rlabel(,-,);ground;
move to Out; down_
L4:line invis "$V_{sa}$" down dimen_;
20 dot; down_; rlabel(,-,);ground;
line from Amp.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/4; ground;
.PE
103
Ven
z1
+
−
z2
z3
−
+
z4
z5
Figura 105: Esquema do Girador

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 En:dot at (0,0); down_;llabel(,V_{en},);
line from En.c down_ dimen_/2;
Z1:ebox(down_ dimen_);llabel(,z_1,)
Z2:ebox(down_ dimen_);llabel(,z_2,)
Z3:ebox(down_ dimen_);rlabel(,z_3,)
10 Z4:ebox(down_ dimen_);rlabel(,z_4,)
Z5:ebox(down_ dimen_);rlabel(,z_5,)
ground;
A1:line from Z1.e left_ dimen_/3 then down_ 3*dimen_/4 then left_ dimen_/4
Amp1:opamp(left_ dimen_) with .In2 at Here
15 line from Amp1.In1 right_ dimen_/4 then down_ 3*dimen_/4 then right_ dimen_/3
A2:line from Here right_ dimen_/3 then down_ 3*dimen_/4 then right_ dimen_/4
Amp2:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In1 at Here
line from Amp2.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ 3*dimen_/4 then left_ dimen_/3
line from Amp1.Out left_ dimen_/4 then down_ 2*dimen_ then right_ dimen_*11/6
20 line from Amp2.Out right_ dimen_/4 then up_ 2*dimen_ then left_ dimen_*11/6
.PE
104
R R
+
C −
R2
R1
Figura 106: Amplificador Sintonizado

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 In:circle radius .05
line right_ dimen_/4;
R1:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R,)
R2:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R,)
10 L2:line right_ dimen_/2
Amp:opamp(right_ elen_,"$+$","$-$",.6,) with .In1 at L3.e
line from L1.c up_ dimen_ then right_ dimen_*1.5
C1: capacitor(right_ dimen_); llabel(,C,)
15 L5:line right_ dimen_*1.5
L7:line down_ (Here.y - Amp.Out.y)
move to L2.c;
C2: capacitor(down_ dimen_); rlabel(,C,); ground(,T);
line from Amp.Out right_ dimen_;
20 circle radius .05
line from Amp.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_*.75
L8:line right_ (L7.e.x - Here.x)
resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R_2,); line up_ (L7.e.y - Here.y);
move to L8.e
25 resistor(down_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_1,); ground;
.PE
105
Vcc Vcc
C2
R L C R L
C1
Vsa Vsa
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
R R
Ree Ree
Vee
Figura 107: Oscilador Sony Figura 108: Oscilador Colpitts

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R)
move right 1*dimen_
Q2:bi_tr(up_ dimen_) with .B at Here
L3:line from L1.s to L2.s;
move to L3.c
resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R_{ee},); ground(,T)
L4:line from Q2.C up_ dimen_;
15 inductor(up_ dimen_,W); llabel(,L,);
line from L4.end left_ dimen_*3/4;
resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R,)
line from L4.end right_ dimen_*3/4;
capacitor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,C,)
20 L5:line "$V_{cc}$" above left_ (Here.x - Q1.C.x)
line down_ to Q1.C
L6:line from Q1.C+(0,dimen_/4) right_ dimen_*.75
L7:line to Q2.B
L8:line from Q2.C+(0,dimen_/4) left_ dimen_*.75
25 crossover(from L8.end to Q1.B,,L7)
line from L4.end right_ dimen_; circle radius .05;"$V_{sa}$" ljust_
move to Q1
"$Q_1$" rjust_
move to Q2
30 "$Q_2$" ljust_
.PE
106

