I A ELEMENTS

HYDROGEN AND ALKALI

METALS

GROUP I:
MUHAMMAD IRVAN
RYCCE SYLVIANA P
AYU KURNIA DWI P.S
SATRI YANTO
 Hydrogen (H)
The simplest atom
General Properties
Atomic number 1
Atomic mass 1.007825 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 2.1
Density 0.0899*10 -3 g.cm -3 at 20 °C
Melting point - 259.2 °C
Boiling point - 252.8 °C
Vanderwaals radius 0.12 nm
Ionic radius 0.208 (-1) nm
Isotopes 3
Electronic shell 1s1
Energy of first ionisation 1311 kJ.mol -1
Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766*
Hydrogen
The first element in periodic table

In normal conditions it’s a colourless, odourless and

insipid gas, formed by diatomic molecules, H2

There are three hydrogen isotopes; protium,
deuterium, and tritium.
Hydrogen Uses
The most important use of hydrogen is the ammonia

synthesis.
The use of hydrogen is extending quickly in fuel

refinement
Huge quantities of hydrogen are consumed in the

catalytic hydrogenation
used as rocket fuels.
Effect of hydrogen
Extremely flammable.

Inhalation: High concentrations of this gas can cause

an oxygen-deficient environment.
Chemical dangers: Heating may cause violent

combustion or explosion.
 Alkaly metals

The alkali metals – lithium, sodium,

potassium, rubidium, cesium and
francium – are members of group 1 of the
periodic table, and each has a ground
state valence electronic configuration
ns1.
General Properties
With increasing atomic number, the atoms become

larger and the strength of metallic bonding decreases.

The effect of increasing size evidently outweighs that of

increasing nuclear charge, since the ionization energies

decrease from Li to Cs. The values of IE2 for all the alkali
metals are so high that the formation of M2þ ions under
chemically reasonable conditions is not viable.
Lithium (Li)
General Properties
Atomic number 3
Atomic mass 6.941 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 1,0
Density 0.53 g.cm -3 at 20 °C
Melting point 180.5 °C
Boiling point 1342 °C
Vanderwaals radius 0.145 nm
Ionic radius 0.06 nm
Isotopes 2
Electronic shell 1s22s1 or [He] 2s1
Energy of first ionisation 520.1 kJ.mol -1
Discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817
Lithium
It’s the lightest solid metal, it’s soft, silvery-white

Metallic lithium is soluble in short chain aliphatic amines,

like etilamine. It’s insoluble in hydrocarbons.

In nature it’s found like a mixture of the isotopes Li 6 and Li7

Lithium is extracted from LiCl in a similar electrolytic

process
Lithium uses
The main lithium compound is the lithium hydroxide

The main industrial use of lithium is in lithium

stearatum form, as lubricant grease’s thickener

Aplicated in pottery
Effect of lithium
Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion

Upon heating, toxic fumes are formed

Lithium hydroxide represents a potentially significant

hazard because it is extremely corrosive

Sodium (Na)
General Properties
Atomic number 11
Atomic mass 22.98977 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 0.9
Density 0.97 g.cm -3 at 20 °C
Melting point 97.5 °C
Boiling point 883 °C
Vanderwaals radius 0.196 nm
Ionic radius 0.095 (+1) nm
Isotopes 3
Electronic shell [Ne] 3s1
Energy of first ionisation 495.7 kJ.mol -1
Discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807
Sodium
Chemical element, symbol: Na, atomic number: 11

It’s a soft metal, reactive and with a low melting point

Sodium reacts quickly with water, and also with snow

and ice, to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.

Extraction of sodium from sodium
chloride (common salt)

2 NaCl(l )   2 Na(l )  Cl2( g )

electrolysis
Sodium uses
Synthesis of soap

to improve the structure of certain alloys

in sodium vapor lamps

Solid sodium carbonate is needed to make glass.

Effect of sodium
Too much sodium can damage our kidneys and

increases the chances of high blood pressure.

Contact with eyes may result in permanent damage

and loss of sight.

