Asam Urat

Pendahuluan
Di masyarakat kini beredar mitos bahwa ngilu sendi berarti asam urat. Pengertian ini perlu
diluruskan karena tidak semua keluhan dari nyeri sendi disebabkan oleh asam urat. Pengertian
yang salah ini diperparah oleh iklan jamu/obat tradisional.

Penyakit rematik banyak jenisnya. Tidak semua keluhan nyeri sendi atau sendi yang bengkak itu
berarti asam urat. Untuk memastikannya perlu pemeriksaan laboratorium.

Sebenarnya yang dimaksud dengan asam urat adalah asam yang berbentuk kristal-kristal yang
merupakan hasil akhir dari metabolisme purin (bentuk turunan nukleoprotein), yaitu salah satu
komponen asam nukleat yang terdapat pada inti sel-sel tubuh. Secara alamiah, purin terdapat
dalam tubuh kita dan dijumpai pada semua makanan dari sel hidup, yakni makanan dari tanaman
(sayur, buah, kacang-kacangan) atau pun hewan (daging, jeroan, ikan sarden).

Jadi asam urat merupakan hasil metabolisme di dalam tubuh, yang kadarnya tidak boleh
berlebih. Setiap orang memiliki asam urat di dalam tubuh, karena pada setiap metabolisme
normal dihasilkan asam urat. Sedangkan pemicunya adalah makanan dan senyawa lain yang
banyak mengandung purin. Sebetulnya, tubuh menyediakan 85 persen senyawa purin untuk
kebutuhan setiap hari. Ini berarti bahwa kebutuhan purin dari makanan hanya sekitar 15 persen.

Sayangnya, fakta ini masih belum diketahui secara luas oleh masyarakat. Akibatnya banyak
orang suka menyamaratakan semua makanan. Orang menyantap apa saja yang dia inginkan,
tanpa mempertimbangkan kandungan di dalamnya. Makanan sumber dari produk hewani
biasanya mengandung purin sangat tinggi.Produk makanan mengandung purin tinggi kurang
baik bagi orang-orang tertentu, yang punya bakat mengalami gangguan asam urat. Jika
mengonsumsi makanan ini tanpa perhitungan, jumlah purin dalam tubuhnya dapat melewati
ambang batas normal.

Beberapa jenis makanan dan minuman yang diketahui bisa meningkatkan kadar asam urat adalah
alkohol, ikan hearing, telur, dan jeroan. Ikan hearing atau sejenisnya (sarden), dan jeroan
merupakan sumber senyawa sangat potensial. Yang tergolong jeroan bukan saja usus melainkan
semua bagian lain yang terdapat dalam perut hewan --seperti hati, jantung, babat, dan limfa.

KONSUMSI jeroan memperberat kerja enzim hipoksantin untuk mengolah purin. Akibatnya
banyak sisa asam urat di dalam darahnya, yang berbentuk butiran dan mengumpul di sekitar
sendi sehingga menimbulkan rasa sangat sakit. Jeroan memang merupakan salah satu hidangan
menggiurkan, di antaranya soto babat, sambal hati, sate jantung, dan kerupuk limfa. Tetapi salah
satu dampaknya, jika tubuh kelebihan senyawa purin maka si empunya diri mengalami sakit
pada persendian.

Penyebab
Penyakit asam urat digolongkan menjadi penyakit gout primer dan penyakit gout sekunder.
Pada penyakit gout primer, 99 persen penyebabnya belum diketahui (idiopatik). Diduga
berkaitan dengan kombinasi faktor genetic dan faktor hormonal yang menyebabkan gangguan
metabolisme yang dapat mengakibatkan meningkatnya produksi asam urat atau bisa juga
diakibatkan karena berkurangnya pengeluaran asam urat dari tubuh.

Penyakit gout sekunder disebabkan antara lain karena meningkatnya produksi asam urat karena
nutrisi, yaitu mengonsumsi makanan dengan kadar purin yang tinggi. Purin adalah salah satu
senyawa basa organic yang menyusun asam nukleat (asam inti dari sel) dan termasuk dalam
kelompok asam amino, unsur pembentuk protein.

Produksi asam urat meningkat juga bisa karena penyakit darah (penyakit sumsum tulang,
polisitemia), obat-obatan (alkohol, obat-obat kanker, vitamin B12). Penyebab lainnya adalah
obesitas (kegemukan), penyakit kulit (psoriasis), kadar trigliserida yang tinggi. Pada penderita
diabetes yang tidak terkontrol dengan baik biasanya terdapat kadar benda-benda keton (hasil
buangan metabolisme lemak) yang meninggi. Benda-benda keton yang meninggi akan
menyebabkan asam urat juga ikut meninggi.

