COLUMBIA AREA CAREER CENTER

A+ IT ESSENTIALS
COURSE SYLLABUS
2009 - 2010

Instructor name: Steve Chott

Conference Times: 7:00am–7:30am daily, 1:30-3:00 A Days
Career Center/Office Phone Number: 573-214-3800 Ext. 29422
Email: schott@columbia.k12.mo.us

www.career-center.org
COURSE DESCRIPTION
A+ IT Essentials is a 1-credit course open to sophomore, junior, and senior students. Although
there are no pre-requisites for this course, keyboarding and a strong interest in computers is
recommended.
This course covers the basics and fundamentals, diagnosis, troubleshooting, and maintenance of
computer components as well as the most common and current operating systems. A+ IT Essentials uses
the Cisco IT Essentials curriculum to prepare students for the CompTIA A+ certification.
In order to receive CompTIA A+ certification a candidate must pass two exams. The first exam is
CompTIA A+ Essentials. The CompTIA A+ Essentials Examination measures necessary competencies for
an entry-level IT professional with the equivalent knowledge of at least 500 hours of hands-on experience
in the lab or field. Hands-on experience or equivalent knowledge includes installing, building, upgrading,
repairing, configuring, troubleshooting, optimizing, diagnosing, and performing preventive maintenance
of basic personal computer hardware and operating systems.

COURSE OUTLINE
Week 1: Introduction to the Personal Computer and Computer Certifications
Week 2: Safe Lab Procedures and Tool Use
Week 3 & 4: Computer Assembly – Step by Step
Week 5 & 6: Basics of Preventive Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Week 7 & 8: Fundamental Operating Systems
Week 9 & 10: Fundamental Laptops and Portable Devices
Week 11 & 12: Fundamental Printers and Scanners
Week 13 & 14: Fundamental Networks
Week 15 & 16: Fundamental Security
Week 17: Communication Skills
Week 18: Skills testing and Semester Final
Week 19, 20 & 21 Advanced Personal Computers
Week 22, 23 & 24 Advanced Operating Systems
Week 25, 26 & 27 Advanced Laptops and Portable Devices
Week 28, 29 & 30 Advanced Printers and Scanners
Week 31, 32, 33 Advanced Networks
Week 34 & 35 Advanced Security
Week 36 Skills testing and Semester Final

MASTER LIST OF MLOs TO BE COVERED (See Attached)

TEXTBOOKS and RESOURCE MATERIALS

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 This is an on-line course. Materials for class are located on the classroom workstations
and on the Department’s Web Server. Students will be given a password to access the
curriculum upon successfully completing all enrollment paperwork.

CAREER CENTER EXPECTATIONS

All Career Center classes strive to prepare students for adult life by teaching skills and behaviors that will
be valued in the workplace. The following expectations are stressed and graded in all Career Center
classes. Your instructor will review these, provide instruction in all areas and answer any questions.
 Attendance – Be here on time each day, prepared to work, dressed appropriately
 Respect – Use appropriate language, be honest and truthful, be respectful of peers and adults,
 Safety – Follow safety rules and procedures, keep work area orderly
 Responsibility – Complete work on time, follow directions, use resources to answer questions,
ask for help when needed, contribute to class discussion
 Quality – Show determination to complete tasks, be consistent in quality, focus on the task at hand
 Team – Work as a productive team member in a variety of roles, communicate in a sensitive way

GRADING SYSTEM
Grades in this class will be determined by the total number of points earned at the end of each
semester. Class work will constitute 40%, Workplace readiness 30%, Tests/Quizzes 20%, and Semester
Final 10%.
Workplace Expectations include attendance, respect, safety, responsibility, quality and team.
These points are counted daily, you must be in class receive full credit for them. Classwork is any work
assigned in class (labs, article reviews, worksheets, etc.). Chapter Tests and Quizzes will be 20% and the
final (skills and written) will be 10% of your final grade.

End-of-Course testing - When a student has taken three (3) credits of a career center program, they will
take an industry-based end-of-course exam, NOCTI, which will account for 10% of the final exam grade.

