Aps Algoritmic Problem Solving 2007

Contents
1 Introduction 1

!
2 Invariants 5
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3 Crossing a River 21
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6 Induction 85
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7 The Towers of Hanoi 107

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8 Knight’s Circuit 117

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Solutions to Exercises 133
Bibliography 153

Chapter 1
Introduction
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Chapter 2
Invariants
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Chocolate Bars
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2.1 Chocolate Bars

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2.1.1 The Solution

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2.1.2 The Mathematical Solution

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p , c := p+1 , c+1 $ / / 5 ( E
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4 4 m n 4

m , n := m+3 , n−1
. m + 3×n
m + 3×n = (m+3) + 3×(n−1) .

4 m 3

n 1 / m + 3×n
- ( E
ls := rs
E[ls := rs]
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E ls ( / ( rs =

(
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(p−c)[p , c := p+1 , c+1] = (p+1) − (c+1)
(m + 3×n)[m , n := m+3 , n−1] = (m+3) + 3×(n−1)
(m+n+p)[m , n , p := 3×n , m+3 , n−1] = (3×n) + (m+3) + (n−1)
$ /

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ls := rs / / / E
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Exercise 2.1

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2.2 Empty Boxes

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2.3 The Tumbler Problem

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u G A H 6 4 even.u / 5
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u := u+2
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$ even.u /

u := u−2
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2.4 Tetrominoes
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c := c+4 .
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l , b , w := l+1 , b+1 , w+3 .
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#
(b − 3×d − l)[d , b , w := d+1 , b+3 , w+1]

= { A / }
(b+3) − 3×(d+1) − l
= {
}
b − 3×d − l

(b − 3×d − l)[l , b , w := l+1 , b+1 , w+3]

= { A / }
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= {
}
b − 3×d − l .

/

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4
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⇒ { /

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w − 3×l − d = 0 }
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}
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⇒ { b − 3×d − l = 0

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&
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}
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⇒ { b+w
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2.5 Additional Exercises

Exercise 2.2 - / / D $
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Chapter 3
Crossing a River
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3.1 Problems
Goat, Cabbage and Wolf
/
4 / 4/ =4
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G 4 4 H 4/ /
4 G 4 4/ 4 H
=4 /
2
The Jealous Couples

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4
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4
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=4 2
! Adults and Children

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4

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46 49 " 52
3 100 1 4
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3.2 Brute Force

3.2.1 Goat, Cabbage and Wolf
$ 0 0 4/0
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2
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Avoid unnecessary or inappropriate naming.
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3.3.1 What’s The Problem?

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3.3.2 Problem Structure

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4

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1C,1W || 1C,1H G 4/ 4
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4 / H
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8

5
4 3C || 4 || 3C 4

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F 4 H (
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{ p }
S
{ q }
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p
4 q / (

{ 2C,1H || 1W }
3H |2W| 1W
{ 3H || 3W }
4 4
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3.3.4 Problem Decomposition

; 4 ( /

$
5 / S0 /
{ 3C || } S0 { || 3C } .
>
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$ /0

$ / 4 /
4

$
S0 5 S1 S2 S3

{ 3C || } S1 { 3H || 3W } ,
{ 3H || 3W } S2 { 3W || 3H } ,
{ 3W || 3H } S3 { || 3C } .
$ 5 S1 /

4 4
/ $ 5 S2
/ S1 4 / 4
, 5 S3 / S2 4
S1 /4 S2 /4 S3 4 4
S1 ; S2 ; S3 4 D / /
G
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4 4 (

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/ / S3
/ / S1 8/ 4

/ S3 / 4 /
/
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S3 /

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/ S1 S2

4
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= 4

!
{ 3C || }
1C,2H |2W|
; { 1C,2H || 2W }
1C,2H |1W| 1W
; { 2C,1H || 1W }
3H |2W| 1W
{ 3H || 3W } .
$
{ 3C || } 1C,2H |2W| ; 1C,2H |1W| 1W ; 3H |2W| 1W { 3H || 3W } .
5 S3 / S1 J
{ 3W || 3H }
1W |2W| 3H
; { 1W || 2C,1H }
1W |1W| 1C,2H
; { 2W || 1C,2H }
|2W| 1C,2H
{ || 3C } .
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? / S2 / A
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S3 $ / S2

4 /
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4
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21 22 23 24 25
20 19 18 17 16
11 12 13 14 15
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A Simple Sum Game
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{ m=n }
4.4.2 Keep It Symmetrical!