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_)
move right 3*dimen_
Q2:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .B at Here
L3: line from L1.end to L2.end
move to L3.center
Ree:resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R_{ee},);
move to Ree.end + (dimen_/4,0); line "$V_{ee}$" below left_ dimen_/2
15 line from Q1.B left_ dimen_/4; K1:circle radius .05; move to K1.s
resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R,); ground(,T)
line from Q2.B right_ dimen_/4; K2:circle radius .05; move to K2.s
resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R,); ground(,T)
L4:line from Q2.C up_ dimen_
20 inductor(up_ dimen_,W); llabel(,L,)
line from L4.n left_ dimen_*.75
resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R,)
line from L4.n right_ dimen_*.75
C1:capacitor(up_ dimen_/2); llabel(,_{C_1},)
25 C2:capacitor(up_ dimen_/2); llabel(,_{C_2},)
line "$V_{cc}$" above left_ (Here.x - Q1.C.x)
line down_ to Q1.C
L5:line from L4.n right_ dimen_*3/2; K3:circle radius .05; "$V_{sa}$" ljust;
L6:line from C1.end right_ dimen_/2 then up_ dimen_
30 line left_ (Here.x - K1.c.x) then down_ to K1.n
"$Q_1$" at (Q1.C.x,(Q1.C.y + Q1.E.y)/2)
"$Q_2$" at (Q2.C.x,(Q2.C.y + Q2.E.y)/2)
.PE
107
Vcc
Rc Rc
Vsa
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Ven1
Q5 Q6
Ven2
Ree
Figura 109: Esquema do Multiplicador de Gilbert proposto
Vcc
Rc Rc
Vsa
Ven1 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Vss Vss
Rb Rb
Ven2 Q5 Q6
C
Ra Ra
Ree
Vss
Figura 110: Multiplicador de Gilbert com polarização

108

.PS
dimen_=dimen_; K1:circle radius .05;
L0:line right_ dimen_/4; Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,);
5 line from Q1.E down_ dimen_/4; L1:line right_ dimen_;
line up_ dimen_/4; Q2:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .E at Here;
L2:line from Q2.B right_ dimen_/4; Q3:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,) with .B at Here;
line from Q3.E down_ dimen_/4; L3:line right_ dimen_;
10 L4:line from L1.c down_ dimen_/2; Q5:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,) with .C at Here;
line from Q5.E down_ dimen_/4; L5:line right_ to (L3.c.x,Here.y);
L10:line from Q6.C up_ dimen_/2; L8:line from L5.c down_ dimen_/4;
resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R_{ee},); ground(,T);
15 L7:line from Q5.B left_ dimen_/4; K2:circle radius .05;
line from Q6.B right_ dimen_/4; L6:line down_ dimen_;
crossover(from L6.end left_ to (L7.end.x,Here.y),R,L8);K3:circle radius .05;
line from Q4.B right_ dimen_/4; L9:line down_ dimen_;
crossover(from L9.end left_ to (Q3.B,Here),R,L10);
20 L12:crossover( from Here left_ to (Q1.B,Here),R,L4);line up_ to Q1.B;
L11:crossover(from L2.c down_ (dimen_ + .1),,L12)
L13:crossover(from L11.end to (L0.start,Here),R,L4);left_; K4:circle radius .05;
L14:line from Q4.C up_ dimen_/2; Rc1:resistor(up_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_c,);
L15:line from Q3.C up_ dimen_/2; Rc2:resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R_c,);
25 line "$V_{cc}$" above from (Here - (dimen_/4,0)) right_ to (Rc1.end+(dimen_/4,0))
line from Q2.C up_ dimen_/4; crossover(from Here right_ to (Q4.C,Here),,L15);
line from Q1.C up_ dimen_/2 then to Rc2.start
L16:line from Rc1.start right_ dimen_; K5:circle radius .05;
crossover(from Q3.C right_ to (L16.end.x,Q4.C.y),,L14);K6:circle radius .05;
30 "$Q_1$" at Q1.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$Q_2$" at Q2.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$Q_3$" at Q3.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$Q_4$" at Q4.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$Q_5$" at Q5.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)
35 "$Q_6$" at Q6.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$V_{{en}_1}$" at (K1.c.x,(K1.c.y+K4.c.y)/2)
"$V_{{en}_2}$" at (K2.c.x,(K2.c.y+K3.c.y)/2)
"$V_{sa}$" at (K5.c.x+ dimen_/2,(K5.c.y+K6.c.y)/2)
.PE
109