This grade will translate into a letter grade based on the following scale:

Grading Scale: A................94 - 100 C...........73 - 76

A-................90 - 93
B+................87 - 89
B..................83 - 86
B-................80 - 82
C+ .............77 - 79
C-..........70 - 72
D+.........67 - 69
D...........63 - 66
D-..........60 - 62
F...........59 – 00

ATTENDANCE
Students are expected to be in class daily and to be engaged in the learning process.
Regular attendance is essential for success in school and in life. Research shows that students
with 95% or above attendance are more successful academically by earning better grades and
performing better on college entrance exams. Our attendance goal for all students is 95% or
better.
A portion of the class grade is based on Career Center Expectations, which includes attendance
and participation in class, lab, shop, or worksites. Absences, except those for a school-sponsored
activity, may affect a student’s grade.

MAKE-UP WORK
The following is an overview of how the career center treats make-up work. Individual
course syllabi will have specific details of make-up work procedures.

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Excused (Parent Excused, Excused, Medical, Field Trips) and Verified Absences
 All missed work may be made up at full credit.
 It is the student’s responsibility to initiate contact with the teacher to get make up work.
 Work must be made up in a timely fashion, generally within the same number of days as
the absence (e.g. absent 2 days, work made up in 2 days).
 Participation points may be lost due to absence. Students may possibly make up lost
points by working in the classroom/shop/lab outside of class time or through alternate
assignments determined by the instructor. However, in some classes experiences are
limited and opportunities to repeat them are not available.
Suspension (ISS, OSS)
 Missed work may be made up at partial credit (50%).
 It is the student’s responsibility to initiate contact with the teacher to get make up work.
 Work must be made up in a timely fashion, generally within the same number of days as
the absence (e.g. absent 2 days, work made up in 2 days). Instructors may expect students
to make up work during suspension and submit upon returning to school.
 Participation points may be lost due to absence. Students may possibly make up lost
points by working in the classroom/shop/lab outside of class time or through alternate
assignments determined by the instructor. However, in some classes experiences are
limited and opportunities to repeat them are not available.
Truancy
 Work may not be made up. This will result in zero credit for missed work.
 Students will be subject to loss of participation points.
 Students may be permitted to take exams at partial credit. 10% point loss for each day
taken past exam day.

RETURN POLICY FOR SECOND SEMESTER

Students who are performing below average, or who are failing the semester are subject to removal
from the program at semester. A student/parent conference will be held prior to the end of the semester
with the appropriate individuals present and alternatives will be discussed.

PREREQUISITE FOR ADVANCED COURSES

To be eligible to take advanced courses, a student must meet the prerequisites
for the course in which he/she wishes to enroll. Prerequisites vary by course, but
generally include a minimum grade and satisfactory performance on attendance
and Career Center Expectations. See individual course descriptions for specific
prerequisite information. If the curriculum for a prerequisite course is modified in
any way, a pass/fail grade is issued. Pass/fail grades do not satisfy the grade
requirement to take advanced courses.

COLLEGE CREDIT
Articulation Credit
Students may earn college credit for Career Center classes through the Articulation process.
College credit awarded through Articulation gives the student a jump-start into a technical degree
program by allowing the student to by-pass certain entry-level classes at the college level for which the
student has already mastered the coursework. Articulated college credit is free and is transcripted after
the student 1) completes the high school course and 2) enrolls and completes the required number of
credit hours at the institution awarding the credit.
Eligibility: Grade of 80% or better in this class for the year
Attendance of 95% or better in this class for the year

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 Institutions: University of Central Missouri, Linn State Technical College, Indian Hills Technical
College

Dual Credit
College credit earned through Dual Credit is possible when the subject matter covered and the
competencies mastered are equivalent to those required in a particular college-level class as identified by
the post-secondary institution. Unlike articulation, there is a fee for the award of dual credit; however,
dual credit is transcripted for the student whether or not the student attends that college or university after
high school graduation. The transcripted credit is usually transferable to other post-secondary institutions.
Eligibility: Must meet the institution requirements for entrance
Institutions: University of Central Missouri

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
The integrity of the academic program and the evaluation of each student’s achievement are of primary
concern to educational institutions. Cheating on an educational exercise not only reflects dishonesty on
the part of the student, but also diminishes the value of the work done by his/her classmates. Students
who cheat or plagiarize (using another’s words, ideas or writing as one’s own) shall be subject to the
following: referral to the assistant director; parent/guardian contacted; a zero recorded for the exercise;
possible detention and/or suspension; and/or removal from the course with a grade of “F” recorded on the
transcript.

