twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

2007 Zefe0g&Dv
jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 1
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;
xkwfa0onfh ckESpf
2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v
D

xkwfa0/ jzef@csd
jyef=um;a&;Xme
vl@abmifopf'rD u
kd &ufwpfygw(D XmecsKyf)

apmifa&
(1000) yxrt}udrf

uGefjyLwmpmpD/ pmrsufESmzJG@pnf;rSKESifh rsufESmzHk;

udkbdkbdk/ qufatmif

*sme,fvyd pf m
The New Society Journal
P.O Box (83), Mae Sod
Tak, Thailand 63110
E-mail: <information@dpns.org>
Webpage: <www.dpns.org>

vl@abmifopf*sme,fwGifyg0ifaom aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm aqmif;yg;&SifwOD;csif;pD. tmabmfrsm;om jzpfygonf?

2 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f vGwv f yfa&;oufwrf;ESit hf r# =umjrifah ejyDjzpfaom jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D
onf ,ae@tcdseftxd rjidrf;ao;? odk@aomf etz ppftkyfpku wdkif;&if;om; vufeuf
udkif(17)zGJ@ESifh jidrf;csrf;a&; &&SdaejyD[k ajymqdk0g'jzef@aeonf?
jyD;cJhaom ppfwUodkvf Adkvfavmif;oifwef; tywfpOf(49) oifwef;qif;yGJwGif
ppftkyfpk acgif;aqmif Adkvfoef;a&$u “trsKd;om; jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk wnf
aqmufEdkifcJhwma=umifh awmwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJ@ tm;vHk;eD;yg;[m Oya'abmif
twGif;udk jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmjyD jzpfw,f?”[k ajymonf?
vufawG@Y wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;onf olwdk@a'orsm;wGif olwdk@
vufeufrsm;/ udk,fydkifwyfrsm;ESifh qufvuf &SdaeqJjzpfonf? etzppftkyfpkESifh wdkif;
&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;t=um; typftcwf&yfpJa&;tqifhrSonf jidrf;csrf;a&;
tqifo h @kd wufvrS ;f Edik jf cif;r&Sad o;? ‚udk etzppftpd;k &u rsuu f , G ðf yv#uf jynfwiG ;f
ppfrD;jidrf;jyD; jidrf;csrf;a&; &aeouJhodk@ 0g'jzef@csd aejcif;om jzpfonf?
wbufwiG v f nf; ‚wd@k EiS hf typftcwf &yfpx J m;aom wkid ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd f
tzG@J rsm; tiftm; csed @J oGm;apa&;twGuf etzppftyk pf u k trsK;d rsK;d vkyaf qmifaeonf?
tiftm;csdeJ@ oGm;aom tzGJ@rsm;udk enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh vufeuf ðzwfodrf;onf? tzGJ@udkyg
zsufodrf;&Edkifajc&Sdv#if zsufodrf;ypfouJhodk@ etzvufatmufcH jynfolppf wyfzGJ@rsm;
tjzpf ajymif;vJypfcH&olrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf?
,ck a&;qGaJ eaom zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' jy;D oGm;cJv h #if typf&yftzJ@G rsm;. vufeuf
rsm;udk ðzwford ;f a&; tpDtpOf vkyaf qmifrnf[k etzu ajymxm;jyD;jzpfonf? etzu
olw@kd ajymxm; onfh tpDtpOftwdik ;f vkycf v hJ #if wdik ;f &if;om; tzG@J awGtaejzifh rdrw d @kd
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm udkifpGJvmaom vufeufrsm;udk ðzwfodrf;cHrnfvm;qdkonfrSm ar;cGef;
xkwfp&myif jzpfonf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm; vufeufudkifcJh&aom tajccHEdkifiHa&;
udP&yfjzpfonfh wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh jy\emudk etz. tajccHOya'u
ajz&Sif; ay;rxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
wcsKd@wcsKd@aom wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@rsm;onf vufeufjzifh twif;t"R zdtm;ay;
cH&jcif;a=umifh olwdk@. vufeufrsm; pGef@oGm;cJhvsifyif wdkif;&if;om;ta&; jy\emrD;
onfum; jird ;f oGm;rnf r[kw?f ya'o&mZf acwfumvrS pwifvmcJah om wkid ;f &if;om;
òyuGrJ _ jy\emudk vufeufjzifh ajz&Si;f r&onfrmS ESpaf ygi;f (50)ausm=f um jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D
awmufavmifcJhjcif;u oufao jyaeayonf?
wdik ;f &if;om; aygi;f pHk aexdik =f uaom jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf
r&Sdor# umvywfvHk; wkdif;&if;om; jy\emrD;rSm &SdjrJ &Sdaernfom jzpfonf?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 3
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

(18) ESpfajrmuf ygwDarG;aeŒtxdrf;trSwfwifjycsuf

(2006 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv 14 &uf)

2006 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv (14) &ufae@onf/ u|eaf wmfw@kd vl@abmif

opf'rD u kd &ufwpfygwD xlaxmifz@JG pnf;cJw h m (18)ESpjf ynfah jrmufonfah e@ jzpf
ygonf?
'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; tqifhqifhwGif toufay;pGef@vªoGm;=uaom
ol&Jaumif;tmZmenfrsm;/ jynfolrsm;/ uG,fvGef usqHk;oGm;=uonfh u|ef
awmfw@kd ygwrD S acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm;udk tav;teuf OD;n¸w*f g0&ðytyf
ygonf?
ppftpdk;&tusOf;pcef;toD;oD;wGif =uH@=uH@ckdifckdif&yfwnf wdkufyGJ0ifae
aom &Jabmfrsm;. &JpGrf;owWdESifh opPmw&m;udk *k%fðyrSwfwrf; wiftyfyg
onf?
,ckvdkr*Fvm&Sdaom ygwDarG;ae@udktxdrf;trSwfðyvsuf vuf&Sd wkdif;
jynfYjzpfay:aeaom udp&P yfrsm;tay: u|eaf wmfw@kd vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &uf
wpfygwD A[dkaumfrwD. oabmxm;udk wifjytyfygonf?
‘88’ rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;vdu k jf cif;jzifh (etz)
ppftpd;k &onf ol. wif;rmaom oabmxm;udk xyfrjH yovdu k jf yefygonf?
,if;udpt P ay: ygw. D oabmxm;udk wifjyxm;cJjh y;D jzpfygonf? Ttcsuu f
'Drukd a&pDta&; yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aeol tm;vH;k udk ,cifuxuf ydrk x kd ad &mufaom
enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&u G v f map&ef wGe;f tm;ay;aejcif;vnf; jzpfygonf?
“jynfyu0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ ” “jynfytm;udk;r_” “qlylt=urf;
zufvrkd ”_ pojzifh (etz)ppftpd;k &u pGypf JG ykwcf wfaer_rsm;onf tajctjrpf
vH;k 0r&So d nfh w&m;rJah om ajymqdrk r_ sm;omjzpfygonf? tD&wf/ tmz*ef udpP
rsm;udk vufn‡dK;xdk;I vdk&mqGJajymaeygonf?
u|efawmfwdk@oabmxm;rSm u|efawmfwdk @jynfwGif;a&;jy\emudk rSef
uefaomoabmxm;/ rSeu f efaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Si;f Edik =f urnf qdv k #if

4 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

b,fudkrS a&mufp&mr&Sdovdk/ b,folur#vnf; 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifrnf

