Indefinite Integrals

Indefinite Integrals Definition

d
If [ g (x) ] = f (x), then g (x) + c is an indefinite integral of f (x) and
dx
we write it as ∫ f ( x ) dx = g (x) + c.
e.g.
d
( x 2 ) = 2x
dx
∴ ∫ 2x dx = x 2 + c

Important
Important

The results which are true for x are true for ax + b also ( as both are
linear ), the only change is, obtained answer is to be divided by a ( i.e.
coefficient of x )

For example

∫ sec
2
x dx = tan x + c
2 x tan (x / 2 ) x
∴ ∫ sec   dx = + c = 2 tan  +c
2 1/ 2 2

1
Different types

Type – I

Sums based on standard result.

Type – II

P (x)
Integrand of the type
ax + b , where P (x) is a polynomial
Here divide numerator by denominator and use
dx log |ax + b |
∫ ax + b =
a
+c

Type - III

Integration by substitution

f '( x)
∫ f ( x)
dx = log f ( x) + c

Standard Substitutions

Expression Substitution
a2 − x2 x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ
a2 + x2 x = a tan θ or x = a cot θ
x2 − a2 x = a sec θ or x = a cosec θ
a−x x = a cos θ
a+x

2
Type – IV

a sin x + b cos x ae x + b
Integrals of the type ∫ dx and ∫ c e x + d dx
c sin x + d cos x
Here we write
d
Numerator = A ( Denominator ) + B ( Denominator)
dx
Values of A and B are to be obtained by equating coefficients of sin x
and cos x.

Type – V

To express angle in numerator in terms of angle in the denominator.

e.g.
sin ( x − a )
To evaluate ∫ sin ( x + a ) dx
We write
x – a = ( x + a ) – 2a

Type – VI

Integral of type
px + q px + q P (x )
∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx OR ∫ ax 2 + bx + c
dx OR ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx

Here we write
d
px + q = A + B ( ax 2 + bx + c )
dx
In the third integral P(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or
equal to 2. Here, divide numerator by denominator and then proceed.

3
Note : In CET, values of A and B can be obtained directly.
4x + 3
e.g. in ∫x 2
+ 2x + 1
dx

As derivative of x 2 + 2x + 1 is 2x + 2
we write 4x + 3 = 2 ( 2x + 2 ) – 4 + 3 = 2 ( 2x + 2 ) – 1

Type – VII ( Important )

Integral of the type

1 1 1
∫ a + b sin x dx OR ∫ a + b cos x dx OR ∫ a + b sin x + c cos x dx
x
Here we put tan  =t
2
2 dt 2t 1− t2
∴ dx = , sin x = , cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2 1+ t2

Note :
If angle is 2x, put tan x = t
dt 2t 1− t2
∴ dx = , sin x = , cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2 1+ t2

4
Type – VIII
VIII
Integral of the type
1 1 1
∫ a + b sin 2
x
dx OR ∫ a + b cos 2
x
dx OR ∫ a + b sin 2
x + c cos 2 x
dx

Here we multiply numerator and denominator by sec 2 x and put

tan x = t

Note :
In the denominator
sin 2 x × sec 2 x = tan 2 x
cos 2 x × sec 2 x=1
sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x

Type – IX

Integration By parts

The Theorem is
 du 
∫ uv dx = u ∫ v dx − ∫  dx ∫  dx
v dx

This can be remembered as

fis – idfis Rule

The order in which u and v are to be taken is according to the serial

order of the letters of the word “LIATE”, where
L : Logarithmic
I : Inverse Trigonometric
A : Algebraic
T : Trigonometric
E : Exponential

5
Type – X

Sums on
e ax
∫e
ax
1. sin ( bx ) dx = 2 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx ) + c
a +b
e ax
∫e
ax
2. cos ( bx ) dx = 2 (a cos bx + b sin bx ) + c
a +b2

Type – XI

Sums based on
∫e
x
[f (x) + f '(x)] dx = e x f (x) + c
Here multiple of e x is expressed as sum of a function and its
derivative.

Typical sums of this type

2
log x tan − 1 x 1 + x + x
∫ (1 + log x ) 2 dx , ∫ e 1 +x 2
dx

6
Type – XII

Partial Fractions

1. Distinct Linear Factors

Example

3x + 5 3x + 5 A B
= = +
x 2 + 2x − 3 ( x − 1) ( x + 3) ( x − 1) ( x + 3)
We write
3x + 5 = A ( x + 3 ) + B ( x – 1 )
And so on

Disguised linear factors

Example

x2
In
( x 2 + 4 ) ( x 2 − 7 ) we take x = t for finding partial fractions
2

only. This is not a substitution.