STUDENT SERVICES
Student services are available to help students succeed in their technical classes. Students in technical
programs are eligible for extra assistance by asking for help or by having their teacher refer them to the
Student Services team. There are reading specialists, a math specialist, counselors and resource
personnel who will help students in classrooms, by appointment and/or before and after school with any
problems they are having in their technical classes. An employment specialist is available to students
who are looking for part-time or full-time jobs. In addition, persons knowledgeable about financial aid
for post high school training/education are available, as well as persons who can help students assess
their vocational strengths and preferences in order to make more informed career choices.

INSTRUCTOR’S PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND

Mr. Chott has extensive experience working in industry with design, implementation, and
maintenance of industrial electronic systems and controls.

STUDENT YOUTH ORGANIZATION

SkillsUSA is the youth organization designed to develop the student’s leadership abilities, in
addition to his/her particular skill or trade, which will aid them in becoming a successful employee. It is
also designed to create a common bond among all students. The SkillsUSA organization is used to help
the student learn about their community and the Network Administration field.

DISCRIMINATION POLICY
As a political subdivision, employer, recipient of federal funds, and an education institution, the
Board of Education is prohibited from, and hereby declares a policy against, engaging in unlawful
discrimination. This includes harassment and creating a hostile environment on the basis if race, color,
religion, sex, national origin, ancestry, disability, age, sexual orientation, or use of leave protected by the
Family and Medical Leave Act, in its programs, activities, and with regard to employment. The Board of
Education is an equal opportunity employer.

COMPUTER USE
The use of any Columbia Public School computer is a privilege, not a right. Users of computers
are obligated to conform to district and individual school policies and directions given by a staff member.
Using the CPS facilities to access information carried by the Internet or other such information services
must be for academic work assigned by a teacher. Depending on the nature of the situation, students who

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violate this regulation shall be subject to disciplinary action, or as the case is with any other property of
the CPS, be held responsible for the cost of repair, replacement or maintenance of any damaged
equipment or materials. The school may have a student assigned to an alternative educational program.