.PS
dimen_=dimen_; K1:circle radius .05; L0:line right_ dimen_/4;
Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,); line from Q1.E down_ dimen_/4;
5 L1:line right_ dimen_; line up_ dimen_/4;
Q2:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .E at Here;
L2:line from Q2.B right_ dimen_/4;
Q3:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,) with .B at Here;
line from Q3.E down_ dimen_/4; L3:line right_ dimen_;
10 line up_ dimen_/4; Q4:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .E at Here;
L4:line from L1.c down_ 3*dimen_/2
Q5:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,) with .C at Here;
line from Q5.E down_ dimen_/4;
L5:line right_ to (L3.c.x,Here.y);
15 line up_ dimen_/4; Q6:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .E at Here;
L10:line from Q6.C up_ to L3.c; L8:line from L5.c down_ 0;
Ree:resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R_{ee},);
line "$V_{ss}$" below from Ree.end - (dimen_/5,0) to Ree.end + (dimen_/5,0)
L7:line from Q5.B left_ dimen_/4; Rb3:resistor(up_ dimen_,);rlabel(,R_b,);
20 line "$V_{ss}$" above from Rb3.end - (dimen_/6,0) to Rb3.end + (dimen_/6,0)
line from Rb3.start down_ 0; Rb4:resistor(down_ dimen_,);llabel(,R_a,); ground(,T)
line from Q6.B right_ dimen_/4; Rb2:resistor(up_ dimen_,);rlabel(,R_b,);
line "$V_{ss}$" above from Rb2.end - (dimen_/6,0) to Rb2.end + (dimen_/6,0)
line from Rb2.start down_ 0; Rb1:resistor(down_ dimen_,);llabel(,R_a,); ground(,T)
25 C:capacitor(from Rb3.start left_ dimen_); llabel(,C,);
K2:circle radius .05; line from Q4.B right_ dimen_/4;
L9:line down_ dimen_; crossover(from L9.end left_ to (Q3.B,Here),R,L10);
L12:crossover( from Here left_ to (Q1.B,Here),R,L4);line up_ to Q1.B;
L11:line from L2.c down_ dimen_/2;ground(,T);
30 L14:line from Q4.C up_ dimen_/2; Rc1:resistor(up_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_c,);
L15:line from Q3.C up_ dimen_/2; Rc2:resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R_c,);
line "$V_{cc}$" above from (Here - (dimen_/4,0)) right_ to (Rc1.end+(dimen_/4,0))
line from Q2.C up_ dimen_/4; crossover(from Here right_ to (Q4.C,Here),,L15);
line from Q1.C up_ dimen_/2 then to Rc2.start
35 L16:line from Rc1.start right_ dimen_; K5:circle radius .05;
crossover(from Q3.C right_ to (L16.end.x,Q4.C.y),,L14);K6:circle radius .05;
"$Q_1$" at Q1.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$Q_2$" at Q2.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$Q_3$" at Q3.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)
40 "$Q_4$" at Q4.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$Q_5$" at Q5.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$Q_6$" at Q6.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)
"$V_{{en}_1}$" at (K1.c) - (.2,0)
"$V_{{en}_2}$" at (K2.c) - (.2,0)
45 "$V_{sa}$" at (K5.c.x+ dimen_/2,(K5.c.y+K6.c.y)/2)
.PE
110
w1
x1
w2
x2 T saída
w3
x3
Figura 111: Neurônio de McCulloch-Pitts

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 X2:line "$w_2$" above right_ dimen_*1;
X4:line -> right dimen_/2; move to X2.w; "$x_2$" rjust;
T:circle radius dimen_/2 with .w at X4.end; "$T$" at T.c
X1:line "$w_1$" above from X2.w+(0,dimen_) right dimen_*1;
line -> to T.nw; move to X1.w; "$x_1$" rjust;
10 X3:line "$w_3$" above from X2.w+(0,-dimen_) right dimen_*1;
line -> to T.sw; move to X3.w; "$x_3$" rjust;
Y1:line -> from T.e right dimen_*1.5; "saída" ljust;
.PE
a0 w0
w1 P R xj
a1 +
w2
a2
Figura 112: Neurônio proposto por Rosenblat