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G.
4

(
/
/ 4
H

$ 40
K. .L M"-# N
"4 -
/

$ ! 3

G( )H /
M3.N

Chapter 5
Knights and Knaves
$ / A / 1
$ 4 / K L 4 4
KL 4 4 6 << /
/

4 4 4

$

C
n
2n F

C "
4 /
8

<< ( /

4 4
5.1 Logic Puzzles

= / 00 <<
8
B /
4 $ J K$

8
L $

(a) "

4 2
(b) "
4 2

4 / B /
4
.
4 2
! $ " K "
L
. /
/ 2

+!
+) , ,
) C K 4 L . 5

4 " 2
* 3 5 4

4
+ . 5

4 2
. 5

4

G H2
# B 4

4
/ "
B
P 5 /
. 5
2
&
/ 4
1 / / ,

P 5 4 4 / /
/ 4 4 4
5.2 Calculational Logic

5.2.1 Propositions
$ 4 4 ( 4

. / (
4
( m2−n2
4
/ (m+n)×(m−n) /
/ m n . m2−n2 (m+n)×(m−n) " 4
m2−n2 = (m+n)×(m−n) .
$ / / 64

5 4 ( $ K
L
4
4 KL
/ / ( .
$4 (

/ (
< J
n+0 = n ,

n−n = 0 ,

-
+*
/ 4 4 / n . K/

n L $ 4 /
4

,
(
K / L
5J
(m+n)+p = m+(n+p) ,
4 / m n p

G"H 4 ( 4 0
K L C true false '(
/ ( K
L G4 true false 4 4 KL /H
n = 0 G4 true false / n H n < n+1 G4
true /
n H 0 ( $
4

$
(

0
4 / (

m < n < p 4 4 0
%
/ m < n
n<p
6 4 4 /
I
/

6 /

C KL KL K/L

"
" /
(
/ 4

G/ . . . . . . H '5

/ C / A -/ .
6 <
4 /
+)+ + 4 4 A /
C
5 / ( . 5 /
/ 4 4
/ 4
5.2.2 Knights and Knaves

'5 / <<
4 4 8/ /

K L true false

K
/L / A K L

S. $
/ 4
$
A=S .

++ , ,
, (
/ K /L
A=L ,
4 L /

K /L 8
4 /
/
; / K8
L 4
A=A .
$ 1 9

1 A
4 4
( 4

8/ P 5 Q 5
/ A = Q $ 4 KL / 4
4 > 4 4
KL , (
5 K L 4 4 KL
A = A 5 K 2L 4 KL /

G A = B H 4 KL $ 1 KL KL
/ / A = B
5 / 5
/ << /

A (

/ 4 4
1 A = B / 1 B = A
5
I / 4 4 4

?

/ F / A
B
$ / 5 / (
/ 4
5.2.3 Boolean Equality

'5 C
/ C
/ ,
& $ x = x 4 G H / x

$ x = y
y = x $ $ / x = y y = z
x = z , / x = y f / f.x = f.y G4 A(
/ H $ " "
'
'5 . E(

4 / '5 / 8
/ 4 true false . 4 /

-
+
/ 4 /
, (

J / x y z
x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z

x × (y × z) = (x × y) × z .
$
J / x y
x+y = y+x

x×y = y×x .