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Computer Technician Certfication: Columbia CTE-Trade & Technical 2009-2010
Strand I A+ Core Hardware
Big Idea 1 Basic PC Hardware
Concept A Personal Computer History and Evolution
MLO a Describe and assess the people and events that shaped the evolution of the
personal computer.
Concept B The PC System
MLO a Analyze the differences between different PC case styles and explain the strong
and weeks points associated with each.
MLO b Locate and identify the power supply units, system board, system speaker, disk
drive unit, and expansion slots.
MLO c Compare and contrast different types of RAM moduls (DIP, SIP, SIMM, DIMM).
MLO d Identify and describe the function of typical PC power supplies.
MLO e Recognize different disk drive types associated with PCs.
Concept C The System Board
MLO a Identify common microprocessor IC package types.
MLO b Explain the function of the system ROM BIOS.
MLO c Locate the system's RAM banks.
MLO d Utilize documentation to determine the amount of RAM installed.
Concept D Peripherals
MLO a Define the functions of the computer's input/output units.
MLO b Descibe the value of the grahical user interface.
MLO c Describe the typical external connections assicated with the PC.
MLO d Identify a Video Graphics Array (VGA) adapter card.
Concept E Basic Software
MLO a Describe the function and purpose of a disk operating system.
MLO b Compare and contrast the three classes of software used with computer
systems.
MLO c Describe various popular software programs.
Big Idea 2 Advanced System Boards
Concept A Microprocessors
MLO a List popular Pentium class microprocessors.
MLO b Compare and contrast various microprocessors.
MLO c Describe basic microprocessor characteristics, such as speeds, voltages,
form-factors, and cache capabilities.
Concept B Expansion Bus Architecture
MLO a Describe the characteristics of different expansion bus architectures.
MLO b Compare and contrast ISA, PCI, AGP, USB, VESA, and PC Card specifications,
CC 1.A.f.
Concept C RAM Modules
MLO a Differentiate between the various types of RAM used in a PC system (including
different types of dynamic and static RAM).
MLO b Discuss memory organization schemes used with different system board types.
MLO c Recognize the types of devices employed given a specific memory arrangement.
MLO d State the purpose of CMOS RAM.
MLO e Describe what CMOS RAM typically contains and how to change its basic
parameters.
Concept D System Boards and Components
MLO a Identify the most popular types of motherboards.
MLO b Evaluate the components and architecture of various system boards, including
ATX as well as full and baby AT designs.
MLO c Identify typical system board components, including COMM ports, memory
modules, and processor sockets.
Big Idea 3 Standard I/O Systems
Concept A Serial and Parallel ports
MLO a Describe the differences between parallel and serial ports.
MLO b Describe the need for parallel/serial conversions.
MLO c Explain the operation of an RS-232C serial communications port and define its
signal lines.
MLO d Explain the differences between synchronous and asynchronous transmissions,
stating advantages and disadvantages for both.
Concept B Input/Output Devices
MLO a Define the function of the computer's input/output units.
MLO b List the events that occur when a key is depressed on the keyboard.
MLO c Describe the operation of the PC's keyboard.
MLO d Explain the operation of a mouse.
MLO e Describe the operation of a game port used with joysticks and game paddles.
MLO f Describe the operation of a flatbed scanner.
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 Concept C CRT Monitor
MLO a Describe the physical aspects of a cathode-ray tube.
MLO b Explain how a single dot can be positioned anywhere on the face of the CRT,
using raster scanning.
MLO c Describe how color displays are created on the screen.
MLO d Define the terms pixel and PEL, CC 1.A.f.
MLO e Describe the function of a shadow mask in a CRT monitor.
MLO f State the characteristics of the VGA video standard, including the type of
physical connector specified for this video standard.
Concept D USB and Firewire
MLO a Describe the operation of the Unversal Serial Bus (USB).
MLO b Differentiate between the operating characteristics of IEEE-1394 and USB ports.
Big Idea 4 Mass Storage Systems
Concept A Hard- and Floppy-disk Drives
MLO a Differentiate between various types of hard- and floppy-disk drives.
MLO b Summarize reasons for the popularity of magnetic disks as computer data
storage systems.
MLO c Describe the format or organization of a typical hard or floppy disk.
MLO d Explain why DOS is important to the operation of disk drive.
Concept B IDE & EIDE
MLO a Install IDE & EIDE devices, including Master/Slave/Single designations, CC 2.A
b.
MLO b Differentiate between common connecting cables.
Concept C SCSI
MLO a Install and configure single and complex SCSI device chains.
MLO b Establish proper addressing and termination for SCSi devices to avoid conflicts
and problems.
Concept D RAID
MLO a Compare and contrast the different RAID advisory levels.
MLO b Apply different RAID advisory levels to a given application.
Concept E CD-ROM Drives
MLO a Describe the operation of a Writable CD drive.
MLO b Differentiate between different types of CDs.
MLO c Install and configure a CD-ROM drive for operation.
Big Idea 5 Data Communications
Concept A Basic Networking
MLO a Analyze the function of a modem.
MLO b Define the term baud.
MLO c Compare hardware- and software-oriented (code control) protocols.
MLO d Describe FTP operations.
MLO e Discuss common Internet concepts and terminology (such as e-mail).
Concept B Local Area Networks
MLO a Differentiate among typical LAN topologies.
MLO b Compare and contrast various types of networking media.
Concept C Wide Area Networks
MLO a Describe a Wide Area Network (WAN).
MLO b Describe the function of routers, hubs, and bridges in network systems.
MLO c Discuss basic concepts relating to Internet access (i.e., dial-up, ISP connections,
browsers).
MLO d Discuss ISDN, DSL and cable modem connections.
MLO e Discuss the purpose and use of an Internet browser.
Big Idea 6 Printers
Concept A Printer Fundamentals
MLO a Describe the various methods currently used to place computer print on paper.
MLO b Discuss the types of paper handling common to different printer technologies.
MLO c Install and configure a printer.
MLO d List special considerations that must be observed when installing or repairing
serial printers.
MLO e Identify a given type of cable connection between the printer and the computer.
MLO f Discuss data flow-control methods as they apply to serial printers.
MLO g Describe general alignment procedures for printhead mechanisms.
Concept B Impact Printers
MLO a Discuss the characteristics of dot-matrix characters.
MLO b Identify the major components of a dot-matrix printer.
MLO c Describe troubleshooting techniques associated with dot-matrix printers. CC 2.D
b.
MLO d Relate symptoms to associated components in a dot-matrix printer.