111

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 T1:circle radius .15; "$a_1$" at T1.c;
X2:line -> "$w_{1}$" above from T1.e right_ dimen_*1.5;
T:circle radius dimen_/1.5 with .w at X2.end; "$\sum + \int$" at T.c
T2:circle radius .15 with .c at T1.c + (0,1*dimen_); "$a_0$" at T2.c;
X1:line -> "$w_{0}$" above from T2.e to T.nw;
10 T3:circle radius .15 with .c at T1.c - (0,1*dimen_); "$a_2$" at T3.c;
X1:line -> "$w_{2}$" above from T3.e to T.sw;
Y:line -> "$x_j$" above from T.e right dimen_*1.5
.PE
a2
a1
Figura 113: Conjunto de situações linearmente separáveis
1 w0
w1 P
a1
w2
a2
Figura 114: Esquema do Percéptron

112

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
\newrgbcolor{red1}{1 0 0}
\newrgbcolor{yellow1}{1 1 0}
\newrgbcolor{black1}{0 0 0}
10 \newrgbcolor{white1}{1 1 1}
X:line -> right_ 3.5; "$a_1$" ljust
Y:line -> from X.w up_ 3.5; "$a_2$" rjust
D:line dashed from (-.2,1) to (3.5,2.25)
\psset{fillcolor=red1,fillstyle=solid}%
15 circle radius .1 with .c at (1,1)
circle radius .1 with .c at (1.5,.5)
circle radius .1 with .c at (2,1)
circle radius .1 with .c at (2.5,1.5)
circle radius .1 with .c at (3,.8)
20 \psset{fillcolor=yellow1,fillstyle=solid}%
circle radius .1 with .c at (0,2)
circle radius .1 with .c at (1,2.5)
25 circle radius .1 with .c at (2,2.6)
.PE

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 T1:circle radius .15; "$a_1$" at T1.c;
X2:line -> "$w_{1}$" above from T1.e right_ dimen_*1.5;
T:circle radius dimen_/2 with .w at X2.end; "$\sum$" at T.c
T2:circle radius .15 with .c at T1.c + (0,1*dimen_); "$1$" at T2.c;
X1:line -> "$w_{0}$" above from T2.e to T.nw;
10 T3:circle radius .15 with .c at T1.c - (0,1*dimen_); "$a_2$" at T3.c;
X1:line -> "$w_{2}$" above from T3.e to T.sw;
Y:line -> from T.e right_ dimen_*1
B:box
L:line from (B.sw + (.1,.1)) right_ to (B.c.x,B.s.y+.1)
15 then up_ to B.n - (0,.1) then right_ to B.ne - (.1,.1)
.PE
113
Camadas Intermediárias
Camada de Entrada Camada de Saída
Figura 115: Percéptron Multicamada
y0 y1 y2
x0 x1 Polarização
Figura 116: Percéptron Multicamada
Reta de Decisão para nó 1
Classe 0 Classe 2
Classe 1
Figura 117: Regiôes de Decisão

114

.PS
dimen_=dimen_; Origem:(0,0)
5 \newrgbcolor{yellow1}{1 1 0}
\newrgbcolor{blue1}{0 0 1}
\newrgbcolor{green1}{0 1 0}
10 C1:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (0,0)
C2:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (0,-dimen_)
\psset{fillcolor=green1,fillstyle=solid}%
C3:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,dimen_)
C4:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,0)
15 C5:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,-dimen_)
C6:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,-2*dimen_)
C7:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,dimen_)
C8:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,0)
C9:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,-dimen_)
20 C10:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,-2*dimen_)
\psset{fillcolor=blue1,fillstyle=solid}%
C12:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (4.5*dimen_,-dimen_)
line from C1.ne to C3.sw; line from C1.e to C4.w
25 line from C1.se to C5.nw; line from C1.se to C6.nw
line from C2.ne to C3.sw; line from C2.ne to C4.w
line from C2.e to C5.w; line from C2.se to C6.w
line from C3.e to C7.w; line from C3.se to C8.nw
line from C3.se to C9.nw; line from C3.se to C10.nw
30 line from C4.ne to C7.sw; line from C4.e to C8.w
line from C5.ne to C7.sw; line from C5.ne to C8.sw
35 line from C6.ne to C9.sw; line from C6.e to C10.w
line from C9.ne to C11.sw; line from C9.e to C12.w
40 "{\tiny Camadas Intermediárias}" at C3.c + (.35,.2)
"{\tiny Camada de Entrada}" at (-.5,(C1.c.y +C2.c.y)/2)
"{\tiny Camada de Saída}" at (C11.c.x+ .4,(C11.c.y +C12.c.y)/2)
.PE
115