/ 5 4 / D

/ 5
4 4 / 52 8 5
2
$ 4 5 1

/ /
/
/ 4

/
$ ( (p = q) = r D 1
4
p q r
5 $ ( 5
/ . p q r

p = q 4 r / 5 $ (p = q) = r
/

p = (q = r) 8

4 /
5 8 4
4 5 /
C $ / p q r
G*H [Associativity] ((p = q) = r) = (p = (q = r)) .
B / (p = q) = r /
p = (q = r)
B / 4
(p = q) = r true / 4
/ p q r true 8/ 4 /
false (p = q) = r false
$ / 5 4/ /

/ ( . 4 (
I
(

/4
$ E( / 5 (
(p = p) = true .

+# , ,
$ / p 4 G

H /
p 4 / 5 J
p = (p = true) .
$

/ (
K true L /

( / /
p = true .
4
5.2.4 Hidden Treasures

. 4 /
6 A
* . 4 /
K8
5 L2 6 A / K
L G / K L $ 1

A = G 4
A = (A = G)

true
= { 1
}
A = (A = G)
= { 5 / }
(A = A) = G
= { (A = A) = true
/ 5 / 5 }
true = G
= { 5
}
G = true
= { G = (G = true) }
G .
.

4

4 / 4

4 / /4 / / B 4 /

-
+&
5 4 KL / / / /4 KL

/ / /4
4 4
6 Q 5 $
4 4 5 4 A = Q 6 L K
/ /4 / /L $ 5
L

5 $ 4 5 L = (A = Q)
L = (A = Q)
= { 5 }
(L = A) = Q .
5 Q L = A $ 5 K8

/ Q / /4 / /1 5 / Q
1 L
? / 4 L 8

4
4 4
4 8 / 5
4

P / 5 P = A 8 /

( P 5

A
5.2.5 Equals for Equals

'5 /
6 <1 J / 4 ( 0
5 ( / = 4

(
/ / 6 <1
/ " " K

L ,
5 4

4 "
$
4 A B C G
"H . Q 4 5
$ 4 4 C * ) Q = (A = C)
"1
A = B 4 4 C = (A = B) 5 / 5
Q = (A = (A = B)) A = (A = B)
A B 5
K 2L =
/ Q 4
4
Q
= { / /
5 }

, ,
A=C
= { /
"1
C = (A = B)
/ 5 / 5 }
A = (A = B)
= { / 5 }
(A = A) = B
= { (A = A) = true }
true = B
= { (true = B) = B }
B .
5.3 Equivalence and Continued Equalities

/ A( $ A

8/ ⊕ G (x⊕y)⊕z = x⊕(y⊕z) /

x y z H 4 4 x⊕y⊕z 4 / /
$ (

/
/ %

( I 4

/ x⊕y y⊕z 4

8/
G x⊕y = y⊕x / x

y H /

( 4
/ u⊕w / ( u w
8A( / / . 4 / (
0 ≤ m ≤ n
=
%
J
0 ≤ m m ≤ n
8 4 /

G m 4 4H %
0
4 / 0 ≤ n $
/ 0
8/ 4 m n
m < n m ≤ n 4 4 0 ≤ m < n 4
/ 0 < n =
/

( 4 /
/
/
8 / 5 / 4
3 4
5 ( / /
x=y=z
/

$ + %
$ × %
)

!'
!'
5 / / x y z 2 > 4 KL
(x = y) = z ,
5
x = (y = z) ,
D
4 4 4 x+y+z 2 $ 4 /

G/ (
true = false = false false A
true H $

D 4 / /
8 4 / x = y = z 4
x = y y = z I 4
/ 5 / (
5
4 / ( D
G/ H C/ C 4
5
F
$
4 F

5 /
C
K = L 4 / 5

K ≡ L 4 (
4 4 p = q p ≡ q . p q (

(
p≡q≡r ,

4 ( K ≡ L

C (p ≡ q) ≡ r p ≡ (q ≡ r) 4

C 4 (
p=q=r

%
C p = q q = r C %
" / /
p1 = p2 = . . . = pn
/ p1 p2 . . . pn 5 4 "

