Lissamphibia

• cutaneous respiration (requires moist skin)

• < 5 digits on hand
• ear ossicle → columella
• thin, smooth, glandular skin
• gas exchange via skin
• poison glands in skin
Gymnophiona
• elongation of body
• reduced eye (under skin/bone)
• loss of post-anal tail
Caudata
• ?
Anura
• 5-9 presacral vertebrae
• urostyle
• elongated femur
• fused tibiofibula/radioulna
• elongated toes
• elongated pelvic girdle/ilium
Amniota
• amniotic egg
• ribs used to ventilate lungs
• internal fertilization
• direct developers
• erectile copulatory organ
Sauropsida
• ?
Anapsida
• no skull holes
Diapsida
• 2 skull holes: upper and lower temporal fenestrae
• upper and lower temporal bars
Testudines
• shell
• ribs fused to shell
• pelvic and pectoral girdles inside ribs
• jaw muscles pass over trochlear process
• loss of bones near front of skull
• emarginate anapsid condition
Lepidosauria
• tail autotomy
Archosauria
• keyhole shaped orbit
• antorbital fenestra
• mandibular fenestra
• laterally compressed teeth
• fourth trochanter
Sphenodontida
 • lack external ear opening
Squamata
• loss of lower temporal bar
• hemipenes
Snakes
• elongated body, >120 vertebrae
• loss of pectoral girdle, loss of forelimbs
• no external ear
• no movable eyelids
• lost lens muscles
• cloacal scent glands
• loss of upper temporal bar
Crocodylia
• flexible ankle
• secondary palate
Ornithodira
• rotation of limbs under body
• bipedalism
Pterosauria
• hand with 3 short fingers, elongate 4th finger
• pteroid
Dinosauria
• perforated acetabulum
• forelimbs < half length of hindlimbs
• legs carried completely under body
• s-shaped neck
Ornithischia
• backward facing pubis (ilium to femur)
• reduced antorbital fenestra
• tip of snout roughened, toothless
• predentary
• cheeks
• jaw joint below level of upper tooth row
• coronoid process
• cheek teeth with plant grinding crowns
Saurischia
• forward facing pubis (pubis to femur)
• elongation of neck
• modification of vertebral articulation
Therapoda
• laterally flattened, serrated teeth
• fenestra in maxilla
• jaw joint in middle of lower jaw
• digits 1-3 elongated with wicked claws
• hollow, long bones
Sauropodomorpha
• big
• herbivorous
• secondarily quadrupedal