Concept C Non-impact Printers

MLO a Describe the operation of an ink-jet printer.
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 MLO b Identify the major components of an ink-jet printer.
MLO c Describe troubleshooting techniques associated with ink-jet printers.
MLO d Relate symptoms to associated components in an ink-jet printer.
MLO e Describe the process for applying print to a page in a laser printer.
MLO f Identify the major components of a laser printer.
MLO g Describe troubleshooting techniques associated with laser printers.
MLO h Relate symptoms to associated components in a laser printer.
Big Idea 7 Portable Systems
Concept A Portable Devices
MLO a Identify the unique components of portable systems and their unique problems.
MLO b Describe basic procedures for adding and removing FRU modules associated
with portable systems.
MLO c Describe the purpose of a docking station.
Concept B Portable Peripherials
MLO a Identify proper procedures for installing peripheral devices commonly used with
portable systems.
MLO b Describe the applications that the three types of PCMCIA cards can be used to
perform.
MLO c Discuss and recognize the different PCMCIA devices currently available.
Strand II A+ Operating System Technologies
Big Idea 1 Operating System Fundamentals
Concept A Operating System Basics
MLO a Describe the basic functions of an operating system.
MLO b Differentiate between single-process and multiple-process systems.
MLO c Differentiate between multiuser, multitasking, and multiprocessor operations.
MLO d List the events that occur during the bootup process.
MLO e Describe the methods used to bypass and correct inoperable MS-DOS startup
sequences.
MLO f Use the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files to optimize system
performance.
MLO g Load driver software for any devices added to the system.
Concept B FAT System Fundamentals
MLO a Identify FAT-based operation system functions, structures, and major system
files.
MLO b Describe procedures for locating, accessing, and retrieving information in a
command-line environment.
MLO c Identify basic concepts and procedures for creating and managing files and
directories in a FAT-based system.
Concept C The Root Directory
MLO a Create, delete, and navigate through various directories.
MLO b Discuss naming conventions as they apply to various types of files.
MLO c Find, copy, rename, delete, and move files.
MLO d Manipulate file attributes from the Microsoft command line.
Concept D MS-DOS and the Command Line
MLO a Describe the operation of the Microsoft command line.
MLO b Identify and use disk-level commands.
MLO c Describe the sequence of events associated with MS-DOS configuration during
bootup.
MLO d Describe the different types of DOS memory.
Big Idea 2 Windows 9x
Concept A Installation and configuration
MLO a Identify the procedures for installing Windows 9x and bringing the software to a
basic operational level.
MLO b Identify the procedures for loading/adding device drivers and the necessary
software for certain devices in a Windows 9x system.
MLO c Identify Windows 9x operating system functions, structure, and major system
files.
MLO d Identify the basic Windows 9x boot/startup sequence and alternative ways to
boot the system software.
MLO e Identify the steps to create a Windows 9x Startup Disk with helpful utilities
installed.
Concept B Navigating Windows 9x
MLO a Describe the major system files of a Windows 9x system, indicating where they
are located and how they are used.
MLO b Identify ways of navigating through the Windows 9x operating system and how
to get to needed technical information.
MLO c Describe procedures for locating, accessing, and retrieving information in a
Windows 9x system.
Concept C Managing Windows 9x
MLO a Identify procedures for chanign options, configuring, and using the Winodws 9x
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 printing subsystem.
MLO b Identify the procedures for installing and launching typical Windows and
non-Windows applications in a Windows 9x system.
MLO c Identify basic concepts and procedures for creating and managing files and
folders in a Windows 9x system.
Concept D Networking with Windows 9x
MLO a Identify the local area networking capabilities of Windows 9x.
MLO b Describe procedures for connecting to the network from a Windows 9x system.
MLO c Describe procedures for sharing disk drives, and print and file services in a
Windows 9x system.
MLO d Identify concepts and capabilities relating to the Internet.
MLO e Describe basic procedures for setting up a Windows 9x system for Internet
access.
Big Idea 3 Windows NT/2000/XP
Concept A Installing/upgrading and configuring Windows NT/2000/XP