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
10 \newrgbcolor{green1}{0 1 0}
\psset{fillcolor=black1,fillstyle=solid}%
C1:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (0,0)
15 C2:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,0)
C4:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (0,2*dimen_)
20 C5:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,2*dimen_)
C6:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,2*dimen_)
line from C1.n to C4.s
25 line from C2.nw to C4.se
line from C3.nw to C4.se
\psset{linecolor=blue1}%
line from C1.ne to C5.sw
30 line from C3.nw to C5.se
\psset{linecolor=green1}%
35 "$x_0$" at C1.c - (0,.2)
"$x_1$" at C2.c - (0,.2)
"Polarização" at C3.c - (0,.2)
"$y_0$" at C4.c + (0,.2)
"$y_1$" at C5.c + (0,.2)
40 "$y_2$" at C6.c + (0,.2)
.PE
116

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
circle radius .05 with .c at (1,.5)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (1,1)/2
15 circle radius .05 with .c at (2,1)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (2,1.5)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (3,1)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.5,2)/2
20 circle radius .05 with .c at (-2,1)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.5,1)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.25,1.5)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (-3,1.25)/2
25 circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.5,-.5)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (-.5,-1)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (.5,-1)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.25,-1.5)/2
circle radius .05 with .c at (0,-1.25)/2
30 \psset{linecolor=blue1}%
D1:line dashed from (2,-2.5)/2 to (-1,4)/2
D2:line dashed from (-3,-1)/2 to (2,3)/2
\psset{linecolor=green1}%
35 D3:line dashed from (-3.5,.2)/2 to (3,-.1)/2
"{\small Classe $0$}" at (-3,2)/2
"{\small Classe $1$}" at (0,-2)/2
"{\small Classe $2$}" at (2,2)/2
move to D1.w; "{\tiny Reta de Decisão para nó $1$}" ljust
40 move to D2.w; "{\tiny Reta de Decisão para nó $0$}" rjust
move to D3.w; "{\tiny Reta de Decisão para nó $2$}" rjust
"{ }" at (0,3)
.PE
117
ai aj
entrada i wij j
Figura 118: Representação da Regra de Hebb

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 X2:line -> right_ dimen_*1; move to X2.w; "{\small entrada}" rjust;
T:circle radius dimen_/3 with .w at X2.end; "$i$" at T.c
X1:line -> "$w_{_{ij}}$" below from T.e right_ dimen_*1
T2:circle radius dimen_/3 with .w at X1.end; "$j$" at T2.c
X3:line -> from T2.e right_ dimen_*1
10 move to T.ne; "$a_i$" ljust
move to T2.ne;"$a_j$" ljust
.PE
2 2
entradas 1 j 1 saídas
n m
unidade de processamento
Figura 119: Representação da retropropagação

118

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
C1:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (0,0)
C2:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (0,dimen_)
15 C3:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (0,-dimen_)
20 C6:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (3*dimen_,dimen_)
C7:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (3*dimen_,-dimen_)
line from C1.e to C4.w
line from C2.se to C4.nw
25 line from C4.e to C5.w
line from C4.se to C7.nw
"$1$" at C1.c
"$2$" at C2.c
30 "$n$" at C3.c
"$j$" at C4.c
"$1$" at C5.c
"$2$" at C6.c
"$m$" at C7.c
35 "{\small entradas}" at C1.w - (.4,0)
T1:"{\small saídas}" at C5.e + (.3,0)
line "{\small unidade de processamento}" above from
(T1.e.x+dimen_,-2*dimen_) left_ to (C4.c.x,-2*dimen_);
line -> up_ to C4.s - (0,.1);
40 .PE
119
Agente
Externo
Sensores Sensores
Digitais Analógicos Sistema de
Alarme
Sistema de
Transmissor Transmissor Rede
Neural Controle
FSK FM de Acesso
Sistema de
Anúncio
Receptor Receptor
FSK FM
Figura 120: Representação do sistema proposto
Filtro PF
em f0
Rede
Microfone
Neural
Filtro PF
em f1
Figura 121: Representação da solução proposta