r[kwyf g? od@k aomfvnf; (etz)ppftpd;k &onf ud, k jfh ynfwiG ;f a&;jy\emudk
rSeu
f efpmG oabmxm;Edik jf cif;vnf; r&S/d rSeu f efaom enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Si;f a&;
udk tcsdefqGJ ydwfyifwm;qD;aeonf?
Tae&mY awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; rjzpfajrmufbJ umv=um&Snf ae&jcif;ESihf
ywfoufI trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u “(etz)ppf
tpdk;&wGif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef (Political Will) r&Sd” [k ajymqdkaeonfrSm
rSefuefaom oHk;oyfajymqdkcsuf jzpfygonf?
u|efawmfwdk@ ,lqonfrSm ol@tvdkvdkawmhjzifh (etz)ppftpdk;&onf
pdwaf umif;apwem &Sv d mjyD; awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; jzpfajrmufvmrnf r[kwyf g?
(etz)ppftpdk;&wGif awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; pdwfqEN ( Political Will) &Sdvm
atmif u|efawmfwdk@ aqmif&Guf=u&rnf? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&; jzpfay:vma&;
twGuf (etz)ppftpdk;& pdwfaumif; apwemaumif; &Sdvmrnfhtcsdefudk
apmifah eI rjzpfEikd yf g? awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; pm;yG0J ikd ;f ok@d (etz)ppftpd;k & a&muf
vmatmif axmifph /kH bufpu kH ae wGe;f yd@k ay;&rnf? od@k twGuf “Edik if aH &;jy\em
udk EkdifiHa&;enf;t& rajz&Sif;vdkonfh” =uHqr_/ pOf;pm;r_/ aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk
vnf; u|efawmfwdk@ vufrcHEdkifyg?
‘88’ 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkudk taoa&zsufaom/
(1990)jynf@ a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk ykwfcyfapmfum;aom/
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk 0dkif;y,fykwf
cwfaom oabmxm;az: jycsuf rSefor#udkvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ qef@usif
uef@uu G yf gonf?
tjcm;wpfbufrSaeIvnf; vuf&Sd trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dk
tvkyt f r_aqmifv=l uD;rsm;taejzifh jzpfay:vmaom tajctaet&yf&yfukd
wGucf sujf yD; jynfov l x l x
k H csjypnf;±k;H aom/ aqmif&u G f jyD;pD;cJrh r_ sm;ESihf ywf
oufI wifjy &Si;f vif;jcif; ðyaom/ (etz) ppftpd;k &u wpfbufowf vky=f uH
pGyfpGJaer_rsm;udkvnf; jynfolrsm;tjzpfrSeftwdkif; od&Sdap&ef jynfolvlxkxH
wifjytpD&ifcHr_rsm;/ pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tajctaeESihf wajy;nD vkyf
aqmifapcsiyf gonf?
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; pm;yGo J @kd a&mufa&;twGuf t"duwGe;f tm;rSm vlxyk g
0ifvmapa&;omjzpfonfukd u|eaf wmfw@dk tav;teuf ,H=k unfygonf? vl
xkryg0ifvmv#if b,ft&mr# rajymif;vnf;Edik yf g? vlxyk g0ifvma&;twGuf
tbufbufu pnf;±k;H jyifqif aqmif&u G pf pk nf;oGm;=u&rnfomjzpfygonf?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 5
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;
xdkodk@aqmif&Gufa&;ESifhywfoufonfh u|efawmfwdk@oabmxm;rSm -
1? awG@qHkaqGaEG;a&;enf;vrf;onfom taumif;qHk;ajz&Sif;a&;enf;vrf;
jzpfygonf?
2? awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;onf us,jf yef@jyD; wef;wla&;ESihf 'Dru
dk a&pDtcGithf a&;
tjynhft0&Sdonfh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&; jzpf&rnf?
3? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;jzpfay:vmap&eftwGufqkdv#if vlxkyg0ifvmatmif
pnf;±k;H v_@H aqmf&rnf?
4? vlxkyg0ifvmapEdkifrnfh tajctaetcsuftvufrSefor#udk EdkifiHa&;
ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toD;oD; vlwef;pm; vl@tv$m toD;oD;u yg0ifaqmif&u G &f rnf?

tay;t,l tavsmhtwif;qdkif&m udPrsm;

,if;udpPESifhywfoufI u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. oabmxm;tusOf;csKyfrSm -
yxrOD;pm;ay;tjzpf 'Drdkua&pDESifh wef;wl&nfwl&Sdaom EkdifiHa&;&moDOwk
wpf&yf jzpfay:wnf&Sdaeapa&;jzpfonf?
,if;tajccHtay: Y wkdif;jynf. jy\emt&yf&yfudk awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;
pm;yGJay:wGif wpfbufESifhwpfbuf tay;t,l tavsmhtwif; ðyvkyf=u&efom
jzpfygonf? avsmjh cif;/ wif;jcif;/ ay;jcif;/ ,ljcif;/ oifyek ;f acsjcif; paomudprP sm;udk
pm;yGJ0dkif;ay: Yom taustvnf n‡dE_dif;ðyvkyf=urnfomjzpfonf? &&Sdvmrnfh
n‡dE_dif;&v'fudkom u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;ar#mfvifhygonf?
raqG;aEG;cifuwnf;u wpfbufEiS w hf pfbuf ñudwifowfrw S cf surf sm;xm;
&Sdae=ujcif;onf um,uHajrmuf aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfajrmufa&;udk jiif;y,f&ma&muf
ygonf? ,if;odk@aom ñudwifowfrSwfr_rsm;udk rnfonfhbufur# rvkyfoifh
rvkyfxdkufyg[k ,lqygonf?

'Drdkua&pDa&;/ trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sda&; jy\em

,if;onf wdkif;jynfwGif; &ifqdkifae&aom jy\emt&yf&yf. t"du Zpf
jrpfjy\emjzpfygonf? qdkcJhygtcsufrsm; r&SdcJhI jynfwGif;ppfudk ñuHawG@cJh&jcif;
jzpfygonf? trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w $ rf _ ðyducJG &hJ jcif; jzpfonf? 'DtwGuf acwfrD
Edik if H wnfaqmufa&;&nfreS ;f csurf sm; xifwikd ;f rayguf jzpfc&hJ jcif;jzpfonf? tusK;d
quftjzpf wdkif;jynfc|wfðcHusjyD; vlrsKd;pkHjynfolrsm; qif;&JwGif;eufcJh&onf?
trsKd;om; *k%foduQm tustqif;qkH;b0odk@ a&mufcJh&onf?
odk@twGuf 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sda&;
jy\emtay: rSeu f efaomoabmxm; &S&d efrmS yxrOD;pm;ay;jzpfjyD; us,u f s,f

6 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

jyef@jyef@ aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;tajz&Sm&ef jzpfygonf? xdkodk@r[kwfbJ “jynfytm;udk;

onfh jy\em” “0g'pG/J vlrsK;d pG/J ygwpD /JG yk*K~ v d pf jJG y\em” tjzpfom ±_jrifaev#i/f
oabmxm;aev#if b,faomtcgr#/ tb,fo@kd aom enf;vrf;ESirhf # ajyvnf
atmifajz&Sif;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg?
,if;jy\emonf wrsKd;om;vkH;ESifhqdkifaom jy\emjzpfygonf? vlrsKd;
aygi;f pkH jynforl sm;. tem*wfu=H urRmESihf avmif;a=u;xyfxm;aom jy\em
=uD;vnf; jzpfygonf? (21)&mpkxw J iG f tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;ESihf &ifabmifwef;Edik f
a&;/ trDvdkufEdkifa&; udpPrsm;twGuf tajccHtusqkH; jy\emjzpfygonf? xdk
jy\emudk jyD;jywfajyvnfatmif usaemfw@dk rajz&Si;f Edik =f uv#if (21)&mpk urBmh
EdkifiHrsm;t=um;wGif wlaomwefaom tqifhae&m &&Sdrnfr[kwfyg?
xk@d tjyif tqdyk gjy\emudk anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcHwiG f rajz&Si;f Edik yf g? anmif
ESpfyif&v'fonf r=umcif xGufvmygawmhrnf? (25)&mcdkifE_ef;om usefawmh
onf? xGuaf y:vmrnfh anmifEpS yf if&v'fY vlrsK;d pkjH ynforl sm; ESpo f ufvv kd m;
onfh 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sda&; [laomtcsufrsm;
tESpfom&rsm; yg0ifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
wrsK;d om;vk;H qdik &f m udprP sm;udk aqmif&u G v f okd ol nf/ tzG@J tpnf;rsm; ygwD
rsm;onf twdwo f rdik ;f . oifcef;pmudk ,lEikd &f rnf? a&&Snt f ajrmftjrif &S&d rnf?
wrsKd;om;vkH; nDwlnDr# yg0ifvmEdkifap&ef tus,fjyef@qkH;/ tnDtnmqkH;/
tajzmift h wef;qk;H vrf;udk zGiv hf pS x
f m;Edik &f rnf? ud, k vf ckd siaf om ud,
k jf zpfapcsif
aom vrf;wckwnf;udo k m zGiahf y;xm;jyD; xdv k rf;a=umif;ay:od@k r0if˜0ifatmif
twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;ae&if ajymif;jyeftusKd;qufom&rnf?
(etz) ppftpdk;&. rl0g'vrf;pOf(7)&yf (Road Map) onf xdu k ohJ @kd aom
twif;t"rR oGwfoGif;aeonfh vrf;a=umif;§ vrf;pOfomjzpfonf? xdkvrf;
a=umif;udk (etz)ppftpd;k &. qENwckwnf;/ vdv k m;csuw f ckwnf;/ wbufowf
qk;H jzwfcsuf wckwnf;ay:wGif zefw;D a&;qGx J m;jcif;jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif (etz)
ppftpd;k &onf rdrw d @dk vv kd m;onhf vrf;a=umif;§ vrf;pOf twdik ;f vdu k yf gaqmif
&Gufjcif; r&Sdolrsm;/ ygwDrsm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk “trsKd;om;opPmazmufrsm;”
“jynfytm;udk;olrsm;”tjzpf pGyfpGJykwfcwfaeao;onf?
wu,fawmh rdrdjynfwGif;a&;jy\emudk rdrdwkd@tcsif;csif; at;csrf;pGmajz
&Si;f &rnft h pm; jyifya&mufomG ;ap&ef/ jyifyu yg0ifvmap&ef tajctae tcsuf
tvufrsm; zefwD;ay;aeolrSm vrf;zGifhay;aeolrSm (etz) ppftpdk;&udk,fwdkif
omv#if jzpfonf?
ud, k jhf ynfwiG ;f a&; jy\emrsm;tay: rSeu f efpmG oabmxm;Edik jf cif;vnf;
r&Sd/ nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG; tajz&Smvdkjcif;vnf; r&Sd/ t=urf;zuf zdESdyfacsr_ef;a&; enf;