/
/
p1 ≡ p2 ≡ . . . ≡ pn

/ ( G 4 4

FH (

, ,
% 4
K ≡ L
K5LI
/
4 4

4
/ 4 5 $
5 A (
E(
G* H [Reflexivity] true ≡ p ≡ p .
5.3.1 Examples of the Associativity of Equivalence

$ / / (
F /
/ 5
Even and Odd Numbers $ A (

/4 /
even
G
( 4
/ 4H
m+n ≡ m ≡ n .
8 4 / 4 / 4

/

$ / 4

m+n ≡ (m ≡ n ) ,

m+n ( 4 / m n

(m+n ≡ m ) ≡ n ,
/

n
m
/ m ( 4 n
4 /
/ 50
p ≡ q ≡ r ( 4
/ p q r
/ F J
GG m+n H Gm H Gn HH

GG m+n H Gm H Gn HH
GG m+n H Gm H Gn HH
GG m+n H Gm H Gn HH
$ / (
/ $ /

/ 4 K m L K n L ;
/ 5 / K m+n L (

/
4 /
( /
F / F

!'
!' !
Sign of Non-Zero Numbers $ /

4

, 0<
x y x×y / /
x y 5 8/ / x y F x×y

x y 0< (
x×y ≡ x ≡ y .
/

/ F
8 DA /

x×y ≡ (x ≡ y ) .
$ C4 / x 4
y ( 4 y C K/ /L /

/ 5
5.3.2 On Natural Language

%

4 5 / I
/ 4
/ 4 F

/ / /

5 % 5 K/ /L 8
5 /
A 0
G ≤ H 0
G ≥ H A K0
0L
$
( /
4
/ /
KL KL KL

/ 5
GK8/ 8 4

LH $ 5
4 A

** 4 /

5 I 4
5 KL 4
?
5 $ (

5 K
4 5

5
L

/
9
$ / / 5

G

H 4

/
$
4 , (

4 (

4J K5 L K L " 5
G
4
4 / H E

) , ,
4

/ (
&J)* J
4 1 A J9 B 4 4
4 4 4
F 4 &)* J 8
/ 4 /
/ /

" 4
/

4 4 4 $
/

/
$

KL
F

5.4 Negation
" /4 00
$ 4
? K 5 8
L .

2
$
0 J / KL ?
G
/ 4 (
H

K ¬ L 4 A(
8/
p ( K ¬p L K p L
; /

S 4 4 A ≡ S 4
/
J
A ≡ B ≡ ¬A .
G. 4 /
K = L K ≡ L ( H $

/ (
8
/

/ , p 4 ¬p J
G*!H [Negation] ¬p ≡ p ≡ false .

¬p = (p ≡ false) ,
/ A / 4J
(¬p ≡ p) = false
4 /
/ ( 8

/ 5
4
5
4 4 J
p = (¬p ≡ false) .

. *
00

4 J
A ≡ B ≡ ¬A .
$
A ¬B /4J
A ≡ B ≡ ¬A
= {
}
¬A ≡ A ≡ B
= { 4 G*!H 4 p := A }
false ≡ B
= { 4 G*!H 4 p := B }
¬B .
? 4 G*!H 4

F 4
$ 4 G*!H D 4
/ 5

4 /
/ 5 4

P / (
4 4
/
¬p ≡ p ≡ q ≡ ¬p ≡ r ≡ ¬q .
.