120

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
B1:box "Agente" "Externo";
15 L1:line -> from B1.s down_ dimen_/4 then left_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ dimen_/4;
B2:box wid 1 "Sensores" "Digitais";
L2:line -> from B1.s down_ dimen_/4 then right_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ dimen_/4;
B3:box wid 1 "Sensores" "Analógicos";
L3:line -> from B2.s down_ dimen_/2;
20 B4:box wid 1 "Transmissor" "FSK";
B5:box wid 1 "Transmissor" "FM";
B6:box wid 1 "Receptor" "FSK";
25 L6:line -> from B5.s down_ dimen_/2;
B7:box wid 1 "Receptor" "FM";
L7:line -> from B6.s down_ dimen_ then right_ 4.5*dimen_
then up_ 3*dimen_ then right_ 1*dimen_
L8:line -> from B7.s down_ .75*dimen_ then right_ 1.25*dimen_
30 then up_ 2.75*dimen_+boxht/4 then right_ 1.25*dimen_
\psset{fillcolor=azulclaro1,fillstyle=solid}%
B8:box wid 1 "{\tt Rede}" "{\tt Neural}" with .w at L8.e-(0,boxht/8)
\psset{fillcolor=red1,fillstyle=none}%
L9:line -> from B8.e right_ dimen_;
35 B9:box wid 1 "Sistema de" "Controle" "de Acesso";
L10:line -> from B8.e+(0,boxht/6) right_ dimen_/2 then up_ dimen_ then right_ dimen_/2;
B10:box wid 1 "Sistema de" "Alarme";
L11:line -> from B8.e-(0,boxht/6) right_ dimen_/2 then down_ dimen_ then right_ dimen_/2;
B11:box wid 1 "Sistema de" "Anúncio";
40 .PE
121

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
B1:box "Microfone";
15 L1:line from B1.e right_ dimen_/2;
L2:line -> up_ dimen_/1.5 then right_ dimen_/2;
L3:line -> from L1.e down_ dimen_/1.5 then right_ dimen_/2;
B2:box "Filtro PF" "em $f_0$" with .w at L2.e;
B3:box "Filtro PF" "em $f_1$" with .w at L3.e;
20 L4:line -> from B2.e right_ dimen_/2 then down_ dimen_*.625 then right_ dimen_/2
L4:line -> from B3.e right_ dimen_/2 then up_ dimen_*.625 then right_ dimen_/2
B4: box "Rede" "Neural" with .w at (L4.e.x,L1.e.y)
.PE
C2
R6
R3 −
+
R2
C1
R5
+10V
Ven − R7
R1 − C3 D1
+ R4 Vsa
+
R8 C4 R9
Figura 122: Esquema elétrico do filtro BiQuad
−
Vsa
Ven +
Figura 123: Buffer para acoplamento dos circuitos

122

.PS
dimen_=dimen_; Origem:(0,0)
5 \newrgbcolor{yellow1}{1 1 0}
\newrgbcolor{green1}{0 1 0}
Ven:circle radius .05; move to Ven.w;"$V_{en}$" rjust
10 L1:line from Ven.e right_ dimen_/2; R1:resistor(right_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_1,);
L2:line right_ dimen_/4; Amp1:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In1 at L2.e;
line from Amp1.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/2; ground(,T)
L3:line from Amp1.Out right_ dimen_/4;
L5:line up_ dimen_ ; L6:line left_ dimen_/4;
15 C1:capacitor(left_ dimen_);rlabel(,C_1,);
L4:line from C1.end left_ dimen_/4 then down_ to R1.end
L7:line from L5.n up_ dimen_ then left_ dimen_/4;
R2:resistor(left_ dimen_);rlabel(,R_2,); L8:line left_ dimen_/4;
L9:line down_ dimen_; L10:line from L9.n up_ dimen_ then right_ dimen_/4;
20 R3:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_3,); L11:line right_ dimen_/4
Amp2:opamp(left_ dimen_,"$+$","$-$",) with .Out at L11.e;
L12:line from Amp2.In1 right_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/2; ground(,T)
L13:line from Amp2.In2 right_ dimen_/4
L14:line up_ dimen_*.75 then left_ dimen_/4
25 C2:capacitor(left_ dimen_);rlabel(,C_2,);
L15:line from C2.end left_ dimen_/4 then down_ to R3.end;
L16:line from L3.e right_ dimen_/4;
R4:resistor(right_ dimen_);rlabel(,R_4,); L17:line right_ dimen_/4;
Amp3:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In1 at L17.e;
30 line from Amp3.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/2; ground(,T)
L18:line from R4.e up_ dimen_*.75 then right_ dimen_/4;
R5:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_5,); L19:line right_ dimen_/4;
L20:line down_ dimen_; L21:line left_ dimen_/4;
L22:line from L19.e up_ to (L19.e,Amp2.In2) then left_ dimen_/4;
35 R6:resistor(left_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_6,); line left_ dimen_/4;
L23:line from L20.s right_ dimen_/4; C3:capacitor(right_ dimen_); llabel(,C_3,);
L24:line right_ dimen_/4; R7:resistor(up_ dimen_);rlabel(,R_7,);
T1:circle radius 0.05 with .s at R7.end; move to T1.e;"$+10V$" ljust;
move to L24.e; R8:resistor(down_ dimen_) ;llabel(,R_8,);ground;move to L24.e;
40 L25:line right_ dimen_/2; D1:diode(right_ dimen_); llabel(,D_1,)
L26:line right_ dimen_/2; C4:capacitor(down_ dimen_);rlabel(,C_4,);ground;
move to L26; L27:line right_ dimen_; R9:resistor(down_ dimen_);
llabel(,R_9,);ground;move to L27.e; L28:line right_ dimen_/4;
T1:circle radius 0.05 with .w at L28.end; move to T1.e;"$V_{sa}$" ljust;
45 .PE
123

