DDL CONTD..

-------
ALTER
ADD : COLUMN/'S,CONSTRAINT
MODIFY : COLUMN DATATYPE(SIZE),CONSTRAINT
DROP : COLUMN/'S,CONSTRAINT
RENAME : COLUMN

ALTER + ADD:
----------------------
ALTER TABLE <TNAME> ADD(NEW_COL DATATYPE(SIZE),.....);

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLOY

ADD(MGR NUMBER(4));

SQL> DESC EMPLOY

ALTER + MODIFY
--------------------------
ALTER TABLE <TNAME>
MODIFY(EXST_COLNAME NEW_DATATYPE(SIZE));

ALTER TABLE EMPLOY

MODIFY(MGR VARCHAR2(20));

DESC EMPLOY

ALTER + DROP
----------------------
ALTER TABLE <TNAME> DROP COLUMN <COLNAME>;

ALTER TABLE <TNAME> DROP(COL3,COL7,COL9,....);

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLOY DROP COLUMN MGR;

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLOY DROP(PROGRAM,REMARKS);

ALTER + RENAME:
----------------------------
ALTER TABLE <TNAME> RENAME
COLUMN <EXST_COLNAME> TO <NEW_COLNAME>;

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLOY RENAME

COLUMN SALARY TO EMP_SAL;

DESC EMPLOY

TRUNCATE: -> REMOVES ALL RECS FROM DB PERMAN-

-------------------- -ENTLY. TABLE STRUCT REMAINS.
TRUNCATE TABLE <TNAME>;
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOY;

DROP -> REMOVES ALL RECS AND TABLE FROM

--------- DB PERMANENTLY.
DROP TABLE <TNAME> [PURGE];

NOTE: ORACLE10g -> TABLE DROPPED CAN BE GOT BACK.

IT WILL BE STORED IN RECYCLE BIN.
FLASHBACK IS USED TO RESTORE.
PURGE -> WHEN USED ALONG WITH DROP THEN
IT WILL NOT BE STORED IN RECYCLE.
FLASHBACK CANNOT BE USED.

SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOY;

SQL> DESC EMPLOY

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOY;

SQL> DROP TABLE EMPLOY [PURGE];

SQL> DESC EMPLOY

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOY;

SQL> SELECT * FROM TAB; BIN$.......

SQL> DESC RECYCLEBIN

SQL> SELECT OBJECT_NAME,ORIGINAL_NAME

FROM RECYCLEBIN;

SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE EMPLOY TO BEFORE DROP;

Flashback Complete.

SQL> DESC EMPLOY

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOY;

SQL> PURGE RECYCLEBIN;

---> EMPTY RECYCLEBIN PERMANENTLY.

RENAME:
--------------
RENAME <EXST_TBLNAME> TO <NEW_TBLNAME>;

DESC <NEW_TBLNAME>;
SELECT * FROM <NEW_TBLNAME>;

SQL> RENAME EMPLOY TO EMP_DETAILS;

SQL> DESC EMP_DETAILS

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP_DETAILS;

SQL> CONN SYS/ORACLE AS SYSDBA

CONSTRAINTS
----------------------
ARE RESTRICTIONS FOR USER, APPLIED ON COLUMNS.

TYPES:
-------------
NOT NULL : NO NULL
UNIQUE : NO DUPL, MULTIPLE NULL ALLO
-WED.
PRIMARY KEY : NO NULL,NO DUPL
ONLY ONE PRIMARY KEY PER
TABLE.
CHECK : CHECKS FOR PREDEFINED VAL.
FOREIGN KEY
REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT
SELF REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT

2 LEVELS:
---------------
COLUMN
TABLE

NAMED:
-------------
USER : CONSTRAINT <CONSTR_NAME> CON_TYPE
SYSTEM(DEFAULT): CON_TYPE : SYS_C004859

ENABLE/DISABLE : ALTER TABLE <TNAME> DISABLE/ENABLE

CONSTRAINT <CONSTR_NAME>;