MLO a Install Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, and Windows XP on new systems.
MLO b Upgrade from Windows 9x or Windows NT 4.0 to Windows 2000 or Windows XP
CC 2.D.b.
MLO c Describe the boot sequence employed by Windows NT/2000/XP.
MLO d Install and configure hardware devices and drivers in Windows NT, 2000, and
XP.
Concept B Managing Windows NT/2000/XP.
MLO a Explain the structure of Windows NT/2000/XP.
MLO b List the core files in the Windows NT and Windows 2000 structures.
Concept C Navigating Windows NT/2000/XP
MLO a Navigate through the Windows NT/2000/XP system, including the Internet
Explorer.
MLO b Install and access printers in Windows NT/2000/XP.
MLO c Install and access software applications in Windows 2000 and XP.
Concept D Networking with Windows NT/2000/XP
MLO a Install and configure local area networking functions in Windows NT, 2000, and
XP.
MLO b Install and configure wide area networking and Internet functions in Windows
2000 and XP.
Big Idea 4 Basic System Troubleshooting
Concept A Diagnostic and Repair Tools
MLO a Outline steps for using a digial multimeter to perform voltage, resistance, and
current checks on a system, as well as identify common DMM tests associated
with personal computers.
MLO b Use disk-based diagnostic tools to isolate system problems.
MLO c Describe quick checks that can be used to determine the nature of system
hardware problems.
MLO d Outline checks to isolate problems that produce a dead system.
MLO e List preliminary steps for diagnosing computer problems.
Concept B Basic Troubleshooting Techniques
MLO a Describe the characteristics of a good workspace.
MLO b Perform visual inspection of a system.
MLO c Describe three general categories of problems into which symptoms can be
grouped, and differentiate between them.
MLO d Differentiate between software- and hardware-based troubleshooting techniques.
MLO e Describe the function of a POST card.
MLO f Describe FRU-level troubleshooting.
MLO g Describe the steps for isolating power supply problems.
MLO h Discuss methods of dealing with symptoms that are not defined well enough to
point to a particular component.
Big Idea 5 Operating System Troubleshooting
Concept A Troubleshooting Windows 9x systems
MLO a Identify and solve Windows 9x Setup problems.
MLO b Locate and solve Windows 9x startup problems.
MLO c Locate and solve Windows 9x operational problems.
MLO d Describe Windows 9x system tools, disk management tools and TCP/IP tools.
Concept B Troubleshooting Windows 2000/XP systems
MLO a Identify and solve Windows 2000/XP Setup problems.
MLO b Locate and solve Windows 2000/XP startup problems.
MLO c Locate and solve Winows 2000/XP operational problems.
MLO d Describe Windows 2000/XP system tools, disk management tools, and TCP/IP
tools.
MLO e use the Policy Editor to change Windows 2000/XP policy settings.
MLO f Use various Windows 2000/XP Safe Mode startup scenarios.
MLO g Use the Windows XP Automated System Recovery and System Restore
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 functions.
Big Idea 6 Preventive Maintenance
Concept A Preventive Maintenace Procedures
MLO a Demonstrate proper cleaning procedures for various system components. CC 5
A.h.
MLO b List the steps for proper IC handling.
Concept B Hazards and Safety Procedures
MLO a Describe electrostatic discharge hazards and methods of preventing ESD. CC 3
C.a.
MLO b Define the term ground.
MLO c List precautionary steps that should be taken when handling floppy disks.
MLO d State potential hazards that are present when working with laser printers,
monitors, and other equipment.
MLO e State typical precautions that should be observed when working on computer
equipment. CC 3.A.a.
Concept C Preventive Maintenance Routines
MLO a Perform generic preventive maintenance routines as required (for example,
remove excess toner, defragment hard drives, and create backup copies.)
MLO b Detail routine preventive maintenance procedures as they apply to hard and
floppy disks.
MLO c Perform basic disk managment functions on a hard drive, including using
ScanDisk, CHKDSK, and Defrag utilities.
MLO d Use backup software to create backups of important data.
MLO e Use software utilities to identify and remove viruses from computer systems.
MLO f List steps to clean a dot-matrix, ink-jet, or laser printer.
MLO g Establish and maintain preventive maintence schedules for users.
Concept D Power Supplies
MLO a Describe the two types of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and state their
qualities.
MLO b Differentiate between various UPS specifications and state how they apply to a
given situation.

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