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 7
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

vrf;udo k m tm;ðyvkyaf qmifaeolrsm;omv#if trsK;d om;opPmazmuftvkyu f kd

vufawG@ vkyfaqmifaejcif;jzpfonf? trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk vspfvsL±_aeol
rsm; jzpfonf?
u|eaf wmfw@dk wikd ;f jynfY tkypf ;kd cJ=h uaom tkypf ;kd oltqufqufY wqufEiS hf
wquf rwlujJG ym;csurf sm; &Sad eaomfvnf; t&if;cHwn l cD surf mS “'Drukd a&pDa&;/
wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh &Sda&;jy\emtay: rSefuefpGm oabmrxm;
Edkifjcif;/ nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG; rajz&Sif;vdkjcif;ESifh t=urf;zufzdESdyf acsr_ef;a&;enf;
vrf;udkom t"duxm; usifhokH;=ujcif;yif” jzpfonf?
od@k twGuf u|eaf wmfw@dk vlrsK;d pkjH ynforl sm;rSm 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ wef;wla&;ESihf
ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf adS &;udk qufvuf wdu k yf 0JG ifae&jcif; jzpfonf? tkypf ;kd ola[mif;
ae&mwGif wufvmaom tkypf ;dk olopfuvnf; tqdyk gjy\emtay: ,cif tkypf ;dk
olrsm;enf;wl oabmxm;=uonfom jzpfonf? oabmxm;=u+ro J m jzpfonf?
xdkjy\emtay: oabmxm; rrSefuefor# oabmxm;rSefuefpGm rxm;
Edik of r# xdjk y\emonf &Sn=f umjrJ &Sn=f umum wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkjH ynforl sm;
xdcu kd ef pfemjrJ xdcu kd ef pfemaeapayvdrrhf nfom jzpfonf? wpf&uf xyf=umv#if
wpf&uf xyfepfemrnfom jzpfonf?
od@k twGuf xdjk y\emudk trSeu f efq;Hk tjrefqefq;Hk ajz&Si;f a&;onf usaemf
wk@d wwdik ;f wjynfv;Hk ESihf vlrsK;d pkH jynforl sm;. yxrOD;pm;ay; trsK;d om;a&;wm0ef
om jzpfygonf? xdkjy\emudk jyD;jywfajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;Edkifv#if nD!$wf
jidr;f csr;f Edik vf rd rhf nf/ nD!w $ jf idr;f csr;f Edik jf yDqv kd #if acwfro D m,m0ajymaom wdik ;f
opfjynfopfukd rkcswnfaqmuf Edik v f rd rhf nf[k vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwu D
tav;teuf,=Hk unfyga=umif; (18)ESpaf jrmuf ygwaD rG;ae@ tcgor,wGif wifjy
tyfygonf?

- vlrsKd;pkHjynfolrsm;. nDnGwfr_wGef;tm;jzifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;vrf;udk

zGifhvSpf=uygpdk@ æ
- vlrsKd;pkHjynfolrsm; tm;wuf&$ifvef;=uygap æ
- vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD t"Gef@&Snfygap æ

A[dak umfrwD
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (A[dkXmecsKyf)
2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv/ 14 &uf

8 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

t}uHðywdkufwGef;tyfygonf

trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyftaejzifh (18)ESpw f mumvtwGi;f ZGaJ umif;aumif;

jzifh (e0w-etz)ppftpd;k &. zdEydS ðf zdcrJG a_ ygi;f pHu k kd &ifqidk cf v
hJ suf jynforl sm;bufu rm;
rwfwnf=unfpmG &yfwnfaqmif&u G cf o
hJ nfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpf
ygwDu txl; av;pm;*k%fðy rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; ‘t&m&mudk onf;cHcGifhv$wfjcif;jzifh &ifqdkifjcif;onf’ ygww D pf&yf
twGuf Edik if aH &;vrf;pOfaumif;wpf&yf jzpfEikd rf nfr[kwyf g? tzufzufu tqufrjywf
zdEydS af csre_ ;f aeonfukd xdo k @kd aom oabmxm;rsK;d jzifo h m qufvuf &ifqikd af ernfqv kd #if
wjznf;jznf;jcif; vHk;yg; yg;oGm;ayawmhrnf?
wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d pHjk ynforl sm;twGuf OD;wnfaqmif&u G o
f nfh v_y&f mS ;r_wikd ;f onf
wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d pHjk ynforl sm; yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;apEdik &f ef pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;oGm;&rnfjzpfygonf?
TonfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpf&yf. tajccHtusqHk;aom vkyfief;pOfwpf&yf jzpfygonf?
pufwifbmv (19)&ufae@xw k f ae@pOfowif;pmrsm;wGif az: jyxm;onfh tcsuf
(16)csufyg ‘EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh jynfolwdk@. oabmxm;’ oabmxm;’wGif jynfwGif;§jynfy v_yf
&Sm;r_rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI (etz)ppftpd;k &u ‚if;wd@k . wif;rmcufxefaom oabmxm;
udk Todk@az: jyxm;ygonf?
- “rl0g'vrf;pOf (7)&yfudk wdwdusus ckdifckdifrmrm csrSwfaz:aqmifvsuf&Sd&m
zdtm;ay;/ tusyfudkif/ ydwfqdk@ta&;,lr_rsm;a=umihf rl0g'rsm; ajymif;vJusifhoHk;rnf
r[kwfay”
- “a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; EkdifiHawmft=uD;tuJu (4)=udrf/ 0ef=uD;tqifh
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;tzGJ@u t=udrf (20)awG@qHkcJha=umif;ESifh (NLD)ESifh a':atmifqef;
pk=unfwkd@ taejzifh trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk OD;pm;ay;jcif; r&SdbJ/ ygwDESifh vlyk*~dKvf
wpfOD;jcif;. ta&;udkom OD;pm;ay;cJhojzifh &v'faumif;rsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;r&Sd
onfudk awG@&rnfjzpfygonf/ xdk@a=umifh (NLD)tm; xyfrHawG@qHk&ef r&Sdyg” [lI
az: jyyg&ydS gonf?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 9
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

xdo k @kd aom wpfzufowf pGypf yJG w k cf wfaer_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d pHk
jynfolrsm;u tjzpfrSeftwdkif; od&Sd=uap&ef trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaejzifh
tus,fw0ifh &Sif;vif;wifjy&ef vdktyfygonf?
(rqv)wygwD tm%m&Sipf epfukd vlxw k pf&yfv;kH . yg0iftºkH uGrj_ zifo
h m u|eaf wmf
wk@d ðzdcsEikd cf jhJ cif; jzpfygonf? xd@k twl (1990)jynf/h ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumuf
yGJwGifvnf; vlxkwpf&yfvHk;. wcJeufqENjzifhom(wpn)udk pD;csif;xdk; tEdkif,lcJhjcif;
jzpfygonf?
(etz)ppftpdk;&onf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'f zsufodrf;a&;/ vlxkacgif;aqmifESifh
vlxñk uduEf pS o f ufonfyh gwD zsuo f rd ;f a&;udk enf;vrf;aygi;f pHjk zifh ñud;pm;cJ/h ñud;pm;aeqJ
jzpfonf? ,cktcg rw&m;oif;a=unm&ef tcsut f vuf &Sad eonf[yk if xkwaf z:ajym
qdak eonf?
xdo k @kd aomtajctaewGif vlxrk yg0ifaom ajz&Si;f enf;rsm;udk xkwaf z:=uHq ajym
qdv k yk u f ikd af ernfqv kd #if wnf&adS eaom tcuftcJrsm; ajyvnfEikd rf nfr[kwo f nhtf jyif
auG@aumuf&Snf=umjrJ ydkrdkauG@aumuf&Snf=umaevdrfhrnfom jzpfygonf?
vlxt k ºkH uGru
_ om/ vlxw k pf&yfv;kH yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmaprSomv#if vlxñk uduf Edik if H
a&;ygw. D wifjyurf;vSr;f tqdðk ycsurf sm; (awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k vGwaf jrmufa&;) ponfh udp&P yfrsm;udk aqmifusO;f taumif
txnfaz:vmEdkifygvdrfhrnf? vlxkwpf&yfvHk;u tifESifhtm;ESifh yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf
enf;vrf;rsm;/ pnf;±Hk;a&; vrf;pOfrsm;udk vlxkxH &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;oifhjyDjzpfyga=umif;
t=uHðy wdkufwGef;tyfygonf?