DROP : ALTER TABLE <TNAME>

DROP CONSTRAINT <CONSTR_NAME>;

2 STAGES:
--------------------
CREATE
ALTER

CREATE:
-------------
CREATE TABLE EMPLY_DETAILS
(EMPNO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT PK_EMPNO PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME CHAR(10) CONSTRAINT NN_ENAME NOT NULL,
SAL NUMBER(10) CHECK(SAL>10000),
EPFNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL UNIQUE);

CONSTRAINT NAMES CANNOT BE DUPLICATED ACROSS TBLS

WITHIN THE USER.
ERROR at line 3:
ORA-02264: name already used by an existing constraint

USER_CONSTRAINTS
----------------------------------
DESC USER_CONSTRAINTS

SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,STATUS
FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'EMPLY_DETAILS';
CONSTRAINT_NAME C STATUS
------------------------------ -- ------------
NN_NAME C ENABLED
SYS_C005595 C ENABLED
SYS_C005596 C ENABLED
PK_NO P ENABLED
SYS_C005598 U ENABLED

INSERT INTO EMPLY_DETAILS VALUES

(1001,'ANIL',99999,0001);
INSERT INTO EMPLY_DETAILS VALUES
(1001,'ANCHAN',88888,0002);
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.PK_NO) violated
INSERT INTO EMPLY_DETAILS VALUES
(NULL,'ANCHAN',88888,0002);
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("ANIL"."EMPLY_DETAILS"."EMPNO")
------------------------------ PRIMARY KEY
---------------------------------------

INSERT INTO EMPLY_DETAILS VALUES

(1002,'',88888,0002);
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("ANIL"."EMPLY_DETAILS"."ENAME")
------------------------------ NOT NULL
---------------------------------------------

INSERT INTO EMPLY_DETAILS VALUES

(1002,'ANCHAN',888,0002);
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (ANIL.SYS_C005596) violated
------------------------------ CHECK
--------------------------------------------------

INSERT INTO EMPLY_DETAILS VALUES

(1002,'ANCHAN',88888,0001);
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.SYS_C005598) violated
INSERT INTO EMPLY_DETAILS VALUES
(1002,'ANCHAN',88888,NULL);
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("ANIL"."EMPLY_DETAILS"."EPFNO"
------------------------------ 2 CONSTRAINTS --> NOT NULL, UNIQUE ---

DISABLE/ENABLE:
---------------------------
ALTER TABLE EMPLY_DETAILS
DISABLE CONSTRAINT SYS_C005598;

INSERT INTO EMPLY_DETAILS VALUES

(1002,'ANCHAN',88888,1);

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLY_DETAILS

ENABLE CONSTRAINT SYS_C005598;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02299: cannot validate (ANIL.SYS_C005598) - duplicate keys found

SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,STATUS
FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'EMPLY_DETAILS';

SQL> DELETE EMPLY_DETAILS WHERE EMPNO = 1002;

SQL> COMMIT;
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLY_DETAILS
ENABLE CONSTRAINT SYS_C005598;
TO APPLY CONSTRAINTS WITH ALTER:
-----------------------------------------------------------
ALTER TABLE EMPLY_DETAILS DROP CONSTRAINT NN_NAME;

SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,STATUS
FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'EMPLY_DETAILS';

ALTER+ADD : TO DEFINE A NOT NULL ON ENAME:

------------------- ---------------------------
CANNOT BE USED TO ADD A NOT NULL CONSTRAINT.
NOTE: USE ALTER+MODIFY

ALTER TABLE <TNAME>

ADD CONSTRAINT <CONTR_NAME> CONSTR_TYPE(COLNAME);

ALTER+MODIFY
-----------------------
ALTER TABLE <TNAME>
MODIFY(COLNAME CONSTRAINT <CONSTR_NAME> CON_TYPE);

EXERCISE:
ALTER TABLE EMPLY_DETAILS
ADD CONSTRAINT NN_NAME NOT NULL(ENAME); -> ERROR

ALTER TABLE EMPLY_DETAILS

MODIFY(ENAME CONSTRAINT NN_NAME NOT NULL);

ALTER TABLE EMPLY_DETAILS

MODIFY(ENAME CONSTRAINT UNQ_NAME UNIQUE);

NOTE: ALTER+MODIFY -> APPENDS THE NEW CONSTRAINT TO THE

EXISTING CONSTRAINT.

