BASICS FOR SUPERVISION

GREDE OF CONCRETE NOMINAL MIX

M5 1:5;10
M7.5 1:4:8
M10 1:3:6
M15 1:2:4
M20 1:1.5:3
M25 1:1:2

HOW TO CALCULATE DRY QUANTITY OF CONCRETE?

1 BAG OF CEMENT = 50 KG = 35 LIT.

1M3 = 1000LIT.
35 LIT =0.035 M3

FOR M20 MIX (1:1.5:3)

CEMENT =0.035 M3
SAND = 1.5*0.035 =0.0525 M3
METAL = 1.5*0.035 =0.0525 M3
METAL 2 = 1.5*0.035 =0.0525 M3

HOW TO CALCULATE WET QUANTITY OF CONCRETE ?

1 M3 CONCRETE = 1.56 M3 DRY CONCRETE MIX

FOR M 20 (1:1.5:3) = 5.5 PARTS
1.56/5.5=0.284
CEMENT = 0.284M3
SAND = 1.5*0.284M3= 0.425 M3
METAL1 = 1.5*0.284M3= 0.425 M3
METAL2 = 1.5*0.284M3= 0.425 M3

TOTAL BAGS OF CEMENT PER M3 = 0.284/0.035 = 8.1 BAGS =8 BAGS

HOW TO MAKE FARMA?

FOR M20 (52.5LIT=0.0525M3)

WIDTH = 30CM= 0.3M
BREATH=45CM= 0.45M
THEN DEPTH = X M
0.3*0.45*X= 0.0525
X= 0.389
DEPTH OF FARMA= 39CM

1. GRADE OF CONCRETE LOWER THAN M15 SHALL NOT BE USED IN

RENFORCED CONCRETE

2. WEIGHT OF STEEL=(SQR D)/162 KG/METER

3. CLEAR COVER TO REINFORCEMENT BARS SHALL BE AS FOLLOWS

SLAB: 15MM OR DIA OF BAR WHICHEVER IS GRATER
BEAM: 25MM OR DIA OF BAR WHICHEVER IS GRATER
COLUMN: 40MM OR DIA OF BAR WHICHEVER IS GRATER
FOOTING: 40 MM TO 60MM OR DIA OF BAR WHICHEVER IS GRATER

4. CLOSE SPACING OF STEEL CONTROL CRACKS IN SLAB

5. BEAM STIRRUPS GENARALLY WORK OUT TO BE 8MM DIAMETER (MAY

BE 10 OR 12 MM.)

6. DESIGN LAP LENGTH IS CALLED DEVELPOMENT LENGTH.

7. IN SLAB.BEAM & FOOTING STEEL BARS ARE GENERALLY IN TENSION,

SO LAP LENGTH OR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR ANCHORING AT END
SHALL BE 57 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF BARS. FOR (M15, Fe415) FOR
M20 MIX 47D,FOR M25 MIX 40D

8. IN SLAB USUALLY BENT UP BARS ARE USED TO AVOID CHAIRS.

9. BENT UP BARS IN BEAMS ARE NOT BEING USED IN PRACTICE, BEING

COSTLY IN LABOUR.

10. DUCTILITY DETAILING OF BEAM FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE

REQUARES STIRRUPS TO BE CLOSELY SPACED AT ‘d/4’ FOR DISTANCE
L/4 FROM EITHER SUPPORTS AND IN THE REST OF SPAN STTIRUPS
SPACING WILL BE ‘d/2’ WHERE THE ‘d’ IS THE EFFECTIVE DEPH OF
BEAM AND ‘L’ IS THE SPAN OF THE BEAM.