Contact to the skin may cause itching, tingling,

thermal and caustic burns

Potassium (K)
Potassium
It’s very reactive and the most electropositive among
metal elements, very soft and easy to be cutted by
ordinary knife. Just like the other elements in alkali
group, potassium decomposes water and release
hidrogen.
This element is fastly oxidazed by air, so it has to be kept
in kerosene.
Isotop
There have been found 17 isotops of potassium

One of them found at 40 K (0.0188%) is a radioactive

isotop with half time 1.28 x 109 years.

The radioactive of this isotop is not too dangerous.

Potassium can be obtained electrolytically from KCl

 Potasssium uses
The most important aplication is as the soil fertilizer

It uses as a conductor, mixed with Na

Many of potassium salt (KOH, KNO3, KCl, KBr, KI,

KSCN, etc) is usefull in laboratory implementation

General Properties
Atomic number 19
Atomic mass 39.0983 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 0.82
Density 0.86 g.cm -3 at 20 °C
Melting point 609,8 0C
Boiling point 1306 °C
Vanderwaals radius 0.196 nm
Ionic radius 2.35 Å
Isotopes 17
Electronic shell [Ar] 4s1
 Rubidium (Rb)
Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of

the alkali metals group (Group 1)

it is one of the most electropositive and alkaline

elements
It alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium.

Its flames is yellowish-violet.

General Properties
Atomic number 37
Atomic mass 85.4678 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 0.8
Density 1.53 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point 39 °C
Boiling point 696 °C
Vanderwaals radius 0.243 nm
Ionic radius 0.149 nm (+1)
Isotopes 11
Electronic shell [ Kr ] 5s1
Energy of first ionisation 402.9 kJ.mol -1
Discovered by Robert Wilhem Bunsen and
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1861
Rubidium uses
the metal is used in the manufacture of photocells

Rubidium salts are used in glasses and ceramics and in

fireworks to give them a purple colour

Potential uses are in ion engines for space vehicles, as

working fluid in vapor turbines, and as getter in

vacuum tubes.
Rubidium effect
Rubidium readily reacts with skin moisture to form

rubidium hydroxide, which causes chemical burns of eyes

and skin
 Moderately toxic by ingestion

 If rubidium ignites, it will cause thermal burns

No negative environmental effects have been reported.

Cesium (Cs)
Cesium
 It is silvery gold, soft, and ductile

It is the most electropositive and most alkaline

element
It metals that are liquid at or around room

temperature.
Cesium reacts explosively with cold water
General Properties
Atomic number 55
Atomic mass 132.9054 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 0.7
Density 1.9 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point 28.4 °C
Boiling point 669 °C
Vanderwaals radius 0.267 nm
Ionic radius 0.167
Isotopes 12
Electronic shell [ Xe ] 6s1
Energy of first ionisation 375,6 kJ.mol -1
Discovered by Fustov Kirchhoff in 1860
Cesium uses
Cesium is used in industry as a catalyst promoter, boosting

the performance of other metal oxides in the capacity

Cesium nitrate is used to make optical glasses

to remove traces of oxygen from the vacuum tubes and

from light bulbs

Cesium is used in atomic clocks and more recently in ion

propulsion systems.
Effect of cesium
Humans may be exposed to cesium by breathing,

drinking or eating
In air the levels of cesium are generally low, but

radioactive cesium has been detected at some level in

surface water and in many types of foods.
Francium (Fr)
Francium
Francium is extremely rare

Because of that, its chemical and physical properties

are unknown
Francium is the least electronegative of all the known

elements.
General Properties
Atomic number 87
Atomic mass 233 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 0.7
Melting point 27 °C
Boiling point 677 °C
Isotopes 4
Electronic shell [ Rn ] 7s1
Energy of first ionisation 375 kJ.mol -1
Discovered by Marguerite Perey in 1939
Francium
Francium occurs naturally to a very limited extent in

uranium minerals
Francium is the second rarest element in the crust,

after astatine.
 Thank you…

THE END…