TABLE LEVEL:
----------------------
COMPOSITE PRIMARY KEY: CHECKS ON ROW BASIS
-----------------------------------------
MULTIPLE COLUMNS ACT AS A SINGLE PRIMARY KEY.

CREATE TABLE T
(A NUMBER(4),
B NUMBER(4), CONSTRAINT C_PK PRIMARY KEY(A,B)
);

A B
-- --
1 1
1 2
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 2
3 3
FOREIGN KEY
REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT
SELF REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT

PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

-------------------- ---------------------
NO NULL,NO DUPL NULL,DUPL ALLOWED.
1 PK PER TABLE MULTIPLE FK'S PER TABLE
NA REFERS TO PK / UNIQUE OF SAME TBL OR ANOTHER
TBL.
COMPOSITE PK NA
ALSO KNOWN AS A COMMON
COLUMN BETN 2 TABLES.

COMMONCOLUMN : THEIR NAMES CAN BE DIFFERENT / SAME

BUT THEIR DATATYPES MUST BE SAME.

2 LAWS:
-------------
1> NO INSERTION OF A DETAIL RECORD ALLOWED IF CORRESPONDING MASTER RECORD
IS NOT PRESENT.
2> NO DELETION OF MASTER ALLOWED WHEN DEPENDENCIES
EXIST IN THE DETAIL.

ON DELETE CASCADE:
----------------------------------
IT ALLOWS TO DELETE THE MASTER RECORD,SUBSEQUENTLY
THE DEPENDENCIES WILL ALSO BE DELETED.

SELF REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT:

--------------------------------------------------------------------
PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY RESIDE WITHIN THE SAME
TABLE. i.e THE FOREIGN KEY REFERS TO PRIMARY KEY
WITHIN THE SAME TBL.

APPLY THE CONSTRAINTS :

CREATE / ALTER:
--------------------------
CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT
(DNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT PK_DNO PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(20),
LOC VARCHAR2(20)
);

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES

(EMPNO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT PK_NO PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME CHAR(10),
SAL NUMBER(10),
MGR NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO REFERENCES
DEPARTMENT(DNO) -- COLUMN LEVEL
);
OR
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES
(EMPNO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT PK_NO PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME CHAR(10),
SAL NUMBER(10),
MGR NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO FOREIGN KEY(DEPTNO) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DNO)

);

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES VALUES

(1001,'ANIL',99999,1001,10);
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (ANIL.FK_DEPTNO) violated - parent key not found

BEGIN
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES
(10,'SALES','BLORE');
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES VALUES
(1001,'ANIL',99999,1001,10);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES VALUES
(1002,'ANCHAN',99999,1001,10);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES VALUES
(1003,'COLLINS',99999,1001,10);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES VALUES
(1004,'RAJ',99999,1002,10);
END;
/

DELETE DEPARTMENT WHERE DNO = 10;

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (ANIL.FK_DEPTNO) violated - child record found

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES DROP CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO;

TO APPLY A REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT

FOR AN EXISTING TBL:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO FOREIGN KEY(DEPTNO)
REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DNO);

SELF REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT:

--------------------------------------------------------------------
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_KEY_MGR FOREIGN KEY(MGR)
REFERENCES EMPLOYEES(EMPNO);

ON DELETE CASCADE:
---------------------------------
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO FOREIGN KEY(DEPTNO) REFERENCES
DEPARTMENT(DNO) ON DELETE CASCADE;