11. WATER CEMENT RATIO (BY WEIGHT)

FOR M20 1:1.5:3 IS 0.51
I.e.0.51*50KG =25.5KG. =25.5 LITRE.
(One liter of water weights one kilogram.
Weight of water /weight of cement =0.51)
W.C.R. FOR M15 1:2:4 IS 0.58
W.C.R. FOR M25IS 1:1.5:3 IS 0.43
12. STRENGTH TEST IN KG/ SQCM ARE DONE BY FILLING THE MOULD OF
15CMCUBES WITH THE CONCRETE USED AT THE WORK AND TESTING
THESE CUBES AFTER CURING 28 DAYS

13. ‘M’ REFERS FOR MIX NUMBER TO THE SPECIFIED CHARACTERISTICS

COMPRESIVE STRENGTH

14. WEIGHT OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE IS 2240 KG/CUBIC METER i.e.63.5

KG/CUBIC FEET

15. WEIGHT OF REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE IS 2400 KG/CUBIC

METER i.e.68 KG /CUBIC FEET

16. WEIGHT OF REINFORCEMT IS 160 KG/CUBIC METER FOR R.C.C. i.e.4.5

KG /CUBIC FEET.

17. ACCORDING TO IS456-1978, THE MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT IN

COLUMN IS 6%

18. IN SLAB MOST OF THE TIME SHORT SPAN HAVING THE ALTERNATE
BENT UP BARS, AT THE END OF THE SPAN.

19. BEAM ALWAS REST ON THE COLUMN AND IF THE BEAMS ARE RESTING
ON EACH OTHER & AT DIFFERENT LEVEL THEN USED HANGER TO THE
LOWER LEVEL BEAM SO THAT IT CAN BE REST ON LOWER LEVEL
BEAM.

20. NORMAL SIZE OF THE SIPOREX IS 150*200 USE SCRACH PORTION FOR
MORTAR.

21. THE MINIMUM SPACING BETWEEN REINFORCEMENT IS EQUAL TO THE

MAXIMUM SIZE OF THE AGGREGATE +10MM. I.e. dia30MM+10MM. =40
MM., 20MM+10MM=30MM

22. IF THERE IS ANY MISTAKE IN PROVIDING THE DOWELL THEN PROVIDE

REINFORCEMENT OF SIMILAR CROSS SECTION AREA.

23. ONE TRUCK OF RMC CONTAINS 6 CU.M. CONCRETE.

24. 30 CU.M.IS THE MINIMUM QUANTITY CAN BE ORDER FOR PUMPING

CONCRETING.

25. RMC TRUCK CAN CARRY MINIMUM 2 CU.M. CONCRETE FOR PUMPING
CONCRETING
26. MINIMUM LENGTH OF THE DOWEEL IS TWO TIMES DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH. (I.e. ONE LD INCONCRETE & ONE LD FOR LAPING.)

27. IN CANTILIVER BEAM MAIN STEEL (i.e.more steel as compare to the bottom
steel) COMES AT TOPS AND IN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM MAIN STEEL
COMES AT BOTAM OF THE BEAM.

28. IN BEAMS WHEN BOTTAM OR TOP BARS ARE COMES IN LAYERS THEN
IN BETWEEN THAT LAYERS PIN (spacer bars: min 20mm bars) SHOULD BE
PROVIDED.

29. MINIMUM HIGHT OF THE PROPS IS 2.5 M AND MAXIMUM HIGHT OF THE
PROPS IS 5 M BUT PROP SHOULD NOT BE OPEN MORE THAN 3.75 M.

30. WHEN THE SECONDARY BEAM RESTING ON THE MAIN BEAM THEN AT
THAT SUPPORT THE LD WILL BE 10D OR 300 MM WICHEVER IS GRATER.

31. MAXIMUM LENGTH OF THE STEEL BARS IS @12 M.

32. 0.2 TO 0.3%OF WATER REQUIRED FOR THE HYDRATION FO THE CEMENT.

33. FINE AGGREGATES FILL THE GAPS BETWEEN COARES AGGREGATES

AND CEMENT FILL THE GAPS BETWEEN FINE AGGREGATES AND
MICROCILICA FILLS THE GAPS BETWEEN CEMENT PARTICALS.

