April. 30.

2011

Biochemistry:

 Energy is released when a bond is formed.

o Energy must be supplied or absorbed to break a bond.

 Ionic bond-electrons are transferred.

o Anion is negative.
o Cation is positive.
 Covalent bond-electrons are shared.
o Creates molecules.
o Nonpolar bond: electrons shared equally, alike atoms (H-H, H2)
o Polar bond: electrons shared unequally, unalike atoms (H-O-H, H2O)

 Polar-Polar attraction: negative end of polar molecule attracts positive end of another
polar molecule.
 Hydrogen bonding: …
 Nonpolar molecules: only Van der Waals (weakest attractions) exists.

 Hydrophobic: hates water.

 Hydrophilic: loves water.
o Polar substances dissolve in water, nonpolar do not.
o Like dissolves like.

 Water: asymmetrical and polar.

o High specific heat.
o High heat of vaporization.
o High adhesion properties.
o Universal solvent.
o Strong cohesion tension.
o Ice is less dense then water.
 pH:
o Buffers resist change in pH.

 Organic Compounds: contain carbon.

o Carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

 Supply quick energy.
 One gram releases four calories when burned.
 Three classes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

1) Monosaccharides: have chemical formula C6H12O6.

a. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, but with different
structures (glucose, fructose, galactose).
b.

2) Disaccharides: have chemical formula C12H22O11.

a. Two monosaccharides joined by process known as dehydration synthesis.
b. Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a compound.
i. Digestion.
ii. Reverse of dehydration synthesis.

3) Re