/ K p L K q L
$ 4
¬p ≡ ¬p ≡ p ≡ q ≡ ¬q ≡ r .
?4 4 G* H G*!H

/ / K p L K q L

G H 8 (
4
true ≡ p ≡ false ≡ r .
, 4 G* H G*!H $ /

A

¬p ≡ r .
/

4
A /

( 4 4

$ (
p + (−p) + q + (−p) + r + q + (−q) + r + p

+ , ,

A
q + 2r
/ p q r / −p

/ p F
$ 4 4 G* H G*!H A 4
4 5I 4 4 4 4

(
/ 4 4 4
/ ¬false = true J
¬false
= { 4 ¬p ≡ p ≡ false 4 p := false }
false ≡ false
= { 4 true ≡ p ≡ p 4 p := false }
true .
5.5 Contraposition
4 4 / 4

G*)H [Contraposition] p ≡ q ≡ ¬p ≡ ¬q .
$
/ / /
(p ≡ q) = (¬p ≡ ¬q)
. /
0
G
!H
/ /
/
8/ 4 n
/ l
K / / L /

J
n , l := n+1 , ¬l .
8 4
/ $
/
even.n ≡ l

$
0

$
%

(

(even.n ≡ l)[n , l := n+1 , ¬l]

= { / }
even.(n+1) ≡ ¬l
= { even.(n+1) ≡ ¬(even.n) }
¬(even.n) ≡ ¬l
= { }
even.n ≡ l .
. / <

4 even.n ≡ l true 8 4 /
5
/
(
/4 5
5

4 5 4 4 G A *H =4

90◦ / /
8
2 8/ 42 8/ 4 2
, *J %

$ 4

0 ( E 4
4 5 4 / 5
<

G , * H
5 $
5

/
0 5
0 4 5
?4 col / 5
G
true / false / 4 H dir

/ G true / 0 false / 04H $

J
col , dir := ¬col , ¬dir
$ / /

col ≡ dir .

# , ,
/ ( 4

5
4

4 5
$ / col ≡ dir

8 4 /
90◦
5 ≡ / 0
4 / 4 4 5 / 0
90◦
, * J 8 4

Exercise 5.5 (Knight’s Move) 8

/ 1
4
4 / 4 /
4 8×8 / 5
4

/

0/ / 0
0 4 5
(
=J =4

2 %

/ F

/
/ 5 4 I /
4 4

/ 0 &
5.6 Handshake Problems

6 / /
0
$
(
/
J

1
/

4 4

" 4 4
/ $
I
& 8 K
L
/ 4 C C
4 / G8 0
/
/ / 4
H 8 K
L

/ 4 C C 4
5 4 , K0E(L

0 4

. 5 4 G H 4

/
6 ( 5 / / 0
4
/

n $ 4
n
=4 0E( 4
.
4 4 0 n−1
$ n
0 n−1 $ / K4

/
L K
/
L
8
0

n−1

$
/ 0

4 K L S 4 x y /
8 4 xSy K x 4 y L D
x 4 y $
/ K L /

x y
xSy ≡ ySx .
$ / / x y
¬(xSy) ≡ ¬(ySx) .
8 4 x 1 4 y 5 y 1 4 x ?4
a 4 b 4
$ a 4 b ¬(aSb) b
4 a bSa 5 / 5 4 ¬(aSb)
aSb 4 /

# , ,
$
4
/
4 4

/

? / 4
0E( / 0

. 4

F

F , (
/ 4 K L

/
/ K 4 L 4

G 4 4
H =4 / K L K L
6 K L K L
0E(
Exercise 5.6 =

81
Æ
/

J K L

K1 L

/ G 4/H

= 4/ >
K L 4

/0
/ 4
=4

1
2
5.7 Inequivalence
8 00

/ *)

K F /

/L $
/
B = A
¬(B = A) $ /
K 5 8
L
/4 4 ? 4 4 /
K = L K ≡ L
(
¬(B ≡ A)
= { 4 ¬p ≡ p ≡ false 4 p := (B ≡ A) }
B ≡ A ≡ false
= { 4 ¬p ≡ p ≡ false 4 p := A }
B ≡ ¬A .
/
1 2 "

2

1 '
#
. / p q
G*H [Inequivalence] ¬(p ≡ q) ≡ p ≡ ¬q .
? 4 / 5 ?

