ON
“SHAP DATA MONITORING
SYSTEM”
Submitted by:
1. INTRODUCTION
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
5.3. LCD
5.4. RFID
6. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
6.2. SENSOR
6.2.1.1.TEMPRATURE SENSOR
6.2.1.2.GAS SENSOR
6.2.1.3.RFID
6.2.1.4.HUMIDITY SENSOR
6.5.1.1.RELAY
6.5.1.2.TRANSISTOR
6.5.1.3.RESISTANCE
6.5.1.4.DIODES
6.5.1.5.CAPACITORS
6.5.1.6.LED
6.5.1.7.TRANSFORMER
6.5.1.8.VOLTAGE REGULATOR
6.5.1.9.DB9 CONNECTOR
7. METHODOLOGY/FABRICATION METHOD/PROCESSES
8. SOFTWARE
10. APPENDIX
10.1. ADVANTAGE
10.2. APPLICATION
10.3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
As the world is becoming advance towards betterment, whether it is in
terms of science and technology or in any other aspect, the more it is
required to maintain the authentication of data or to prevent the data
from manipulation.
The primary unit of this system is the sensor section which includes
different types of sensor required to observe various parameter as per
the application required. For suppose in an industry numerous
parameter of machinery can be sensed and monitored using this
system. Or in school and colleges this system can be employed for
maintaining the authentication of datasheet.
For making the database more clean and clear for the person
observing or monitoring it, the different display device that can be
employed as per the requirement in this system are LCD, desktop,
laptop, mobile phone, etc. For enabling the data to be monitored from
any part of the world as and when required, a system called GSM is
used which is globally accepted standard for digital cellular
communication.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
units namely:
• Sensor Section
• GSM Modem
• Display Unit
of the system i.e. the sensor unit which basically senses the
fuel level, entry and exit of pedestrian, etc are the different types
respective sensor.
centralised location or even from any part of the world, the next
to a distant location.
phone.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AND
THEIR DESCRIPTIONS
POWER SUPPLY
The +5 volt supply is useful for both analog and digital circuits. DTL, TTL, and CMOS
ICs will all operate nicely from a +5 volt supply. In addition, the +5 volt supply is useful
for circuits that use both analog and digital signals in various ways.
The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This IC
contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts and
produce a steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains current-
limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC won't be damaged in case
of excessive load current; it will reduce its output voltage instead.
The 1000µf capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains a reasonable input voltage
to the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the ac line voltage. The two rectifier diodes
keep recharging the reservoir capacitor on alternate half-cycles of the line voltage, and the
capacitor is quite capable of sustaining any reasonable load in between charging pulses.
The 10µf and .01µf capacitors serve to help keep the power supply output voltage
constant when load conditions change. The electrolytic capacitor smoothes out any long-
term or low frequency variations. However, at high frequencies this capacitor is not very
efficient. Therefore, the .01µf is included to bypass high-frequency changes, such as
digital IC switching effects, to ground. The LED and its series resistor serve as a pilot
light to indicate when the power supply is on. I like to use a miniature LED here, so it will
serve that function without being obtrusive or distracting while I'm performing an
experiment. I also use this LED to tell me when the reservoir capacitor is completely
discharged after power is turned off.
PROCESSOR CIRCUIT
LCD
Pin Description
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two
pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections). Pin description is shown in the
table below.
Figure(xxi)
Table(i)
Pin No. Name Description
Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 4 RS
1 = Data input
0 = Write to LCD
module
Pin no. 5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD
module
Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal
Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2
Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3
Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4
Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5
Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6
Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
RFID
DESCRIPTION
OF
COMPONENTS
PIC MICRO-CONTROLLER
Usually all the digial ICs works on TTL or CMOS voltage levels which cannot be used to
communicate over RS-232 protocol. So a voltage or level converter is needed which can
convert TTL to RS232 and RS232 to TTL voltage levels.
The most commonly used RS-232 level converter is MAX232.
This IC includes charge pump which can generate RS232 voltage levels (-10V and +10V)
from 5V power supply. It also includes two receiver and two transmitters and is capable
of full-duplex UART/USART communication.