A[dak umfrwD
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)
2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 27 &uf

10 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

vlŒabmifopf'Dru
kd 7ufwpfygwD.
0rf;enf;a-umif;o0%fvm$

u,ef;jynfopfygwD OuUX=u;D ide;f u,ef;xef (c) OD;a&$at; uG,v f eG of nfo

h wif;
udk =um;od&onft h wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw0D ifxk wpf&yfv;Hk
u u,ef;trsK;d om;jynforl sm;/ u,ef;jynfopfygwED iS hf use&f pfol rdom;pkrsm;ESit hf wl
xyfwlxyfr# 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ&ygonf?
,ae@uo hJ @kd tvSnthf ajymif;wpfcq k o
D @kd OD;wnfaeonhf tcsed rf sK;d wGirf S u,ef;jynf
opfygwDOuUX=uD; uG,fvGef&jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf ydkI ESajrmwo jzpf&ygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; u,ef;trsKd;om; jynfoltaygif;wdk@onf u,ef;jynfopfygwD
OuUX=u;D !$ejf ya&SŒaqmifcahJ om awmfveS o f nfh vrf;a=umif;rSeaf y:wGif u,ef;jynfopf
ygw. D OD;aqmifrj_ zifh wpnf;wvH;k wnf; wnfrh wfcidk =f unfpmG qufvuf csw D ufomG ;Edik f
vdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfwdk@ygwDu tav;teuf,Hk=unfygonf?
'Dru kd a&pDawmfveS af &;ESihf u,ef;trsK;d om;jynforl sm;. Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ pmay
,Ofaus;r_ pojzifh tzufzufu zGH@ðzd;wdk;wufvmapa&;twGuf u,ef;jynfopfygwD
OuUX=uD;. pOfqufrjywf aqmif&Gufñud;yrf;cJhr_rsm;udk av;pm;*k%fðy rSwfwrf;wif
tyfygonf?
xd@k tjyif u,ef;a'otwGi;f u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw. D ud, k pf m;vS,tf zG@J oGm;a&muf
v_y&f mS ;cJph OftwGi;f tbufbufu ulnaD qmif&u G af y;cJ=h uaom u,ef;jynfopfygwD
acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ygw0D ifrsm;/ wyfz0JG ifrsm;/ u,ef;trsK;d om; jynforl sm;udk u|eaf wmfw@dk
ygwDu xm0& trSwf&aerSmjzpfygonf?
'Drdkua&pDta&;ESihf vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolrsm; vGwfajrmufa&;ñud;yrf;r_rsm;wGif
u,ef;jynfopfygw/D u,ef;trsK;d om; jynforl sm;ESit hf wl u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwu D yl;aygi;f
aqmif&GufoGm;&ef tjrJtoihf&Sdyga=umif; xyfavmif; twnfðytyfygonf?

A[dak umfrwD
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)
2006 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 21 &uf?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 11
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

xl;jcm;aumif;rGefaom&v'faumif;wckjzpfygonf

1? ukvor*~ vHkðcHa&;aumifpD. w&m;0iftpDpOftjzpf twnfðy qkH;jzwfEkdifchJjcif;rSm

‘xl;jcm;aumif;rGefaom &v'faumif;’ wpfckjzpfygonf?
2? 2006 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (15)&ufae@u jrefrmhta&;udk urBmu h v
k or*~ vkðH cHa&;
aumifpDwGif w&m;0if xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;a&; tqdkudk axmufcHr(J 10)rJ/ uef@uGufrJ
(4)rJ/ =um;aerJ (1)rJjzifh twnfðyqk;H jzwfvu kd of nfukd vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpf
ygwD u v_dufvpSJ Gmñudqkdygonf?
3? xdok @kd w&m;0ifxnho f iG ;f Ekid af &; ñud;yrf;aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonfh yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ tzJ@G tpnf;
rsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@ygwDu csD;usL;*k%fðy rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
4? ukvor*~ tzJG@=uD;taejzifh ,ck&&Sdvmaom &v'faumif;udk tajccHI trsKd;om;
'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf (etz)ppftpd;k &wd@k t=um;wGif awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&; tvsit f
jref jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf wdusxda&mufaom aemufqufwGJ aqmif&Gufcsuf
rsm;udk qufvuftaumiftxnfazmf&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf?
5? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; vGwaf jrmufa&;/ tiftm;pk tm;vH;k
yg0ifEikd o
f nfh wef;wl&nfwl 'Dru kd a&pDtjynft h 0&Sad om awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;enf;vrf;
jzifo h m u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkjH ynforl sm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk (21)&mpk
urBmhtcif;tusif;opfwGif rSefuefpGm ae&mcsxm;Edkifrnf/ aqmif&Guftaumif
txnfaz:Edkifvdrfhrnf[k vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDu tckdiftrm,kH=unfyg
a=umif; xkwfjyefa=unmtyfygonf?

A[dak umfrwD
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)
2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 16 &uf?

12 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

udkrif;udkEdkif/ udkudk}uD;/ udkaX;ºuG,f wkdŒtm;

tjrefqkH; jyefvnfv$wfay;&ef

(etz) ppftpd;k &taejzifh wdik ;f jynfwiG f &ifqidk ñf uHawG@ae&aom jy\emrsm;udk

ajz&Si;f &mwGif Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk uef@owfyw d yf ifjcif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;/
aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzifh wm;qD;jcif;/ n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ ppftiftm;oHk;I acsr_ef;jcif;
paom ajz&Si;f a&;enf;vrf;rsm;onf wnf&adS eaomjy\emrsm;udk ajyvnfapEdik rf nf
r[kwyf g?
xdkajz&Sif;a&;enf;vrf;rsm;onf wnf&Sdaeaomjy\emrsm;udk ydkrdkeuf±_dif; &Snf
=umapjyD; wkdif;jynfESihf vlrsKd;pHkjynfolrsm;. a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufysufjym;
aprnhf tusKd;qufrsm;udkom &ifqdkifñuHawG@&rnfjzpfygonf?
udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu
k =kd uD;/ udak X;ºuG,f wd@k udk ,ae@eeH ufapmapmydik ;f wGif &efuek w f ikd ;f
owif;wyfz@JG u vma&mufac:aqmifomG ;onf[k =um;od&onf? TonfrmS aoG;±d;k
om;±d;k ac:,lomG ;jcif; r[kw[ f k ,lqygonf? aoG;±d;k om;±d;k aqG;aEG;vdv k #if odumQ &S&d dS
ñudwiftoday; ta=umif;=um; ac:,l&rnfjzpfonf?
od@k ygI udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k =kd u;D ESihf udak X;ºu,
G w
f @kd tm; tjrefq;kH jyefvnfvw $ af y;&ef
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD u awmif;qdkygonf?

A[dak umfrwD
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)
2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 27 &uf?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 13
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

(etz) ppftpdk;&u olwdk@usifhokH;aewm *syefawmfveS af &;udk atmifycJG cH w

hJ t
hJ xd vkyEf ikd f
odyeH` nf;us trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;vd@k qdyk gw,f? a0g cJjh cif;[m ArmjynftrsK;d om; pnf;vk;H nDnw G rf _
[m&wvk;H awmh ryDro xGuaf y:vmw,f qd&k tckdiftrm&vdkufvdk@yJ jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh vGwf
rvm;bJ? etz[m olu, kd wf idk f tjrD;tarmuf vyfa&;&rJq h q
J uJ mvrSm trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD
rwJw h mawG tukev f yk w
f mjzpfawmh urf;rjrif/ nGwfr_[m wpwp ðyduGJvmcJhw,f?
vrf;rjrif b,faomifb,furf; qdkufr,frSef; vGwfvyfa&;&jyD; r=umcifrSmawmh trsKd;
rodawmhbl; jzpfaew,f? 'ga=umifh trsKd;om; om;òyduGJr_[m jynfwGif;ppftxd jyif;xefoGm;
EdkifiHa&;vdk@ ajymvkdajym/ pnf;urf;jynfh0wJh 'Drdk ygw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u tkyfpkd;ol zqyvtpdk;&
ua&pD ajymvkad jym/ odyeH` nf;us trsK;d om; Edik if H [m jynfwiG ;f ppfay:vpDukd cswmeJ@wòydiw f nf;
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a&;vdk@ ajymvkdajym aygufwwfu&awG jzpfae ArmvlrsK;d =uD;0g'udv k nf; csrw S u

f sio hf ;Hk cJw
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w,f? trsK;d om; ðyu d rJG j_ zpfjy;D 'Drukd a&pD ydwyf ifwm;qD;
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&[m bmawGb,fvkdyJajymajym oltao q&m=uD; ocifu, dk af wmfri_d ;f OD;aqmifjyD;
tcsmvkyw f mwckuawmh vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH jynfol jynfwiG ;f jidr;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufz@dk aqmf=ocJh
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Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf[m Armjynf trsK;d ud, k rf em jidr;f csr;f a&;rsK;d udk rvkyb f J vufeufcs
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nGwfr_ ysufjym;oGm;vkd@ jzpfygw,f? zufqpf eJ@ jynfwGif;ppf ay:vpDudkyJ zqyv tpkd;&u
qufvuf cef@cyJG gw,f?