4 / 5
/ 4

/ / $ A J
¬(p ≡ q) = (p ≡ ¬q) ,

/ 4 J
(¬(p ≡ q) ≡ p) = ¬q .
$ ¬(p ≡ q) 4 p ≡ q $ "

G
H 85 J
(p ≡ q) ≡ r
= { A / K ≡ L 4 }
¬(¬(p ≡ q) ≡ r)
= { G*H 4 p,q := ¬(p ≡ q) , r }
¬(p ≡ q) ≡ ¬r
= { G*)H 4 p,q := p ≡ q , r }
p ≡ q ≡ r
= { G*)H 4 p,q := p , q ≡ r }
¬p ≡ ¬(q ≡ r)
= { G*H 4 p,q := p , q ≡ r }
¬(p ≡ ¬(q ≡ r))
= { A / K ≡ L 4 }
p ≡ (q ≡ r) .
4 4
"
p ≡ q ≡ r 4 / /
0
? 4 4 p ≡ q ≡ r p ≡ q ≡ r
5
A 4 (
4 4 5 4 5J

p = q = r

!"

# , ,
(p ≡ q) ≡ r
= { ( A / p ≡ q }
¬(p ≡ q) ≡ r
= { ¬(p ≡ q) ≡ p ≡ ¬q }
p ≡ ¬q ≡ r
= {
/ 5 4 G*H

/
¬(p ≡ q) ≡ ¬q ≡ p
4 p,q := q,r }
p ≡ ¬(q ≡ r)
= { A / q ≡ r }
p ≡ (q ≡ r) .
Exercise 5.8
/ /4 G?

4 ( P
1
FH
(a) false ≡ false ≡ false
(b) true ≡ true ≡ true ≡ true
(c) false ≡ true ≡ false ≡ true
(d) p ≡ p ≡ ¬p ≡ p ≡ ¬p
(e) p ≡ q ≡ q ≡ p
(f) p ≡ q ≡ r ≡ p
(g) p ≡ p ≡ ¬p ≡ p ≡ ¬p
(h) p ≡ p ≡ ¬p ≡ p ≡ ¬p ≡ ¬p
Exercise 5.9 ¬true = false
Exercise 5.10 (Double Negation) /

¬¬p = p .

2 & ( #!
Exercise 5.11 (Encryption) $ / 5
(p ≡ (q ≡ r)) ≡ ((p ≡ q) ≡ r) ,
$ b / a

/
/ b
a ≡ b $
c
$
a

a ≡ c 4 / b 4 b
/ a
Exercise 5.12 > / 4
. 5
4 F
2
5.8 Summary
8 4
<< 5 C
5 / C
/
'5

/
/ 5 '( / / 5

F / <<
$ / 5 Æ /
( =4
( / $ / 0 / <

K 0 L

KL
/
D

F
$ /

KL KL

4/
$ / 5 / 4
& 1
/ $ 3 4

$ (%

3

(
"

!"

"

1

"

4

#) , ,
64< G K>

/ L M$*+NI
$ /
H ? / 4
/ '. 3D 4

G M3&NH

$ / <<

1 K. 8 $ ?
>/
$ 2L M
#N $ 4 /

<< / ( -R1

1 / $ ( /
/ 5 / << - .
M.#N ,
/ 4 /
D GKLH D GKLH /40/
GK/LH
GK /LH
M!N M-&!N

Chapter 6
Induction
K8L

0 5

/
/

$ 4
4
K<L / /
,
(

/
4
/

I /
/

<
/
5
< 0
4
C 0 1 2 3 .
/ 0
4
; 4 < / /

5 /

= 4
< 4
4 , 4

/ < 0 $ /

G$ /
KLH
4 4 4 /
n
/ < n+1

/ < n $

4
/ < 0 . 4 4

/ < 1 I 4
/ < 1 /
4
/ < 0 $ 4 4 4
/ <
2 I 4
/ < 2 /
4
/ < 1 . 4

/ < 3
/ < 4
6.1 Example Problems

/4
8 A <

/ 8
(
n
Warning #

0

0

#*
#+ /

/
/ 8 B
.

