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 : A piston travels back and forth within a cylinder compressing the refrigerant.
: In a rotary compressor, an eccentric rotates within a cylinder.
c : In a centrifugal compressor a rotor with impeller rotating in a housing draws in vapour and discharges it at a
high velocity.

: In a screw compressor the vapour is compressed between two rotating screws which intermesh and compress
the vapour trapped between the threads.

 : In a scroll compressor the vapour is compressed between two identical involute spiral scrolls. One scroll is fixed
and the other rotates, compressing the vapour as it is pushed from the periphery to the centre of the spiral.

) 
:
Advantages: Absence of wearing parts due to oil circulation and no metal contact in rotors and no compressor valves.
Disadvantages: Loud and leakage at low pressures.

 :
Advantages: 10% higher efficiency and 40% smaller than equivalent reciprocating unit.
Disadvantages:
c :
Advantages: Flexibility under varying loads and simplified lubricating system.
Disadvantages: Noisy


 :
Advantages: The energy used to compress the refrigerant is also a source of heat and heat is absorbed from the walls of
the compressor is another source, both helping the compressor. Easy to service
:

3) Circulating oil through the compressor by means of a pump and its presence seals the clearances effectively. In larger
screw compressors up to 4.5L of oil is circulated around the compressor per second.

4) Compressors are either lubricated by either splash fed system or by a pressure (force feed) system.

In the splash system, the crankcase is filled with the correct oil up to the bottom of the main bearings or to the middle
of the crankshafts main bearings. While in operation, every time the crankshaft revolves the eccentric will dip into the
oil and splash it around the inside of the compressor.

The force-feed system is one which uses a small oil pump to force oil to the main bearings, the lower connects rod
bearings, and, in some cases, the piston pins.

5) The operation of the valve plate is to limit and allow the refrigerant in the low side of the system to flow to the high
side of the system at a higher pressure using steel reeds.

6) The compressor is the main moving component of the vapour compression system. It provides the system with the
force to draw the vapour from the suction, to force it into the condenser by creating a high pressure, and to maintain
circulation of the refrigerant. Basically the job of the compressor is to pump refrigerant around the system, heat of
compression and to maintain a pressure difference.
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1) The function of a condenser is to remove heat from the hot refrigerant vapour pumped from the compressor so that
the vapour can be condensed to a liquid for re-use.

2) Air-cooled: Employ the use of air in order to cool down the refrigerant in the condenser. The air flow over the
condenser can either be natural which requires a large surface area or by forced draft which requires the use of a fan or
blower.

Water-cooled: Are much more effective than air-cooled condensers. These condensers usually more compacts and
consist of a steel tube, with copper pipe running through it; the water flowing through the steel tube cools down the
copper tube which is carrying the refrigerant. However this is requires the use of cooling towers also. The water runs
through the steel tube up to a cooling tower which cools the water by evaporation.

Evaporative condenser: Is similar to a cooling tower, water is sprayed over the condenser to cool it. The water cycle
however for this setup is contained in the condenser cabinet.

3) The primary surface of a condenser is the copper tube that the refrigerant runs through. The secondary surface is the
aluminium fins around it increasing the total surface area and improving how the air flows over the condenser.

4)

5) The advantage of a water-cooled condenser to an air-cooled one is that it is much more effective. Heat transfer from
a metal to a liquid is 50x faster than from a metal to air, making it much more effective. Also during summer water is
usually cooler than summer air and this reduces the head pressure for higher efficiency.

6) Air lodges in the condenser when the system is not sealed properly.
4   
1) The two general classifications of evaporators are air cooling and liquid cooling.

2) The main function of an evaporator is a heat transfer vessel in which the refrigerant is vaporised for the purpose of
removing heat from a refrigerated space. If the evaporator cools a product or space it is called direct refrigeration.
When an evaporator is used to cool some other fluid such as water and then that is pumped away cool some other
product that is called indirect refrigeration.

3) A dry evaporator consists of 75% vapour and 25% liquid; whereas a flooded evaporator has 75% liquid and 25%
vapour. A flooded evaporator would be more efficient due to the fact that it has more of a cooling capacity however it
depends on the needs and conditions of the system.

4)    :
Forced draft: Air-motion and reduced ice accumulation.
E.g. Up-right fridge.
Induced draft: Air-motion and reduced ice accumulation.
E.g. Cool room
Natural draft: Does not need fans and takes less storage space.
E.g. Domestic fridge
    :
Shell-and-tube: Uses both conduction and convection to cool the product
Air-conditioning industry.
Plate-surface: Uses conduction to cool the product efficiently.
Industrial freezers/blast chillers.

5) Natural convection evaporators have widely spaced fins to allow air flow. They use gravity to push the cold air
downwards and create a small air motion.

6)
 
  
1) Hand-operated expansion valve(Industrial refrigeration plants), Low-side float(Glycol tanks), High-side float(Water
chillers), Automatic expansion valve(Air-conditioning), Thermostatic expansion valve(Commercial refrigeration),
Thermal-electric expansion valve(Reverse cycle splits), The electronic valve(Multiple compressor systems) and Capillary
tube control(Domestic refrigeration).

2) To control and supply liquid refrigerant to the evaporator and to make sure liquid does not reach the compressor by
varying the amount going into the evaporator. The flow control maintains the pressure difference between the low and
high side of the system.

3) The three forces acting on the diaphragm of the TX valve are: the bulb pressure, evaporator pressure and spring
pressure.

4) Evaporator superheat is how much the heat absorbed from the cooling medium has changed the temperature from
when it was saturated. The TX valves superheat needs to be set so that it is not allowing too much liquid through to the
evaporator to maintain efficiency.

5) The purpose of a distributor is to distribute the refrigerant evenly throughout a multiple evaporator system.

6) Moisture freezes in the TX valve because that it where the refrigerant is at its coldest point and because of the
strainer.