MAX232 Interfacing with Microcontrollers
To communicate over UART or USART, we just need three basic signals which are
namely, RXD (receive), TXD (transmit), GND (common ground). So to interface
MAX232 with any microcontroller (AVR, ARM, 8051, PIC etc..) we just need the basic
signals. A simple schematic diagram of connections between a microcontroller and
MAX232 is shown below.
GSM MODEM
GSM Network
The Switching System
The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and
subscriber-related functions. The switching system includes the following
functional units:
•home location register (HLR)—The HLR is a database used for storage and
management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important
database, as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's
service profile, location information, and activity status. When an individual buys
a subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of
that operator.
•authentication center (AUC)—A unit called the AUC provides authentication and
encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality
of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud
found in today's cellular world.
• BTS—The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the
radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the
network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.
• mobile service node (MSN)—The MSN is the node that handles the
mobile intelligent network (IN) services.
The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The GSM
network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number assigned to each
cell. The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the subscriber is
paged. Each LA is served by one or more base station controllers, yet only by a
single MSC (see Figure 4). Each LA is assigned a location area identity (LAI) number.
An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is covered by
one MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of the MSC (see Figure 5).
GSM Specifications
Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is important
to understand the following basic terms:
Command Description
Check if serial interface and GSM
AT modem is working.
Turn echo off, less traffic on serial
ATE0 line.
AT+CNMI Display of new incoming SMS.
AT+CPMS Selection of SMS memory.
SMS string format, how they are
AT+CMGF compressed.
Read new message from a given
AT+CMGR memory location.
AT+CMGS Send message to a given recipient.
AT+CMGD Delete message.
ANCILLARY COMPONENTS
RELAY
Relay is a common, simple application of
electromagnetism. It uses an electromagnet made from an
iron rod wound with hundreds of fine copper wire. When
electricity is applied to the wire, the rod becomes
magnetic. A movable contact arm above the rod is then
pulled toward the rod until it closes a switch contact. When
the electricity is removed, a small spring pulls the contract
arm away from the rod until it closes a second switch
contact. By means of relay, a current circuit can be broken
or closed in one circuit as a result of a current in another
circuit.
Operation
TRANSISTOR
The name is transistor derived from ‘transfer
resistors’ indicating a solid state Semiconductor device.
In addition to conductor and insulators, there is a third
class of material that exhibits proportion of both. Under
some conditions, it acts as an insulator, and under
other conditions it’s a conductor. This phenomenon is
called Semi-conducting and allows a variable control
over electron flow. So, the transistor is semi conductor
device used in electronics for amplitude. Transistor has
three terminals, one is the collector, one is the base
and other is the emitter, (each lead must be connected
in the circuit correctly and only then the transistor will
function). Electrons are emitted via one terminal and
collected on another terminal, while the third terminal
acts as a control element. Each transistor has a number
marked on its body. Every number has its own
specifications.
There are mainly two types of transistor (i) NPN &
(ii) PNP
NPN Transistors:
When a positive voltage is applied to the base, the
transistor begins to conduct by allowing current to flow
through the collector to emitter circuit. The relatively
small current flowing through the base circuit causes a
much greater current to pass through the emitter /
collector circuit. The phenomenon is called current
gain and it is measure in beta.
PNP Transistor:
It also does exactly same thing as above except
that it has a negative voltage on its collector and a
positive voltage on its emitter.
P N P
N P N
RESISTOR:
CAPACITORS
It is an electronic component whose function is to
accumulate charges and then release it.
LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light
source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many
devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,
early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern
versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and
infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Symbol:
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes
within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and
the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than
1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be
used to shape its radiation pattern.[3] LEDs present
many advantages over incandescent light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching,
and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful
enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and
require more precise current and heat management
than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable
output.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as
diverse as replacements for aviation lighting,
automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn
signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The
compact size, the possibility of narrow bandwidth,
switching speed, and extreme reliability of LEDs has
allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be
developed, while their high switching rates are also
useful in advanced communications technology.
Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units
of many commercial products including televisions,
DVD players, and other domestic appliances.
TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLE:
Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are
magnetically coupled. The two coils are known as the
primary and secondary windings.
In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The
coupling between the coils is source of making a path
for the magnetic flux to link both the coils. A core as in
fig.2 is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of the
core. Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path
for the flux is only in the iron and hence the flux links
both windings. Hence there is very little ‘leakage flux’.
This term leakage flux denotes the part of the flux,
which does not link both the coils, i.e., when coupling is
not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite
core is used. The transformers may be step-up, step-
down, frequency matching, sound output, amplifier
driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers
are same.
MINIATURE TRANSFORMER CONVENTIONAL
POWER
TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator
designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage
level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-
forward" design or may include negative feedback
control loops. It may use an electromechanical
mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on
the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC
or DC voltages.
DB9 CONECTOR
The DB9 (originally DE-9) connector is an analog 9-pin
plug of the D-Subminiature connector family (D-Sub or
Sub-D).
The DB9 connector is mainly used for serial
connections, allowing for the asynchronous
transmission of data as provided for by standard RS-
232 (RS-232C).
INTRODUCTION--
Making a Printed Circuit Board is the first step towards
building electronic equipment by any electronic
industry. A number of methods are available for making
P.C.B., the simplest method is of drawing pattern on a
copper clad board with acid resistant (etchants) ink or
paint or simple nail polish on a copper clad board and
do the etching process for dissolving the rest of copper
pattern in acid liquid.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
* Plastic Tray
PROCEDURE
REACTION
PRECAUTION
USES
Main window:
This is the wire used to connect PC with circuitry. The wire is known as port wire.
WORKING OF THE PROJECT
SHAP Data monitoring system is basically a system that
provides us the provision of monitoring or recording the
database regarding various parameters of machinery in
an industry. The inputs to the system are sensed by the
number of sensors employed in our system. The
functions of the various sensors are as follows:
1. RFID: is used for maintaining the track records of
the entry and exit of employees as well as of the
employers in the firm. It also provide us the
information regarding the duration for which the
person was physically present in the firm. Thus
there is no chance of fake attendance.
2. Temperature Sensor: Temperature is a very
important parameter in industries like printing
press, IC fabrication etc. where a precise control on
the Temperature is to be maintained. With the help
of this system, we are able to keep a constant
watch on the Temperature of a machine.
3. Level Sensors: Now days, fuel thefting is becoming
one of the major obstacle in an industry. So by
observing the level of the fuel constantly, we can
detect if any of such activity is happening in the
firm.
4. Gas Sensors: is employed to inform the concerned
person about leaking of gas.
These sensors output is fed to PIC 16F 877A at its
part A which is been provided with an inbuilt A/D
convertor as the output produced by the sensors are
analog in nature except the RFID sensor. Since the
RFID provides output in the form of serial bits, it is
fed to the USART receiver pin of the microcontroller
chip.
With the help of the programming done in the micro
controller, we are able to inform the concerned
person about the mischief.
The output of the microcontroller is then fed to MAX
232 which basically is the level convertor incorporated
to provide compatibility between microcontroller chip
and proceeding devices used in the system. The
additional feature introduced in this project is fulfilled
with the help of GSM Modem. It provides with the
facility of monitoring this database from a centralized
location via a PC as well as from any part of the world
using a mobile phone.MAX 232’s output is connected to
the GSM Module via DB9 Connector.
APPENDIX
ADVANTAGE
APPLICATION
• In industries for monitoring different parameters of a
machine.
• For maintaining the track records of the employee as
well as the employer in the firm.
• For maintaining the authenticity of confidential
database in educational institute.
• For keeping medical records of patient in hospitals.
• For attendance purposes in school and colleges.
• Anti fuel thefting system.
• Home automation.
• Vehicle security system.
• Door open and closing alerts.
• Air conditioning status.
• Weather monitoring system.
• Water irrigation for farmers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
PIC Microcontroller- Mazidi
Electronic Device and Circuit- S K Sahdev
Data communication- Tomasi
Mobile Communication- Rappaport
WEBSITE:
www.google.com
www.search.com
www.electroniccircuits.com
www.electronics4u.com
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