Cutting the Plane

/ 4 / (
4 /
/
A + 8 4

/ 4
4 4 D
G
4 /
F H
, +J . "
Triominoes
5 / / < 2n×2n 4 n

$ 5 " > 5
/
60
/
5 , + 4 / 8×8 4 5
>

4
5 4 G0 H

G, +! 4 H
?J $ n = 0
! Trapeziums
5 4 / 2n /

n

/
5 $
5
0 <

/
5 A +)
*

0 1 2

/ !" #
, + J $

, +!J $

A +
4
4 G0 H
<
A +* / n 2
? 8 n = 0
) Towers of Hanoi
$ $4 / =

/
<<
##! ,
S

' 6
% "
$ << 4

4 A( > A /

/ 41 - ( / /
F < / < G A ++H $

4
/
/

$
1 4

4
/
A /

## /

, +)J

/ '5 $
, +*J A +)

4 4

9
"

$ 4

G.

=4 / 0

H

/ #&

, ++J $4 / =
6.2 Cutting The Plane

/
J

/ 4 /
( 4 /
/
A + 8
4
/ 4
4 4 D

G 4 /

F H
,

/
/ K<L /

$
K
/ L
$
4 4 4
4 <
C K L / C 4 4 4
4 n+1 4 n

4

4 n C C
, 4 / 4 4 D

& /

$ 4 < $ /
4

/ G / D H
, 4

/ 4
/ F 4
4 D
$

. 4 4 $ 4

/ ( 4I / 4

( / , + (
$
4 A
4 5 4 / $
F / / / 4

/ / > /

'4 D F $ 4 4
/

/
, +J " 4
$ / / 0

G 4 0H /
?4 / 4 6
G /
4

/

/ 8 D

4 /
H ?

/ / / / 8
/
/ $ /
/ / G / / 0
/ H 8 / / G

/ &
1 4 / H / D
/ / /
/

F
, +# 4 F (
/

/

, +#J " $ /
G 4
4 H
$
8
/
4 4 4 /
$ 0 0 '
(

A
$
0
4 $ /
/ G 4 H A $ / G4 A
4 ( H A , 4 K/L
4 K L A $
A
/ F 4 1

$ A
K/L 5
A
Exercise 6.1 "

. 5 2 =4

(
4
$

4 / 8
/ 4 / / / / 2
.

/ 0
=4
F 2

& /

6.3 Triominoes
(
/

+
/

5 / / < 2n×2n 4 n

$ 5 " >
5 /
60

/ 5 4

5 4 G0 H

$
/ K<L / /

n .
n.
$ 4 n 5 0 $ < 20×20 1×1 $
( 5 $ 5
5 8 0
59 $
4
?4 4 / < 2n+1×2n+1 .

/ < 2n×2n 4
/ A
5 . 4 4 (
/ < 2n+1×2n+1 / 4
/ < 2n+1×2n+1 4 / < 2n×2n

4 <
/ 6
/ >
5 $ 5 4 / / 0 .

0/ G8/

H
$
0/ / < 2n×2n / 4 5

5
0/
4
$ 4 /
0
0/ 0 4

? / 5 .