2. Repeated Linear Factors

Example

x +1 A B C
= + +
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1) ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 2)

7
3. Non – repeated quadratic factor

Example

x A Bx + c
= +
( 2x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( 2x + 1) ( x 2 + 3)

Type – XIII

Reduction Formulae

−1 n−1 n −1
∫ sin x dx = ∫ sin n−2 x dx
n
1. sin x cos x +
n n
1 n −1
∫ ∫
n−1
2. cos n
x dx = cos x sin x + cos n−2 x dx
n n

Poll Question

e log f (x) = f (x)

8
Proof :

Let e y = f (x)
∴ y = log e f (x)
y
Put this in e = f (x) to get
log e f (x)
e = f (x)

Solved Sums

CET – 2008 ( Memory Based )

3 dx
1. ∫ (x 2
+ 1) ( x 2 + 4 )
=

(a) log ( x+ 1 ) – log ( x 2 + 4 ) + c

2

−1 1 −1  x 
(b) tan x − tan   + c
2 2
−1 −1 x
(c) 2 tan x − tan  +c
2
1
(d) tan − 1 x − tan − 1 x + c
2

Solution

3 dx  1 1 
I= ∫ ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 4) ∫  x 2 + 1 x 2 + 4  dx
=  −

1 x
= tan −1 x − tan −1   + c
2 2

 1 1 
2. ∫  log x ( log x ) 2  dx =
−

9
 1 x x
(a) +c (b) +c (c) 2
+ c (d) log x + c
log x log x ( log x )

Solution

 1 1 
I = ∫ − 2 
dx
 log x ( log x ) 
Put log x = t ∴x=e t ∴ dx = e t dt
1 1  1 x
∴ I = ∫ e t  − 2  dt = e t + c = +c
 t t  t log x

x ex
3. ∫ ( x + 2 ) 3 dx =
ex ex
(a) +c (b) 2
+c
x+2 ( x + 2 )
ex xe x
(c) +c (d) 2
+c
( x + 2) 3 ( x + 2)

Solution
x ex e x (x + 2 − 2)  1 2 
I=∫ 3
dx = ∫ 3
dx = ∫ e x  2
− 3 
dx
( x + 2) ( x + 2)  ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 ) 
ex
= 2
+c
( x + 2)

1
4. ∫ 2
a −b x 2 2
dx =

1  bx  1  ax 
(a) sin − 1   + c (b) sin −1   + c
b  a  ab  b 
1 − 1  ax  1  bx 
(c) sin  +c (d) sin − 1   + c
b  b  ab  a 
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Solution

1 1 1
I= ∫ 2 2 2
dx =
b ∫ 2
dx
a −b x a 2
  −x
b
1  bx 
= sin − 1   + c
b  a 

1
5. ∫ x + x − n dx =
1 1
(a) log | x n + 1 + 1| + c (b) log | x n | + c
n +1 n
1 1
(c) log | x n | + c (d) log | x n + 1| + c
n +1 n
Solution

1 1 xn
I=∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫x dx
x + x −n 1
x+ n
n +1
+1
x
1 (n + 1 )x n
n + 1 ∫ x n +1 +1
= dx

1
= log | x n + 1 + 1 | + c
n +1

CET – 2009 ( Memory Based)

x  x − 1
1. ∫  x 2  dx =
e

ex ex
(a) 2 + c
x x 2
(b) +c (c) x e + c (d) e x + c
x x

11
Solution
1 1  1
I = ∫ e x  − 2  dx = e x × + c
x x  x

2. ∫ x log x dx =
x x2
(a) ( 2 log x − 1) + c (b) ( 2 log x − 1) + c
4 4
x2 x
(c) ( 2 log x + 1) + c (d) ( 2 log x + 1) + c
4 4
Solution
I = ∫ x log x dx = ∫ log x . x dx
x2 1 x2
= log x × −∫ ×
2 x 2
x2 1 x2 x2
= log x − × = ( 2 log x − 1) + c
2 2 2 4

CET – 2010 ( Memory Based )

dx
1. ∫ 16 x 2 + 9 =
1  4x  1  4x 
(a) tan − 1   + c (b) tan − 1   + c
4  3  12  3 
1 − 1  4x  − 1  4x 
(c) tan  +c (d) tan  +c
3  3   3 
Solution
Solution

12
 dx 1 dx
I= ∫ 16 x 2 + 9 16
= ∫ 9
x2+
16
1 1  x 
= × tan − 1  +c
16 3  3/ 4 
4
1  4x 
= tan − 1   + c
12  3 

∫
tan x 2 3
2. e ( sec x + sec x sin x ) dx =
(a) e x sec x tan x + c (b) e tan x . tan x + c
(c) e tan x sec 2 x+c (d) e tan x . tan 2 x+c
Solution
∫e ( sec 2 x + sec 3 x sin x ) dx = ∫ e tan x sec 2 x ( 1 + sec x sin x ) dx
tan x