34. CONCRETE TAKES THE COMPRESIVE LOAD AND REINRORCEMENT

TAKES THE TENSILE LOAD IN COLUMN.

35. TAKE WATER CEMENT RATIO AS LOW AS POSSIBLE TO GET MORE

STRENGTH TO THE CONCRETE.

36. PLASTICIZER REALES THE TRAP WATER SO THAT WE GET THE MORE
WATER FOR CONCRETING.

37. DURING THE CONCRETING 70% OF WATER ADD AT STARTING AND

DURING MIXING ADD 30%WATER WITH ADMITURE.

38. USUALLY SUPERPLATICISRE ARE NEPTHA BASE.

39. A SLUM CONE IS USED FOR MEASURING SLUM OF THE CONCRETRE. A

SLUMP CONE IS FILLING IN FOUR LAYERS. EACH LAYER IS TAMPED
WITH 25 STROKS

40. THE TEMPERATURE OF THE CONCRETE SHOULD BE IN BETWEEN 4.5-

DEGREE CELCIOUS TO 38-DEGREE CELCIOUS.
41. SIZE OF THE CUBE MOULD IS 150MM X150MM.

42. POUR A CUBE IN THREE LAYERS AND EACH LAYER COMPACT WITH 35
NOS. OF STROCKS.

43. AFTER 24 HOURS REMOVE THE SPECIMEN FROM THE MOULD. TEST THE
3 SPECIMEN FOR 7 DAYS AND 3 SPECIMEN FOR 28 DAYS.

44. COMPRESIVE STRENGTH =MAXIMUM LOAD AT FAILURE. /CONTACT

AREA OF THE CUBE. (I.e.N/mm2, KG/cm2)

45. FOLLOWING ARE THE NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS GENERALLY

PERFORMS.a)REBOUND HAMMER TEST. B) ULTRASONIC PLUSE
VELOCITY TEST C)TEST ON CORES CUT FROM HARDENED
CONCRETE.

46. HACKING (TACHA) OF COLUMN 50 NUMBERS IN 1 SQ.FT (i.e.500 NOS. IN 1

SQ.M.)

47. REDUCTION OF STRENGTH OF CEMENT DIRECTLY RELATED TO AGE OF

CEMENT.

PERIOD OF STORAGE OF EXPECTED REDUCTION IN STRENGTH

CEMENT STRENGTH
a) FREASH 0%
b) 3 MONTHS 20%
c) 6 MONTHS 30 %
d) 1 YEARS 40%
e) 2 YEARS 50%\

48. BASIC REFERNCE CODE 456-2000.

49. DESHUTTERING PERIOD SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN SPECIFIED BELOW.

a) VERTICAL FACES OF COLUMN & WALL 24 HRS
b) SLAB = SPANNING UPTO 4.5 M. 7 DAYS
= SPANNING OVER 4.5 M. 14 DAYS
c) BEAM = SPANNING UPTO 6M 14 DAYS
= SPANNING OVER 6 M 21 DAYS

50. DUE CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN ASERTAIN THAT REQUISITE STRENGTH

OF CONCRETE IS GAINED BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF
DESHUTTERING.

51. NOMINAL COVER

MILD MODERATE
SEVERE
 FOOTING 50 50
50
COLUMN (TO LINK OF COLUMN) 40 40
45
SLAB 20 25
40
BEAM (TO STIRRUPS OF BEAM) 20 30
45
LIFT WALL OR SHEAR WALL 40 40
45
52. IN CASE OF SLAB IF MAIN RENFORCEMENT DIAMETER IS EXCEEDS 12
MM THEN COVER FOR MODERATED AND SEVER EXPOSURE CONDITION
SHOULD BE INCREASED BY 5 MM.

