• Functionalism

- Function part in some aspect of culture or social life in maintaining a

system
- Society consists of institutions that serve vital purpose for people
• Borinslaw Malinowski
- All cultural traits serve the needs of individual in a society
- Basic needs: nutrition, reproduction
- Secondary : cooperation in food collection or production
• Radcliffe brown (structural functionalism)
- Various aspects of social behavior maintain a society’s social struct.
Rather than satisfying individual needs
- Network of existing social relationship in a society
• Psychological Approaches
- Tries to und. How culture and psychological practices (thinking, emotions,
attitudes and personality) affect each other.
• Ruth Benedict
- Cultures are patterned and characterized in terms different personalities
• Margaret Mead
- Culture, not bio, was the main factor for personality different between
sexes
- New guinea
• 1930 to 40
- Linton and Kardiner: every culture has a basic personality that is produced
by certain shared cultural exp
- From primary to secondary institutions
• Neo Evo
• Leslie white
- Culture evolves when more energy is harnessed
- Edu is important
- Ppl as the most important assets and it must be educated
• Julian Steward
- Unilinear (morgan and tylor), universal (white), multilinear (combo)
• Marshall & Elman
- Combine white and steward
- Specific evo: particular sequence of changes and adaption of a particular
society in a given enviro
- General: general progress of human society in which higher forms arise
and surpass lower forms
• Structuralism
• Claude Levi- Strauss
- Culture serves as a simplified image of people
- Culture is a representation
• Ethnoscience
- Seeks to understand ppl’s thinking through languages
• Cultural ethnology
- Understanding relationship between culture and its enviro
- The Ik tribe who feeds the baby to the leopard
- Was no this way previously
• Political economy
- External forces explains the way society changes and adapts
- Shows how colonialism changes the way of life
- Understand from the past history
• Sociobio & behavioral eco
- Developed mainly by biologists
- How a certain characteristic may be adaptive for indi in a given enviro
• Interpretive Approaches
- clifford: cultures can be analyzed for its meaning
• The Hypo
- To test possible explanations