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
Ven:circle radius .05; move to Ven.w;"$V_{en}$" rjust
L1:line from Ven.e right_ dimen_;
A1:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In2 at L1.e;
15 L2:line from A1.Out right_ dimen_/4 then up_ dimen_ then
left_ 3*dimen_/2 then down_ .75*dimen_ then to A1.In1;
L3:line from A1.Out right_ dimen_;
T1:circle radius 0.05; move to T1.e; "$V_{sa}$" ljust;
.PE
R3
−
R4 + R5
+
−
V1
R1 D1
V2
R2
Vp
Rp
Figura 124: Esquema elétrico da RNA analógica
V2
classe 1
0.2
3
0.2
2.8
classe 2
V1
0.8 1
Figura 125: Regiões de Decisão esperada
124

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
Ve1:circle radius .05 with .c at (0,0); move to Ve1.w;"$V_{1}$" rjust
Ve2:circle radius .05 with .c at (0,-dimen_); move to Ve2.w;"$V_{2}$" rjust
Vp:circle radius .05 with .c at (0,-2*dimen_); move to Vp.w;"$V_{p}$" rjust
15 L1:line from Ve1.e right_ dimen_/2;
R1:resistor(right_ dimen_) with .start at L1.e;rlabel(,R_1,)
L2:line from Ve2.e right_ dimen_/2;
R2:resistor(right_ dimen_) with .start at L2.e;rlabel(,R_2,)
L3:line from Vp.e right_ dimen_/2;
20 R3:resistor(right_ dimen_) with .start at L3.e;rlabel(,R_p,)
L4:line from R1.e right_ dimen_/2;
L7:line up_ 5*dimen_/2 then right dimen_/4;
25 A1:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In2 at L7.e;
L8:line from A1.Out right_ dimen_/4 then up_ dimen_ then left_ dimen_/4;
R4:resistor(left_ dimen_);rlabel(,R_3,);
L9:line left_ dimen_/4 then down_ .75*dimen_ then right_ dimen_/4
L10:line from A1.In1 left_ dimen_/2;
30 R5:resistor(left_ dimen_);llabel(,R_4,);
L11:line left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/4;ground(,T);
L12:line from A1.Out right_ dimen_;
A2:opamp(right_ dimen_,"$+$","$-$",) with .In1 at L12.e;
L13:line from A2.In2 left_ dimen_/2 then down_ dimen_/4; ground(,T);
35 L14:line from A2.Out right_ dimen_/4;
R6:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_5,);
L15:line right_ dimen_/4;
L16:line down_ dimen_/4;
D1:diode(down_ dimen_,LE);rlabel(,D_1,);ground;
40 .PE
125