/ D 5 / $

D / 4 A +&
?4
5 /
0
0/ 0 4
>
/
2n+1×2n+1 4

Exercise 6.2 <

+

/ - # &!
, +&J $

8 $ / 0
$ 5 4 A 0
4
D / $
/ 0 4

6.4 Looking For Patterns

8 + +! 4 4
/
K<L $ 4 K

LI
KL

K8L / (
(
/ /
4 4 / /
/ /

(
/ " 34 /

/ /
/

/ 4 8

64 /
/ 4 4
4 4 8 (

4 4 I

/ / 8

/ / 4 /
( 4 4
4 4
8 4 /
( 4 / 4

/
/ ( 4
(

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8

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Chapter 7
The Towers of Hanoi
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7.1.1 The End of the World!
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4

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Knight’s Circuit
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4 F / (
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8/
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8.3 Partitioning the Board

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$ 4

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Solutions to Exercises
2.1 1233

6 k
/
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/
8 k g
5 0 '

k
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1234−1

=
/

8 / p
/ p−1

2
2.2 6 m n p

/ D /
$

m,n,p := m+1 , n−1 , p−1 .
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G8 F
2 H
/ F /

4 G < 4H 4
4 F 4
/
< F $
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/

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D /

5 D
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,
4 (J
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od

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{ 5C || }
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; { 5H || 5W }
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; { 2C || 3C }
2C |1C| 2C
; { 3C || 2C }
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; { 5W || 5H }
2W |3W| 5H ; 2W |1W| 2C,3H ; |3W| 2C,3H
{ || 5C } .
2
3.2 .
/ A0
F
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{ 4C || }
1C,3H |3W| ; 1C,3H |1W| 2W ; 4H |2W| 2W
; { 4H || 4W }
4H |2W| 2W ; 2C |2H| 2W
; { 2C || 2C }
2C |1C| 1C
; { 3C || 1C }
3W |3H| 1C ; 3W |1W| 4H
; { 4W || 4H }
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{ || 4C } .
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2
3.3 6 M / N
/
.
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6 lH
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3.5 6×2×3×3×1 108

2
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G 63 H / 5 1

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5.6
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2
5.8
(a) false
(b) false
(c) false
(d) p
(e) false
(f) q ≡ r
(g) p
(h) true
2
5.9
¬true
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true ≡ false
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2
5.11 $ / /
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5.12 6 Q 5 $ Q ≡ A ≡ A ≡ B Q ≡ ¬B 8 4
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7.1 ,
4
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7.2 .
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Bibliography
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Aps Algoritmic Problem Solving 2007

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

5 Knights and Knaves 63

7 The Towers of Hanoi 107

8 Knight’s Circuit 117

Solutions to Exercises 133

,   4     8            4 

        4  4      

$    F   

1.2 Bibliographic Remarks

 C    / 

,   4  4×3          A   $  

, J "  0  

) Black and White Balls

, !J % "  

GH         4 

, )J >0 O0 60 $0  80

G H          4 $0

2.1 Chocolate Bars

        5  < 

2.1.1 The Solution

.                    

2.1.2 The Mathematical Solution

 5 4       

   C         9 $   4  $  A   

 $       A / 

Assignments $  (      

0   /   G    p , c H ?  

0   / (  G   

A word of warning   

  $    "

p−c = (p+1) − (c+1) ,

 4     / p  c  $      p−c    /  

.     m + 3×n       

m + 3×n = (m+3) + 3×(n−1) .

      (            /     

(p−c)[p , c := p+1 , c+1] = (p+1) − (c+1)

(m + 3×n)[m , n := m+3 , n−1] = (m+3) + 3×(n−1)

(m+n+p)[m , n , p := 3×n , m+3 , n−1] = (3×n) + (m+3) + (n−1)

$    / 

Induction $  A      /      

Exercise 2.1 

2.2 Empty Boxes

$  /4       

 8      e  f /   

 8/     / e  f  8/   A  / e 

! %     /    (   (   

) 8/   /   

?             

2.3 The Tumbler Problem

,  4 

$    / 4  /     

(even.u)[u := u+2] = even.(u+2) = even.u .

$   even.u    /   

(even.u)[u := u−2] = even.(u−2) = even.u .

$   even.u     /   

B   4          

         4 $0

$  c mod 4   G c mod 4    

 m×n    4 

$    40   $  A    0  K

  m×n    4 

   =       

  / 2    0  K(  L 4

8/  m×n    4 

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