∫e
tan x
= ( 1 + tan x) sec 2 x dx
put tan x = t ∴ sec 2 x dx = dt
∴ I = ∫ e x ( t + 1) dt = e t . t = e tan x . tan x + c

More Solved Sums

e 5 log x − e 4 log x
1. ∫ e 3 log x− e 2 log x dx
x3
(a) log | x 3 –x 2 |+c (b) +c
3
x
(c) +c (d) log | x ( x – 1 ) | + c
2

13
Solution
log x 5 log x 4
e - e
I= ò 3 2
e log x - e log x
log f ( x )
using e = f (x )
x5 - x4 x 4 (x - 1)
I = ò = ò
x3 - x2 x 2 (x - 1)
2 x3
= òx dx =
3

cos 2 x − cos 2α
2. ∫ cos x − cos α dx is
(a) sin x – x sin α + c (b) x cos α + cos x + c
(c) 2 ( sin x + x cos α ) + c (d) cos x + x sin α + c
Solution

(
2 cos 2 x − 1 − 2 cos 2 α − 1 )
I= ∫ cos x − cos α
dx

(
2 cos 2 x − cos 2 α )
= ∫ cos x − cos α
dx

( cos x + cos α ) ( cos x − cos α )

= 2∫
cos x − cos α
=2 ∫ ( cos x + cos α ) dx = 2 ( sin x + x cos α ) + c = 2 ( sin x + x cos α ) + c

3. ∫ 1 + 2 tan x(sec x + tan x) dx is

3 3/ 2
(a) [1 + 2 tan x(sec x + tan x) ] + c
2
(b) log Gsec x ( sec x + tan x ) G + c
(c) log Gsec x G - log G sec x + tan x G + c
(d) log G sec x + tan x G + c

14
Solution
I = ∫ 1 + 2 tan x sec x + 2 tan 2 x

∫ (1 + tan x )
2
= + 2sec x tan x + tan 2 x

= ∫ sec 2 x + 2sec x tan x + 2 tan 2 x dx

2
= ∫ ( sec x + tan x ) dx = ∫ ( sec x + tan x ) dx
= log [sec x + tan x ] + log [sec x ] + c
= log sec x ( sec x + tan x ) 1 + c 

sin 2 x dx
4. ∫ cos 4
x + sin 4 x
=

cos 4 x
(a) log +c (b) cot –1 ( tan x ) + c
sin 4 x
(c) tan –1 ( tan 2 x)+c (d) 2 tan –1 ( tan x ) + c
Solution
2sin x cos x
I = ∫ cos 4 x + sin 4 x dx

Divide Numerator and Deno min ator by cos 4 x

sin x 1
2 dx
cos x cos 2 x 2 tan x sec 2 x dx
= ∫ 1 + tan 4 x
= ∫ tan 4 x + 1
2 tan x sec 2 x dx
= I ∫ 2
( tan x )
2
+1

put tan 2 x = t ∴ 2 tan x sec 2 x dx = dt

dt
I= ∫t2+1 (
= tan −1( t ) + c = tan −1 tan 2 x + c )

cos x − sin x
5. ∫ 1 + sin 2 x
dx

15
 −1 1
(a) +c (b) +c
cos x + sin x cos x − sin x
1 1
(c) +c (d) +c
sin 2 x cos 2 x
Solution
put cos x + sin x = t ........ (1)
∴ ( − sin x + cos x ) dx = dt
on squaring (1)
cos 2 x + sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x = t 2
∴ 1 + sin 2 x = t 2
dt
I= ∫t2 = ∫ t −2 dt

t −1 −1
I = = +c
−1 cos x + sin x

log( x + 2) − log x
6. ∫ x( x + 2) dx
2
1 x+2 
(a)  log  +c (b) [log(x + 2) – log x ] 2 +c
4 x 
2
−1  x+2 
 log +c
x 
(c) (d) [log(x + 2) – log x ] + c
4 
Solution

16
 put log ( x + 2 ) − log x = dt
 1 1
∴ −  d x = dt
 x+2 x 
x−x−2
∴ dx = dt
x ( x + 2)
dx −1
∴ = dt
x ( x + 2) 2
−1 −1 t 2
∴ I = ∫t × dt = ×
2 2 2
−1 2
= log x + 2 − log x  + c
4
2
−1  x +2
= log x 
+c
4 

dx
7. ∫ cos( x − a) cos( x − b) =
(a) log Gcos ( x – a ) cos ( x – b ) G+c
tan( x − a )
(b) log +c
tan( x − b)
1 cos( x − a )
(c) log +c
sin(a − b) cos( x − b)
1 cos( x − a)
(d) log +c
cos(a − b) cos( x − b)