.PS
include(libcct.m4)
cct_init
5 dimen_=dimen_
Origem:(0,0)
10 \newrgbcolor{white1}{1 1 1}
X:line -> right_ 2.5; "$V_1$" ljust
Y:line -> from X.w up_ 2.5; "$V_2$" rjust
move to (0,2.5*dimen_);"$2.8$" rjust;
move to (0,3*dimen_);"$3$" rjust;
15 "$0.8$" at (.8*2*dimen_,-.1);
"$1$" at (1*2*dimen_,-.1);
D1:line dashed from (2*dimen_,0) to (2*dimen_,3*dimen_);
D2:line dashed from (0,3*dimen_) to (2*dimen_,3*dimen_);
20 C1:circle radius .05 with .c at (D1.n)
\psset{fillcolor=black1,fillstyle=solid}%
D3:line dashed from (0,2.5*dimen_) to (2*dimen_,2.5*dimen_);
C2:circle radius .05 with .c at (2*dimen_,2.5*dimen_)
D4:line dashed from (.8*2*dimen_,0) to (2*.8*dimen_,3*dimen_);
25 C3:circle radius .05 with .c at (2*.8*dimen_,3*dimen_)
dimension_(from C2.c to C1.c,-.2,"$^{0.2}$" ljust);
dimension_(from C3.c to C1.c,.2,"$^{0.2}$");
line from (0.5*2*dimen_,3.7*dimen_) to (2.8*dimen_,1.55*dimen_)
30 \psset{linecolor=black1}%
\psset{fillcolor=white1,fillstyle=solid}%
C4:circle radius .05 with .c at (.8*2*dimen_,2.5*dimen_)
"classe $1$" at (2,2)
"classe $2$" at (.4,.5)
35 .PE

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Recife, 02 de fevereiro de 2011

Figura 1: Tree structure.

Código da Figura .1 Código em PStricks.

Figura 2: A closer view.

Código da Figura .2 Código em PStricks.

x•y ⇔ x|y x•y ⇔ x|y

Figura 3: Diagrama de Hasse. Figura 4: Diagrama de Hasse.

Código da Figura .3 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .4 Código em PStricks.

Figura 5: Diagrama de Hasse. Figura 6: Diagrama de Hasse.

Código da Figura .5 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .6 Código em PStricks.

Figura 7: Um estimador viesado θ1 que possui uma Figura 8: Função de verosimilhança.

Código da Figura .7 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .8 Código em PStricks.

Figura 9: Teste não aleatorizados e testes aleatori- Figura 10: Fronteira.

Código da Figura .9 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .10 Código em PStricks.

Figura 13: Plot

Código da Figura .11 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .12 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .13 Código em PStricks.

Figura 14: Figura 15:

Código da Figura .14 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .15 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .16 Código em PStricks.

Figura 17: Figura 18:

Código da Figura .17 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .18 Código em PStricks.

Figura 19: Um vetor em um espaço tridimensional.

Figura 20: Adição de vetores e multiplicação por um escalar.

Código da Figura .19 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .20 Código em PStricks.

matriz 3 por 4 matriz 4 por 2 matriz 3 por 2

Figura 21: Uma ilustração de multiplicação de matrizes.

Código da Figura .21 Código em PStricks.

Figura 22: Maneiras de apresentar uma loteria [ci , α, cj ] para o decisor.

Código da Figura .22 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .23 Código em PStricks.

crs cij ≡ cij 4 crs

c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 C1

Código da Figura .24 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .25 Código em PStricks.

c12 c21 c21 c12

(a) (b) (c)

c11 c12 C1 c11

Código da Figura .26 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .27 Código em PStricks.

{c11 , c12 , c22 , c13 , c23 }

{c11 , c12 , c22 , c13 } {c11 , c12 , c21 , c22 }

{c11 , c12 , c13 } {c11 , c12 , c21 }

{c11 , c12 } {c11 , c21 }

Figura 28: Diagrama de Hasse do conjunto parcialmente ordenado J(C).

Código da Figura .28 Código em PStricks.

Figura 29: Cadeias maximais de J(C) ou extensões lineares de C .

Código da Figura .29 Código em PStricks.

c13 c22 c31

c11 c12 c13 C1 c11

Código da Figura .30 Código em PStricks.

Código da Figura .31 Código em PStricks.

c13 c22 c31

c11 c12 c13 C1 c11