Setiap orang dapat terkena penyakit asam urat. Karena itu, kita perlu mewaspadai gejala-
gejalanya.

Penyakit radang sendi akibat peningkatan kadar asam urat darah disebut dengan artritis gout
atau artritis pirai. Artritis gout yang akut disebabkan oleh reaksi radang jaringan terhadap
pembentukan kristal urat. Pada sebagian besar kasus gout riwayat penyakit dan gambaran klinis
bersifat khusus, sehingga kadang-kadang diagnosis dapat langsung ditegakkan.
Seseorang dikatakan menderita asam urat (gout) jika kondisinya memenuhi beberapa syarat dan
biasanya perjalanan penyakitnya klasik sekali, seperti mempunyai gejala yang khas penyakit
gout, mempunyai perjalanan penyakit yang khas penyakit gout, ditemukan asam urat dalam
kadar tinggi dalam darahnya, dan hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopik dari cairan sendi atau tofus
(benjolan asam urat) ditemukan kristal asam urat yang berbentuk jarum.

Lebih banyak pria

Umumnya yang terserang asam urat adalah para pria, sedangkan pada perempuan persentasenya
kecil dan baru muncul setelah menopause.

Kadar asam urat kaum pria cenderung meningkat sejalan dengan peningkatan usia. Pada wanita,
peningkatan itu dimulai sejak masa menopause.

Mengapa asam urat cenderung dialami pria? Ini karena perempuan mempunyai hormon estrogen
yang ikut membantu pembuangan asam urat lewat urine. Sementara pada pria, asam uratnya
cenderung lebih tinggi daripada perempuan karena tidak memiliki hormon estrogen tersbut.

Jadi selama seorang perempuan mempunyai hormon estrogen, maka pembuangan asam uratnya
ikut terkontrol. Ketika sudah tidak mempunyai estrogen, seperti saat menopause, barulah
perempuan terkena asam urat.
Kalau peningkatan asam urat ini melewati ambang batas yang bisa ditolerir, persoalan akan
timbul pertama pada ginjal, sendi, dan saluran kemih

Kadar Normal
Pemeriksaan asam urat di laboratorium dilakukan dengan dua cara, Enzimatik dan Teknik Biasa.
Kadar asam urat normal menurut tes Enzimatik maksimum 7 mg/dl. Sedangkan pada Teknik
Biasa, nilai normalnya maksimum 8 mg/dl. Bila hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan kadar asam urat
melampaui standar normal itu, penderita dimungkinkan mengalami hiperurisemia.

Kadar asam urat normal pada pria dan perempuan berbeda. Kadar asam urat normal pada pria
berkisar 3,5 – 7 mg/dl dan pada perempuan 2,6 – 6 mg/dl. Kadar asam urat diatas normal disebut
hiperurisemia.

Perjalanan penyakit yang klasik biasanya dimulai dengan suatu serangan atau seseorang
memiliki riwayat pernah cek asam uratnya tinggi di atas 7 mg/dl, dan makin lama makin tinggi.

Jika demikian, kemungkinannya untuk menjadi penyakit gout itu makin besar. Biasanya 25%
orang yang asam uratnya tinggi akan menjadi penyakit gout. Bila kadar asam urat tinggi tapi
tidak ada gejala serangan sendi ini disebut stadium awal. Pada setiap orang berbeda-beda. Ada
yang bertahun-tahun sama sekali tidak muncul gejalanya, tetapi ada yang muncul gejalanya di
usia 20 tahun, 30 tahun, atau 40 tahun.

Gambaran Klinis
Artritis gout muncul sebagai serangan keradangan sendi yang timbul berulang-ulang.

Gejala khas dari serangan artritis gout adalah serangan akut biasanya bersifat monoartikular
(menyerang satu sendi saja) dengan gejala pembengkakan, kemerahan, nyeri hebat, panas dan
gangguan gerak dari sendi yang terserang yang terjadi mendadak (akut) yang mencapai
puncaknya kurang dari 24 jam. Lokasi yang paling sering pada serangan pertama adalah sendi
pangkal ibu jari kaki. Hampir pada semua kasus, lokasi artritis terutama pada sendi perifer dan
jarang pada sendi
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904690
• Meredakan radang sendi (dengan obat-obatan dan istirahat sendi yang terkena).
• Pengaturan asam urat tubuh (dengan pengaturan diet dan obat-obatan).