14 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz

(1948)ckEpS /f rwfv jynf
wGif;ppf pjzpfwm uGefjrLepf
awGeJ@ pjzpfygw,f? zqyv
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udk usifhokH;wma=umifh r=um
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wGif;ppfxJ ygvmygw,f? w
jcm; Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkawGjzpf
wJh jynfol@&JabmfawG/ awmf
vSefwJh Armhwyfrawmf pwm
awGvnf; awmcdkum jynf
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tJh'Dwkef;u zqyv tpdk;&
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wyfjzpfwJh Armhwyfr
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twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
wd k u f y G J x J ygvmwJ h t cgrS m jynf w G i f ; ppf y J quf j zpf c J h y g
awmh uGejf rLepf&mG yg ruawmh w,f?
bJ vlrsK;d pk&mG awGuykd g tJ'h v
D ydk J awmfveS af &;aumifpD t
&uf&ufpufpuf vkycf yhJ gw,f? pd;k &vufxufrmS yJ (1972)ckEpS f
wzufrmS awmh vufeufe@J 'Drkd rSm jynfwiG ;f ppf ppfqifa&; t
ua&pD vJr,fqjdk y;D vufeufcs &Sed xf yfjri‡ v
hf u
dk yf gw,f? tJ'h gu
a&; owfuGif;udkvnf; jyif awmh jzwfav;jzwfqkdwJh[m
xm;cJhw,f? udk vkyw f mygy?J tJ'h D jzwfav;
(1962)ckESpf/ Adkvfae0if; jzwfukd {&m0wD jrpf0u|e;f ay:
ppftkyfpku tm%modrf;jyD; rSm pvkyfwmyg?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;& jrpf0u|e;f ay:rSm u&if&mG
zG@J ygw,f? jidr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG; eJ@ Arm&GmawGyJ rsm;ygw,f? w
yGJ rnfumrwfwyfac: jy;D vuf jcm;vlrsK;d &GmawG r&So d avmuf
eufcsa&;yJ ajymwmyJ? vuf ygyJ? aus;&GmawGudk yXrOD;qkH;
eufrcs&if jird ;f csr;f a&; rvkyEf ikd f t=uyfuikd jf y;D jynfo@l ppfawG zG@J
Hk yl ek f bl;qkdwJh t"dy`g,feJ@ vkyfcJhwm cdkif;w,f? 'l;av;/ 0g;c|efvuf
yg? 'ga=umifh jidrf;csrf;a&;r&bJ eufawG ukid cf idk ;f w,f? acwfrD
awmfveS af &;aumifpD
tpd;k &vufxufrmS yJ (1972)ckEpS rf mS
jynfwiG ;f ppf ppfqifa&; t&Sed xf yfjr‡ivhf udk yf gw,f?
tJ'h guawmh jzwfav;jzwfqwdk [hJ mudk
vkywf mygyJ? tJ'h D jzwfav;jzwfukd {&m0wD
jrpf0u|ef;ay:rSm pvkywf myg?
jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 15
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

vufeufwcsKŒd wyfqifay;w,f? ppfwyfu ppfqifa&; vkyw f t

hJ cgrmS tJ'h jD ynfo@l
ppfawG vkdufyg&w,f? &GmawGrSm uif;apmifhwJhpepfvnf; vkyf&w,f? awmfvSef
a&;wyfzGJ@awGudk vlxkeJ@ tquf jzwf/ owif; jzwf/ b¾ma&; jzwf/ &dumQ jzwf
ponfjzifh vkyfwmjzpfygw,f?
*Giw f ckukd owfrw S v f u dk jf yD; wyf/ jynfo@l ppfqw dk mawGe@J 0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;
wyfawGu *Gix f 0J if acsre_ ;f a&;vkyw f mrsK;d yg? tJ'h v
D dk vkyw f thJ cg &GmawGa&$Œ/ &dumQ
awGpyk /Hk roGm;&e,fajrawG owfrw S ef @J qadk wmh jynfov l xl =k uD;rSm tvkyt f udik f

wyfu =urf;csifwidk ;f =urf;/ &rf;csifwidk ;f &rf;/ apmfum;csifwidk ;f

apmfum; &uf&ufpufpuf n‡O;f yrf;jyD;rS owfjzwfypfwm
awGuvnf; =urf;vmygw,f/ &rf;ygw,fqwdk hJ
zufqpf*syefawGuawmif atmcs
avmufatmif jzpfcwhJ ,f?

ysuf/ vkyfcif;vkyfuGufawGysuf/ &duQm/ ypPnf;OpPmqkH;±_H;/ touftkd;tdrf ysufpD;&

wmawG jzpfukefw,f?
wcsed w
f nf;rSm wjynfv;Hk rSm jynfoyl idk v f yk wf ,fqjdk yD; wjynfv;Hk OpPmypPn;f
awGudk ppftkyfpku w&m;0if "m;jywkduf,l vk,ufaecsdefjzpfaeawmh tJh'Djzwf
av;jzwf vkyw f *hJ iG rf mS &Sw
d hJ vlxt k wGuf ajymp&mr&Sad wmhb;l ayg?h wyfu =urf;csif
wkid ;f =urf;/ &rf;csiw f idk ;f &rf;/ apmum;csiw f idk ;f apmfum; &uf&ufpufpuf n‡O;f yrf;jyD;
rS owfjzwfypfwmawGuvnf; =urf;vmygw,f/ &rf;ygw,fqkdwJh zufqpf*syef
awGuawmif atmcsavmufatmif jzpfcJhw,f?
jrpf0u|e;f ay:vdk taetxm;rsK;d rSm vlxu k kd t=uyfuikd f owfjzwfjyD; vlxek @J
awmfveS af &;orm;awGukd tqufjzwfypfwm[m E_id ;f ,SOcf sut f & vG,u f wl ,f?
'gukd ppftpd;k &[m atmifyv JG @kd oabmxm;jyD; jzwfav;jzwfukd yJc;l ±d;k rudk wd;k csŒJ
vkyw f ,f? yJc;l ±d;k rudk vkyw f t hJ cgrmS ajrtaetxm;a=umifh jrpf0u|e;f ay:avmuf
rvG,fbl;? 'ga=umifh ydk&ufpuf&ygw,f?

16 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

yJc;l ±k;d rrSm taemufjcrf;a&m/ ta&SŒjcrf;yg a,mufrS rusef&atmif &uf&ufpufpuf jzwf

awmifay:a'o vlxkeJ@ uGif;vlxkudk yXr t av;jzwf ppfqifEkdifwmudk atmifyGJvkd@ rqv
qufjzwfypf&w,f? yXr uGi;f vlxu k kd &uf&uf ppftpd;k &u rSw, f jl yefygw,f? 'ga=umifh rqv
pufpuf owfjzwf t=uyfudkifxm;vkdufw,f? tpdk;& vufxufrSmawmh jzwfav;jzwfudk w
uGif;vlxkrSm awmwuf/ opf0g;ckwfwmutp jynfv;Hk ae&mtESH vkyaf wmhwmyJ? &Sr;f / u,m;/
rvky&f awmhbJ pkpnf;&GmawGrmS oGm;ae&w,f? ucsif/ csif;/ &cdkif/ u&if/ rGef pwJh jynfe,fawG
v,f,macsmifajrmif;awG vkycf siw f idk ;f vkycf iG rhf tm;vkH;/ wkdif;awGtm;vkH;rSm tus,ftjyef@
&wmawG jzpf usio hf ;Hk ygw,f?
vmw,f? &Gm 'gayrJh
awGrSm tcsKyf zrf;rd&if tJh'Da'oawG
csxm;vku d w f hJ [mus,jf yef@wh J
oabm vkyf &uf & uf
p uf
p uf awmawmifxl
ypfw,f? n‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufw,f? xyfwJh ae&m
tJh'gawG awG j zpf a wmh
csKd ; azguf & if apmfum;jyD;rS owfjzwfw,f? jrpf0u|ef;ay:/
ypfowfyJ? awmxJajy;yke;f wJ&h mG om;awGrmS tpma&pm yJcl;±dk;rwkd@vdk
awmifay:&Gm vG,v f , G yf w
d f
awG u d k a wmh iwfjywfjyD; aoqk;H wm/ qd@k 0ikd ;f ywfowf
uGif;ukdarmif; a&m*gb,eJ@ aoqk;H wm/ jzwfwm rvkyf
csw,f? r&&if Edik af wmhb;l ? 'g
ypfowfw,f? usm;pm;cH&wmawGa=umifh ayrJh &GmawG rD;
zrf;rd&if &uf ±_Œd cH&/ vlawG r
&uf p uf p uf w&m;zrf ; qD ;
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufw,f? apmfum;jyD;rS owfjzwf ESdyfpufowfjzwfcH&wJh twkdif;twmu ydkjyD;
w,f? awmxJajy;ykef;wJh&Gmom;awGrSm tpm ±dkif;pdkif;&ufpufjyefw,f? vlrsKd;pka'oawG jzpf
a&pm iwfjywfjy;D aoqk;H wm/ a&m*gb,eJ@ ao jyefawmh vlrsKd;=uD;0g'[m ydkjyD;xifomjrifom
qk;H wm/ usm;pm;cH&wmawGa=umifh (1975) rd;k r &Sdvmw,f? tusKd;qufu vlrsKd;a&;rkef;wD;r_
uscifrmS yJ/ yJc;l ±d;k r awmifay:rSm vlwa,mufrS yd=k uD;xGm;apwmjzpfw,f?
r&Sdawmhygbl;? tJh'D yJcl;±kd;reJ@ qufpyfjyD; jzwf 'Dvkd jzwfav;jzwf'%fc&H wJh ae&mawGrmS
av;jzwf'%fudk tvl;tvJcH&wJh aus;&GmawG qkd&if b,fvlrsKd;rqdk vl@oduQm r&Sd/ vl@tcGifh
[m Arm&GmeJ@ u&if&mG awG trsm;pkjzpfygw,f? ta&; r&Sd/ Oya'tusKd;cHpm;cGifh r&SdbJ jzpf&jyD;
'Dvdk awmfveS af &;aumifpD tpd;k &eJ@ rqv tkypf ;kd oltpd;k &wyf&ŒJ xifwidk ;f =uJwmudk cH&wm
tpd;k & tajymif;tvJumvrSm yJc;l ±d;k rudk vlw csnf;yJ?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 17
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&awG vufxuf ypfw,f? uabmfcsKdifh0Srf; pDrHudef;[m 'Dvkd[m