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES

ADD CONSTRAINT FK_KEY_MGR FOREIGN KEY(MGR)
REFERENCES EMPLOYEES(EMPNO) ON DELETE CASCADE;

QUERYING THE DATABASE WRT 2 OR MORE TBLS:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1> SET OPERATORS
2> JOINS
3> SUB QUERIES

SET OPERATORS
--------------------------
UNION ALL : INCL DUPL + INCL NULL
UNION : EXCL DUPL + INCL NULL
INTERSECT : EXCL DUPL - EXCL NULL
MINUS : T1-T2 : DATA PRESENT IN T1 NOT IN T2
VICEVERSA.
SELECT ..COL.FROM <T1> OPERATOR SELECT..COL..FROM<T2>;
LIMITATIONS
--------------------
NO OF COLS SELECTED FROM T1 MUST BE EQUAL TO NO OF COLS FROM T2.
THESE COL DATATYPES MUST ALSO BE THE SAME.
THE OUTPUT WILL BE DISPLAYED FROM BOTH THE TBLS
ONE BELOW THE OTHER.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP

UNION ALL
SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT;
SQL> SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP
UNION
SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT;
SQL> SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP
INTERSECT
SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT;
SQL> SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP
MINUS
SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT;
SQL> SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT
MINUS
SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP;

JOINS
--------------------------------------------
SELECT * FROM EMP,DEPT;
EMP -> 14 DEPT -> 4
CARTESIAN PRODUCT =========> 14*4 = 56

IS USED:
1> TO ELIMINATE CARTESIAN PRODUCT
2> TO RETRIEVE DATA FROM MORE THAN 1 TBL AT A TIME.

JOIN CONCEPT:
-------------------------
TABLE1.COMMONCOLUMN = TABLE2.COMMONCOLUMN

TYPES:
-----------
EQUI
NON EQUI
SELF JOIN
OUTER
FULL OUTER JOIN

EQUI JOIN:
-----------------
SELECT * FROM EMP,DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;

SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,DNAME FROM EMP,DEPT

WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;

SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,DNAME FROM EMP,DEPT

WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00918: column ambiguously defined

SOL1:
---------
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,EMP.DEPTNO,DNAME FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE
EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;
OR
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,DEPT.DEPTNO,DNAME FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE
EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;

SOL2: TABLE TEMPORARY ALIAS

---------
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,D.DEPTNO,DNAME FROM EMP E , DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;
OR
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,E.DEPTNO,DNAME FROM EMP E , DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY ALL THE EMP DETAILS AND

THEIR DEPT NAMES JOINING EMP AND DEPT TABLS.

SELECT E.*,DNAME FROM EMP E, DEPT

WHERE E.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES
AND THEIR DEPARTMENTS WHERE DNAME IS ACCOUNTING
AND SAL IS GREATER THAN 2000:

SELECT E.*,DNAME FROM EMP E, DEPT

WHERE SAL > 2000
AND
E.DEPTNO = (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME = 'ACCOUNTING')
AND E.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;
OR
SELECT E.*,DNAME FROM EMP E, DEPT
WHERE SAL > 2000 AND DNAME = 'ACCOUNTING'
AND E.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
NON EQUI JOIN:
-----------------------
WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE GRADE JOINING
EMP AND SALGRADE TBLS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,GRADE FROM EMP,SALGRADE
 WHERE SAL BETWEEN LOSAL AND HISAL;
OR
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,GRADE FROM EMP,SALGRADE
WHERE SAL >= LOSAL AND SAL <= HISAL;

SELF JOIN:
-----------------
JOINING A TABLE TO ITSELF.

WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY EMPLOYEE NAMES AND THEIR RESPECTIVE MANAGER NAMES
REPORTING TO:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
SELECT A.ENAME AS EMPLOYEES,
B.ENAME AS MANAGERS FROM EMP A,EMP B
WHERE A.MGR = B.EMPNO;
13 rows selected. -----> 14

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------