53. BEAM HAVING DEPTH MORE THAN 750 MM. PROVIDE SIDE FACE
REINFORCEMENT .DETAIL AS PER GIVEN BELOW.
a)FOR AND UPTO 850MM DEPTH =PROVIDE TOR 8 AT MID DEPTH
b)FOR BEAM ABOVE 850 MM DEPTH = PROVIDE TOR 8 AT 1/3RD AND 2/3RD
BEAM DEPTH.

54. ALL LAPS SHALL BE STAGGERED AND NOT MORE THAN 50%BARS TO
BE LAPPED AT ANY GIVEN SECTION.

55. LAP LENGTH FOR SPECIFIC GRADE OF CONCRETE IS GIVEN BELOW

M20 M25 M30 M35
M40
BEAM & SLAB 48D 41D 38D 34D
30D
COLUMN 38D 33D 30D 30D
30D

56.MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE HIGHT OF COLUMN WITHOUT ANY BRACER OR

TIE
a)230 MM. WIDE 4M
b)200MM. WIDE 3.4MM
c) 150MM WIDE 2.6MM.

56. MINIMUM SPACING BETWEEN ANY TWO LONGITUDINAL BARS IN BEAM

=50MM

57. FOR CANTILEVER TOP BAR TO BE ANCHORED BEHIND FOR 70X DIA OF
BARS OR SPAN OF CANTILEVER WHICHEVER IS GRATER.

58. THE OPERATION ADOPTED FOR FINISHING THE FLOORS AND SLABS
ARE
A) SCREEDING =THE LEVELLING OPERATION THAT REMOVES HUMPS AND
HOLLOWS AND GIVE A TRUE, UNIFORM CONCRETE SURFACE IS
CALLED SCREEDING.

B) FLOATING =THE PROCESS OF REMOVING THE IRREGULARITIES FROM

THE SURFACE OF CONCRETE LEFT AFTER SCREEDING IS CALLED
FLOATING. BULL FLOAT IS USED IF THE AREA OF CONCRETE SURFACE
IS LARGE IS MOVED WITH THE HELP OF THE HANDLE WIHTOUT THE
OPERATION GETTING ON THE CONCRETE SURFACE.

C) TROWELLING = THE FINAL OPERATION OF THE FINISHING IS CALLED

TROWELLING.

59. THE APPERENCE OF THE WATER ON THE SURFACE OF CONCERTE

AFTER COMPACTION IS CALLED BLEEDING . (BLEEDING INDICATES
THE PRESENCE OF EXCESS WATER IN CONCRETE OR DEFICIENCY OF
FINE MATERIAL OR TOO MUCH FINISHING.)WATERY SCUM

60. WATERY SCUM IS FORMED AS THE WATER WHICH APPEARS CONTAINS

IN IT PARTICALS OF FINE SAND CEMENT. THIS LAYER IS CALLED
LAITANCE.(IS SHOULD BE REMOVED IF A NEW CONCRETE LAYER IS
TOBE PLACED OVER THE OLD LAYER. IF THE BLEEDING GOES ON
INCREASING THE CONCRE BECOMES PEMEABLE.

61. FORM WORK MUST BE STRONG STROUNG ENOUGTH OT WITHSTAND

THE HYDROSTATICS PRESSURE OF WET CONCRETE WHICH IS
RESPONCIBLE FOR MOST OF THE BLUGES AND COLLAPS OF THE
FORMS. THE HYDROSTATICS PRESSURE OF THE WET CONCRETE IS
DEPENDS MAINLY ON THE RATE OF THE FILLING ,RAET OF SETTING ,
HARDING OF THE CEMENT,TEMPERATUER , W/C RATIO &RICHNESS OF
MIX. THE RATE OF POURING IS VERY IMPORTANT ESPECIALLY IN
WALLS &COLUMN SCINCE THE FASTER THE FORMS ARE FILLED, MORE
WILL BE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AT THE BOTTOM
62.