a&mufvmawmh ppftpdk;&wyfawG[m awm
a&mðrfdŒyg xifwdkif;=uJcGifh ydkawmif&vmygw,f?
uae@ppftpd;k &u jidr;f tzG@J (17)zG@J &v dS @kd wkid ;f jynf
jidrf;csrf;vmjyD/ zGH@ðzd;wdk;wufa&; vkyfzkd@yJqkdjyD;
ajymw,f? 'gayrJh wjynfv;Hk [m us;D vef@pmpm;
jzpfomG ;&ygw,f? jidr;f csr;f r_r&S/d vkjH cKHrr_ &S/d ydqk if;
&JraJG woGm;wJh b0udyk J vlrsK;d pkjH ynfol w&yfv;Hk /
wrsKd;om;vkH; cHpm;&wJh tajctaejzpfoGm;yg
w,f? ppftpd;k & jidr;f csr;f a&;u vufeufcsa&;yJ
jzpfaevk@d y?J
'Dvdk jzwfav;jzwfvkyfvkd@ jynfyudk xGuf
ajy;&olawGvnf; wykw H yif=u;D &Sad ejy?D jyefvnf
ae&mcswhJ tcgrmS vnf; vlrsK;d =uD;0g'udk usio hf ;Hk
jyefw,f? vkycf if;udik u f u G f aumif;wJah e&mawG
rSm ppfjyefppfrx _ rf;a[mif;vkd ArmvlrsK;d trsm;
pk ygolawGudk ay;jyD; a'ocHvlrsKd;pkawGudkawmh
ydkjyD; cufcJqif;&JwJh ae&mawGudk ESifxkwf
rsK;d yJ?
csif;vlrsKd;awGudk uabmfcsKdifh0Srf;uae
awmifay:a'oudk armif;xkwfjyD; uabmfcsKdifh
0Sr;f rSm ppfjyefppfrx _ rf;a[mif;awGvkd b0opfxl
axmifolqkdolawGudk ae&may;w,f? tJ'Dvl
trsm;pk[m ArmawGjzpfjyefw,f? &Srf;/ csif;/
ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ rGe/f &cdik /f ytd0k ;f / yavmif
vlrsK;d pka'otm;vk;H rSm tvm;wl udpaP wGvyk f
w,f? 'Dawmh vlrsK;d a&;rke;f wD;r_ cHjyif;r_awG[m
ykdjyD; =uD;xGm;awmhwmyJ?
uae@ =uyfajy;aejynfawmf tajcpdkuf
vku d w f thJ cgrmS ppfawmif;/ csKid 0hf rS ;f txufyikd ;f
wckvkH;/ ta&SŒbufyifavmif;/ aygif;avmif
a'o/ u,ef;a'o wckvkH;/ u&ifjynfe,f
ajrmufykdif;wckvkH;/ u,m;jynfe,fwckvkH;[m
ydkjyD; 'kuQa&muf=u&ygw,f? 'Da'oawG[m
jzwfav;jzwf'%fukd cH&wJh a'oawGcsn;f yJ? vl

vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk usifoh ;Hk jyefw,f?

vkycf if;udik uf uG f aumif;wJah e&mawG rSm ppfjyefppfr_
xrf;a[mif;vkd ArmvlrsKd;
trsm;pkygolawGukd ay;jyD; a'ocHvrl sKd;pkawGuakd wmh
ydjk yD;cufcqJ if;&JwhJ ae&mawGukd ESixf wk yf pfw,f? uabmfcsKdi0hf rS ;f
pDruH ed ;f [m 'Dv[dk mrsKd;yJ?

18 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

rsK;d vnf; pkw H ,f? Arm/ u&if/ u,m;/ ytk0d ;f / u,ef;/

awmif±dk; ponfjzifh vlrsKd;pkHygw,f? tck wqifhwkd;jyD;
(etz) ppftpk;d &wyfawG&ŒJ Adv k u f sapmfum;r_ukd cHae&
jyefjyD?

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
u&ifvx l w
k csKŒd jynfyajy;Ekid af yrJ@ wcsKŒd rajy;Ekid f
bl;? awmxJrSm tpmiwf/ a&m*gb,'%feJ@ aoqkH;
ukeo f al wG rsm;vmjyD;/ pkpnf;&GmawGa&mufwhJ u&ifvl
xk[mvnf; ajr,m/ O,sOjf cHawG vufvw $ qf ;Hk ±_;H oGm;
=ujyD? uGif;a'o Armvlxk=uD;[mvnf; ajr,m/
(1962)ckEpS f ppftpd;k &
O,sOfjcHawG qkH;±_H; tvkyfvufrJh/ aep&mr&SdeJ@ qif;&J tm%modr;f
wGif;euf=u&w,f? jyefvnfae&mcsxm;&ifvnf; wufvmwJth cdseftxd
vlrsKd;=uD;0g' usifhokH;jyefOD;r,f?
'gawGu=kd unf&h if etzppftpd;k &u wu,fh jynf rGepf may[m
wGi;f jird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufaewm r[kwb f J t=urf;
zuf zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaewmjzpfw,f?
wuUovkd rf mS
ppftpdk;&[m vlrsKd;pkawGudk EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ bmom&yfwcktjzpf
vlr_a&; ,Ofaus;r_t& b,fwkef;urS vl&mroGif;cJh
bl;? Arm vlrsK;d =uD;0g'yJ usio hf ;Hk cJw
h ,f? vlrsK;d pkawG&ŒJ
oif=um;yk@dcscGihf &cJwh ,f?
pmayawGqkd&if tm;ay;zkd@ aeaeomom wm;qD;ydwf t*Fvyd pf m/ jrefrmpm/
yifr_awGawmif vkyfaew,f? rGefpmay[m orkdif;w
av#muf xGe;f um;ckid cf ef@cw hJ ,f? (1962)ckEpS f ppftpd;k &
ygVd pwJh bmomawGe@J
tm%modrf; wufvmwJhtcdseftxd rGefpmay[m wwef;wnf;xm;jyD;
wuUov kd rf mS bmom&yfwcktjzpf oif=um;yk@d csciG hf &cJh
w,f? t*Fvdyfpm/ jrefrmpm/ ygVdpwJh bmomawGeJ@
oif=um;&wm
wwef;wnf;xm;jyD; oif=um;&wmjzpfw,f? jzpfw,f?
uae@ etzvufxufrSm rlvwef;rSmawmif r
oif&bl;jzpfaew,f? wjcm;vlrsKd;awG&JŒpmayawGqkd
&if ajymzd@k awmif rvkad wmhb;l ? (etz)[m tpDtpOf
&Sd&Sd aysmufysufatmifawmif vkyfaew,f? etz&JŒ
wkdif;&if;om; zGH@ðzd;wdk;wufa&;qdkwm ArmvlrsKd;vnf;
ausmaumhaeatmif cH&jyD; vlrsKd;pkawGvnf; aysmuf
uG,foGm;atmif vkyfaewmjzpfw,f?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 19
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