Solution

17
 1 sin ( x − b ) − ( x − a ) 
I=
sin ( a − b ) ∫ cos ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
1 sin ( x − b ) cos ( x − a ) − cos ( x − b ) sin ( x − a )
=
sin ( a − b ) ∫ cos ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
1
=
sin ( a − b ) ∫ ( tan ( x − b ) − tan ( x − a ) ) dx
1
=  log sec ( x − b ) − log sec ( x − a ) 
sin ( a − b ) 
1  sec ( x − b ) 
= log  +c
sin ( a − b )  sec ( x − a ) 
1  cos ( x − a ) 
= log  +c
sin ( a − b )  cos ( x − b ) 

dx
8. ∫ ( x + 1) x − 1 =
 x −1  1  x +1 
(a) 2 tan −1  +c (b) tan −1  +c
 2  2  2 

−1
 x −1  1  x +1 
(c) tan   + c (d) tan −1  +c
 2  2  2 
Solution
put x − 1 = t 2 ∴ dx = 2 tdt
also x = 1 + t 2
2 tdt dt
I= ∫ =2 ∫t2+ 2
(1 + t 2
+1 t )
1 −1  t   x −1
= 2× tan   +c = 2 tan −1   +c
2  2   2 
 

dx
9. ∫ 4 − 5sin x
18
 3 −1  5 tan( x / 2) − 4  1  2 tan ( x / 2 ) − 4 
(a) tan  +c (b) log  
2  3  3  2 tan ( x / 2 ) − 1 
2
(c) log 5 − 4 sin x + c (d) log 5 tan x / 2 + 4 + c
3
Solution
x
put tan   = t
2
2 dt 2t
∴ dx = sin x =
1+ t2 1+ t 2
2 dt
1+ t2 dt
I =∫ =2∫
4−5
2t 4 + 4 t 2 − 10 t
1+ t2
2 dt 1 dt 1 dt
=
4 ∫ 5t
= ∫
2  5
2
25
=
2 ∫ 5 9
2
t2 − +1 t 1
2  −  − + t −  −
 4 16  4 16
5 3
t− −
1 1 4 4
= × log
2 3 5 3
2× t− +
4 4 4

1 t−2 1 2t − 4 1 2 tan (x / 2 ) − 4
= log = log = log
3 1 3 2t − 1 3 2 tan (x / 2 ) − 1
t−
2

cos x dx
10. ∫ (1 − sin x)(2 − sin x)
1 − sin x
(a) log +c (b) log (1 − sin x)(2 − sin x) + c
2 − sin x
2 − sin x (1 − sin x)
(c) log +c (d) log +c
1 − sin x (2 − sin x)

Solution
Solution
19
 put sin x = t ∴ cos x dx = dt
dt ( 2 − t ) − (1 − t )
I= ∫ (1 − t ) ( 2 − t ) = ∫ (1 − t ) ( 2 − t )
 1 1 
= ∫ −  dt
 1 − t 2 − t 
log 1 − t log 2 − t
∴I = −
−1 −1
2−t 2 − sin x
I = log + c = log +c
1− t 1 − sin x

x 11 + x 12 + x 13
11. ∫ x 14 + x 15 dx
x 1
(a) log x 14 + x 15 + c (b) log − 2 +c
1+ x 2x
x 1 x 1
(c) log + 2 +c (d) log − 2 +c
1+ x 2x 1+ x x
Solution

20
 x 11 + x 12 + x 13 x 11 (1 + x + x 2 )
I= ∫ x 14
+x 15
dx = ∫ x 14
(1 + x )
dx

1 + x+ x 2 (1 + x ) + x 2
= ∫ x 3 (1 + x ) = ∫ x 3 (1 + x )
1+ x 1
= ∫ x 3 (1 + x ) + ∫ x (1 + x )
(1 + x ) − x
∫ x dx + ∫ x (1 + x )
−3
= dx

x −2 1 1 
=
−2
+ ∫  x 1 + x  dx
 −

−1
= 2
+ log x − log 1 + x + c
2x
−1 x
= + log +c
2x 2 1+ x

∫e
x
12. cos x dx
1 x 1 x
(a) e (sin x + 2 cos x) + c (b) e (sin x − cos x ) + c
2 2
1 x 1 x
(c) e (cos x − sin x ) + c (d) e (sin x + cos x) + c
2 2
Solution
I= ∫ e x .cos x .dx
e ax
using ∫ e ax
cos bx dx = [ a cos bx + b sin bx ] + c
a2 + b2
ex
I = [cos x + sin x ] + c
1+1

21