Tujuan utama pengobatan artritis gout adalah:

• Mengobati serangan akut secara baik dan benar

• Mencegah serangan ulangan artritis gout akut
• Mencegah kelainan sendi yang berat akibat penimbunan kristal urat
• Mencegah komplikasi yang dapat terjadi akibat peningkatan asam urat pada jantung,
ginjal dan pembuluh darah.
• Mencegah pembentukan batu pada saluran kemih.

Makin cepat seseorang mendapat pengobatan sejak serangan akut, makin cepat pula
penyembuhannya.
Pengobatan dapat diberikan obat anti inflamasi nonsteroid (antirematik) dan obat penurun kadar
asam urat (obat yang mempercepat/meningkatkan pengeluaran asam urat lewat kemih
(probenecid) atau obat yang menurunkan produksi asam urat (allopurinol)).

Pengaturan diet
Selain jeroan, makanan kaya protein dan lemak merupakan sumber purin. Padahal walau tinggi
kolesterol dan purin, makanan tersebut sangat berguna bagi tubuh, terutama bagi anak-anak pada
usia pertumbuhan. Kolesterol penting bagi prekusor vitamin D, bahan pembentuk otak, jaringan
saraf, hormon steroid, garam-garaman empendu dan membran sel.Orang yang kesehatannya baik
hendaknya tidak makan berlebihan. Sedangkan bagi yang telah menderita gangguan asam urat,
sebaiknya membatasi diri terhadap hal-hal yang bisa memperburuk keadaan. Misalnya,
membatasi makanan tinggi purin dan memilih yang rendah purin.

Makanan yang sebaiknya dihindari adalah makanan yang banyak mengandung purin tinggi.
Penggolongan makanan berdasarkan kandungan purin:

• Golongan A: Makanan yang mengandung purin tinggi (150-800 mg/100 gram makanan)
adalah hati, ginjal, otak, jantung, paru, lain-lain jeroan, udang, remis, kerang, sardin,
herring, ekstrak daging (abon, dendeng), ragi (tape), alkohol serta makanan dalam kaleng.

• Golongan B: Makanan yang mengandung purin sedang (50-150 mg/100 gram makanan)
adalah ikan yang tidak termasuk golongan A, daging sapi, kerang-kerangan, kacang-
kacangan kering, kembang kol, bayam, asparagus, buncis, jamur, daun singkong, daun
pepaya, kangkung.

• Golongan C: Makanan yang mengandung purin lebih ringan (0-50 mg/100 gram
makanan) adalah keju, susu, telur, sayuran lain, buah-buahan.

Pengaturan diet sebaiknya segera dilakukan bila kadar asam urat melebihi 7 mg/dl dengan tidak
mengonsumsi bahan makanan golongan A dan membatasi diri untuk mengonsmsi bahan
makanan golongan B. Juga membatasi diri mengonsumsi lemak serta disarankan untuk banyak
minum air putih. Apabila dengan pengaturan diet masih terdapat gejala-gejala peninggian asam
urat darah, sebaiknya berkonsultasi dengan dokter terdekat untuk penanganan lebih lanjut.

Hal yang juga perlu diperhatikan, jangan bekerja terlalu berat, cepat tanggap dan rutin
memeriksakan diri ke dokter. Karena sekali menderita, biasanya gangguan asam urat akan terus
berlanjut.

BAGI YANG AKAN BERTANYA MENGENAI ASAM

URAT
Kalau bisa sertakan data-data:
• Jenis kelamin
• Usia
• Tinggi badan
• Berat badan
• Kadar asam urat dengan nilai rujukan/nilai normal dari laboratorium pemeriksa
 • Sudah berapa lama menderita gout atau hiperurisemia
• Obat-obatan yang dikonsumsi baik untuk mengatasi gout/asam urat maupun untuk
penyakit lain yang diderita dan juga dosis masing-masing obat serta berapa kali sehari
obat tersebut diminum.
• Kondisi kesehatan lainnya.
Forum ini bukan untuk menggantikan peranan dokter, kami hanya mencoba menjelaskan
permasalahan yang ada, oleh karena itu tidak ada hubungan dokter pasien dengan adanya tanya
jawab di forum ini. Anda tetap harus berkonsultasi/mengunjungi dokter keluarga anda.

Tidak semua pertanyaan dapat langsung dijawab pada hari yang sama.

Terima kasih atas perhatian semuanya.

Salam,
Dr. Suryo Wibowo, MKK, SpOk