ArmjynfrmS jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpjJ yD; jynfwiG ;f jidr;f csr;f a&; &&Sad &;[m Armjynf vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH
jynfolw&yfvkH;/ wrsKd;om;vkH;&JΠEkdifiHa&;tvkyf jzpfw,f? vlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfolw&yfvkH;/
wrsK;d om;vk;H 'Drukd a&pD tcGit hf a&;&a&;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;&a&;[m Armjynf wrsK;d om;vk;H &JŒ
EkdifiHa&;tvkyfyJ? vlrsKd;wkdif; EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ pmay,Ofaus;r_ e,fy,fpkHrSm
wef;wl&nfw&l adS &;eJ@ tjyeftvSef av;pm;csp=f unf=ua&;[m jrefrmjynf wrsK;d om;vk;H &JŒ
EkdifiHa&;tvkyfyJ jzpfw,f?
jrefrmjynf vlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfolw&yfvkH; pnf;vkH;a&;/ jidrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;/
vl@tcGifhta&; tjynfht0&&Sda&;/ vlrsKd;wkdif; wef;wla&;eJ@ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;[m vuf&Sd
jrefrmjynf&JΠtrsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;yjJzpfw,f? ppftpdk;&uvGJ&if jrefrmjynfrSm&SdwJh EkdifiHa&;
tiftm;pk tm;vkH;[m 'DtrsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;udk vkyfae=uygw,f?
etzppftpd;k &u ajymaewJh odyeH` nf;us trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;qkw d m jrefrmjynfow l &yf
vkH;/ wrsKd;om;vkH; aoG;uGJa&;/ 'Drdkua&pD ydwfyifa&;/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;eJ@wrsKd; &efrD;yGm;aea&;/
ppftm%m&SifpepfwnfjrJa&;yJqkdwm enf;enf;rS oHo,&Sdp&m rvkdyg?

armifr;kd OD;

· Adkvfrª;csKyfoef;wif ( jidrf; )a&;/ udk,fawG@jzpf&yfrsm;/ ppfqifa&;jyD; ppfqifa&;

Ð (1974)ckESpfwGif ppftpdk;&u yJcl;±dk;ra'owGif jzwfav;jzwf ppfqifa&;udk

pwifðyvkycf o
hJ nf?

20 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

ygwD. ta_ccH Ekid if aH &;&yfwnfr+

(u) ygwo D nf rdrw d ikd ;f jynf. Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &; jy\emrsm;tm;
csO;f uyf&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ a'owGi;f jy\emrsm;ESihf Edik if w H um&Sd 'Dru kd
a&pDa&;/ jidr;f csr;f a&;/ zH@G òz;wd;k wufa&;ESihf wnfjidraf &;qdik &f m jy\emrsm;
tm; csO;f uyf&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ vlom;wdŒk jzwfoef;wd;k wufc&hJ aom vlr_
vufawGŒtay:wGif tajccHI pOf;pm;aqmif&u G rf nf? (vlra_ &;vufawGŒ[k
qd&k mY vlŒtzJŒG tpnf;tqifh jzpfay:wk;d wufvmr_/ vlwef;pm;wdu k yf /GJ ukef
xkwv f yk af &;jzpfay:r_/ Edik if aH &;b0/ 0d…m od`yH nmqdik &f m zHŒG òz;wd;k wufrw _ Œkd
tygt0ifjzpfonf?

(c) ygwo D nf vlom;wOD;csi;f pD. tawG;tac: Y vlwef;pm;vQ%m azmfjy

csu&f o dS nf[al om tajccHtm; qkyu f ikd v
f #uf wdik ;f jynftwGi;f / Edik if w
H um
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;twGi;f tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;rsm;bufrS tpOf&yfwnf umuG,f
apmifah &SmufomG ;rnf?

(*) ygwDonf rdrdwkdif;jynf. EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; jy\emrsm;tm;

ajz&Si;f &mY rdrw d Œkd . vlra_ &;vufawGŒtm; tajccHI 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ jidr;f csr;f
a&;/ trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;wdŒk tm; wnfaqmufw;kd csŒJ umuG,f
oGm;a&;wdŒk udk aomhcsuu f saom tajz&Smr_tjzpf qkyu f ikd o
f mG ;rnf? xdŒk
tjyif ygwo D nf 'Dru kd a&pDabmiftwGi;f w&m;r#wr_tm; tcdik t f rmawmif;
qdjk y;D tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ vlvwfwef;pm;/ trsK;d om;"e&Sif paom tzd
ESyd cf H vlrsK;d pkjH ynfow l Œkd . tcGit
hf a&;rsm; tjynfŒt0&&Sad &;tm; tpGr;f ukef
aqmif±u G rf nf?

(C) rdrwd ikd ;f jynfEiS fh Edik if w

H um jy\emrsm;tm; ajz&Si;f &mwGiv f nf; ygwt D ae
jzifh wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f &Sd tzdEydS cf H jynfow l Œkd . aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf /_ Ekid if w
H um
jynfow l Œkd . aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf q
_ idk &f m v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;jziho
f m atmifycGJ EH ikd rf nf
[k ,k=H unfonf?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 21
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
tckwavm =um;odae&wmu jidrf;tzGJ@
awG vufeuftyfz@kd zdtm;ay;aejyq D w kd o
hJ wif;?
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EdkifavmufwJh taxmuftxm;awG&dSaejyD?
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jrpdr;fausmfv$m;oGm;r,fqdkwJh oabmygbJ?
22 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
armif
pdef
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 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

'Dvkd pOf;pm;enf;eJ@ vky&f yfawG[m wbuf ajymae/ a&;ae=uwm em;&Sufp&m =um;ae

owf vky&f yfawGjzpfjyD; jynfwiG ;f jynfy b,fo@l &w,f?
udkrS *±krpdkufwJhoabmudk az: jyaewmjzpf jynfolvlxk twGufuawmh etz acwf
w,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&; rvkyfEdkifbl; rSm oufomavmufwJhbuf wpufrS r=um;&
vdk@ xkwfvnf;ajymw,f? vufawG@rSmvnf; bl;? wufjyD;&if;wufaewJh ukefaps;E_ef;'%fudk
a&SŒqufjy;D ol@ajcol@vufjzpfatmif vkyaf ewm tvl;tvJ cHae=u&wm/ ppfwyfu ajrae&m
xif&mS ;w,f? cufxefwif;rmwJh Adv k of ef;a&$&ŒJ awG0ifvk/ t"rR &GmawGajymif;cdkif;vdk@ &Gmol&Gm
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az:ae=uwmjzpfr,f? u wae&m/ wa'ovnf; r[kwfbl;?
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rcsif;awmh tm%mukef b,fol@udkrS v$Jay;rJhykH ovkd jzpfaejyD? 'D=um;xJ =uufqyl ifprD u H ed ;f u
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'DyJ , J if; vlowfyw JG &m;cHu 0ef=u;D csKyf/ jird ;f tzGŒJ wmqdk&if awmifay:a'oawGygrusef =uufql
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eJ@ twdu k tf cHawGukd awmufav#muf apmfum; e,frausmf&bl;qdkwm &Sdao;w,fwJh? ae@pOf
armfum; ajymaeolu jyef=um;a&;0ef=uD;/ a': tpD&ifcHae&wm odyfrvG,fbl;wJh? wu,fu
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xJ ud, k w f ikd f um;eJ@'v=urf;armif;0if wku d of l ray:Edkifygbl;vkd@ ajymjyw,f?
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“
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vdk@ &ygw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf/
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aeygovJ? tqk;H pGef taxGaxGt=uyftwnf; taMumif;&Sm owfjzwfaeolu
awGqD qdkufa&mufaejyDvdk@ tajrmftjrif&SdwJh &rc wkdif;rSL;/
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wqkwfpm tm%m&SifawGu 0efrcH/ wkdif;jynf twdkuftcHawGudk awmufavQmuf
zG@H ðzd;wd;k wufaew,f? b,facwfe@J rS rwlatmif apmfum;armfum; ajymaeolu
wnfjidraf t;csr;f jyD; jidr;f csr;f a&; &aejyDv@kd etz jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;
ZGe r
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tmabmf 0g'jzef@owif;pmawGu igph um;EGm;&

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 23
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

'Dvqkd kd olw@kd trde@f t& wm0efausa=umif; tjzpf vufcHusif;yEdkifpGrf; r&SdbJeJ@ bm*k%fjrifh

jyzdk@ b,fvdkvkyfrvJvdk@ ar;awmh trsm;pku rm;a&;rS atmfraeygeJ@ tvum;yJ?
vdrfae=u&wmwhJ? =uufqlyif (50)uvnf; wdkif;jynfu bufpkHa'gifhpHku c|wfðcHusae
ig;aomif;/ w&Gmuvnf; wodef;jzpfoGm;wm/ wm tm;vk H ; tod yJ ? 'gud k a wmh wk d i f ; jynf
'DvkdyJ tqifhqifh vdfrfnmwifjyae&wJhtjzpf/ acgif;aqmif=uD;awGu acgif;a&Smifaecsifw,f?
0efxrf;avmu&JΠtjzpfuvnf; =um;&wm wm0efr,l&b J ;l ? twdu
k tf cHawGa=umif/h pD;yGm;
aumif;uGurf &Syd gb;l ? a&; ydwq f @kd ra_ wG vkyaf evd@k / bmvd@k e@J olrsm;udk
ppftm%m&SifawGyg;pyfu tqufrjywf tjypfykHcszdk@ óud;pm;ao;w,f?
ajymaewmu pnf;urf;&Sw d 'hJ rD u
kd a&pDw?hJ vuf wu,fu olwkd@vkyf&yf olwdk@wm0efqdk
awG@u ðrdŒv,facgifrSm tjypfrJh jynfolawGudk wm vlwkdif;odw,f? wHcg;zGifhw,fajymvkduf?
tn‡Kd ;taw;eJ@ rao/ aoatmif 0dik ;f ±du k o f wf r=umbl; ydwfvdkufeJ@ olwdk@vluvGJ&if jynfol
w,f? 'Dvdk w&m;rJhvkyf&yfudkyif owfoifhvkd@ trsm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfykdifcGifhay;wm
owfwJhoabm ajymcsif r[kwfbl;? aiGa=u;azgif;
ao;w,f? e,fawGrSm yGr_uawmh ajymaep&m
vnf; a'ocHtm%mydik f twdu k t f cHawGaMumif?h pD;yGm; awmif rvdb k ;l ? jrefrmaiG
awGu rsufrkef;usKd;&if a&; ydwq f Ukd rSKawG vkyaf evdUk ? wef z d k ; usr_ awGuvnf;
usKd;ovdk ta=umif;&Sm tdrfem;eD;csif; EdkifiHuvl
n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpuf ajymif bmvdUk eJU olrsm;udk tjypfyc Hk szUkd awG t =um; ajym&rS m
ususwJ h owf j zwf w J h MudK;pm;ao;w,f? awmif &S u f p &mjzpf a e
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vnf; r=um;csit f qk;H yJ? r&Sd? 'Dae@rSm aps;wrsKd;/
etz ppftm%m&SifawG[m olwkd@vkyf aemufae@a&muf&if aemufwrsKd;eJ@ wufvdkuf/
&yfeJ@ rtyfpyfwJh aºuG;a=umfoHawGudk r&Suf usvdkufyJ? b,fvdk Oya'pnf;urf;eJ@rS rudkif
ra=umuf qufwdkufatmfaeqJyJ? trsKd;*k%f Edkifbl;?
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acwfavmuf Armjynf&JΠtrsKd;*k%f Zmwd*k%f avmuf=umjyDv?J zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyrHk &S/d bmr&Sed @J ?
edrfhusaewm r&Sdbl;? uwdwnf& aumif;rSef;vnf;rod pdwfrcs&wJh
=unfyh g/ ukvor*~rmS pGcJ sut f wif cHae& etzvdk tm%m&Sif tpd;k &rsK;d qD b,fEikd if u H rS
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apmif=h unfh tppfaq;cHae&jyD? b,frmS vJ *k%f bl;qkdwm pOf;pm;rdolwdkif; oabmayguf=u
odumQ ? tmqD,t H zG@J &ŒJ tvSnu hf s obmywd rSmyg?
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twGuv f nf; 0ifaiG&Ekid af o;wJh (Tiger)zvm; vS,af wG &Syd gv#uf tm%mv$rJ ay;bJ jynfou l kd
vkd a'oqdkif&m abmvkH;yGJav;awmif tdrf&Sif rw&m;tkyfcsKyfaewJh ppftpdk;&rsKd;udk pD;yGm;a&;

24 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

'%fcwfwm bmrSthH=op&m r[kwfbl;? twdkuftcHawGtay: bmrS tjypfyHk v$Jcsaep&m

rvdkbl;? etztaeeJ@ udk,fhvkyf&yfudk ukd,frpOf;pm;bJ qufvkyfae&if v_yfavjrKwfav
jzpfrmS yJ?
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f hJ olw@kd tac: wyfrawmfae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfr;ª =uD;u tiftm;
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bm&nf&, G cf suvf q
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tckvnf; wyfawGukd awmufavsmuf wd;k csŒJ aewmawG tm;vk;H todjzpfw,f? wkid ;f jynf
rSm vuf&Sdjzpfay:aewJh tajctaeeJ@ olwdk@ajymae/ vkyfaewmawGeJ@u ±dkif;±dkif;ajym&&if cg;
awmif;usdKufwjcm;/ [kd'if;wjcm; jzpfaew,fqdkovdk jzpfaejyD?
wdik ;f jynfrmS wu,fvt kd yfaewmu trsK;d om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; wu,fjzpfvmzd@k /
a&G;aumufyJG tEdik &f (NLD)eJ@ awG@qaHk qG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;yJ? tm;vk;H uvnf; 'guykd J awmif;
qdak e=uwm r[kwyf gvm;? 'gukd ppftyk pf /k vlwpkuom wif;cHjy;D a&SmifvaJ$ e=uwm jzpfw,f?
'Drdkua&pDta&; taumiftxnfazmfEdkifjyDqkd&if wkdif;jynfrSm trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD
nGwaf &;&jyD;/ tiftm;&Sv d mwJt h csed f acwfrD trsK;d om;wyfrawmfvnf; wnfaqmufEikd rf mS
trSefyJ? qdkvdkwmu vuf&Sd wkdif;jynfrSmjzpfay:aewJh rwdk;om/ rqkwfom tajctae ajy
vnfatmifajz&Sif;bdk@ ta&;w=uD;vdktyfaecdsef jzpfygw,f?
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awmh b,fawmhrS jy\emajyvnfrmS r[kwb f ;l ? wkid ;f jynfvnf; evHxEl ikd af wmhrmS r[kwf
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jzpfw,f? tck tm%m& ppftkyfpku ordkif;oifcef;pm ,l&rSef;rodbJ twdkuftcHawGudk
t=urf;zuf acsre_ ;f enf;eJ@ wqifw h ;kd vkyvf mwJh xGuaf ygu&f mS enf;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;qef@usif wke@f jyef
=uzdk@ vdkygw,f?
wyfrawmftwGi;f rS tajrmftjrif&=dS uwJh wdik ;f cspjf ynfcspf wyfr;ª / wyfom;awG taeeJ@
vnf; ,dk,Gif;vmwJh wdkif;jynftajctaeudk tcsdefrD 0dkif;0ef;u,fwif=uzdk@ vkdygvdrfhr,f?
jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHol tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ *dk%f;*%pGJ tkyfpkpGJawGz,fjyD;
wnDwnGww f nf;aom ajcvSr;f rsm;jzifh oef;a&$tyk pf &k ŒJ wzufowfuswhJ t=urf;zufvyk &f yf
awGukd rsuaf jcrjywf apmif=h unfjh yD; wwfEikd w f bhJ ufuae yg0ifvyk u f ikd =f ujyD; 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;
awmfykHtwGuf wqifhwdk; tm;xkwfvkH;yrf;=u&ef vdktyfaeayjyD?

armifpdefaomf
01/ 5 / 2006

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 25
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

vl rI a&;
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tvGefus,fjyef@ygw,f? wdkif;jynfwck&JΠabmifudkausmfjyD; urBmwckvHk;udk =unfh&r,fh

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wck rwlbl;qdkwmawmh owdðy&ygr,f? txl;udk owdðy&ygr,f? ul;csvdk@ r&ygbl;?
wzufuvnf; tdrw f iG ;f atmif;jyD; &Smaevd@k r&jyefygb;l ? Edik if jH cm;u vlra_ &;vufawG@
awGudkvnf; avhvmzdk@vdkygw,f? olwdk@&JŒ vlr_a&;b0u b,fvdkvJ? olwdk@&JŒvufawG@u
bmvJ? wdk@eJ@ bmwlovJ? olwdk@vdk wdk@vkyfvdk@ &yghrvm; pojzifh avhvm&rSmyg?
awmfveS af &;Edik af tmif a&SŒaqmifcw hJ yhJ *k Kd~ vfawG tJ'v D ykd J vkycf yhJ gw,f? tdref ;D csi;f w±kwf
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avhvmw,f?
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w±kwfjynfrSm tJ'DvdkjzpfcJhwm renf;bl;vdk@ avhvmxm;zl;w,f? Oyrm ‘uGrf;wkef
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u ðrdŒawmfrSm ykefuefr_eJ@ pwmyJ? w±kwfrSm oGm;vkyfawmh 'kuQa&mufwmaygh?

26 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
EdkifiHjcm;vnf; xGuf&Sm? jynfwGif;rSmvnf; pl;prf;avhvm?
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odvmrSmyJ? acgrrSm b,fvdk/ a&mrrSm b,fvdk/ jyifopf/ *smr%D/
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tm&S tcsif;csif;awmif rwlygbl;? rwlEdkifygbl;? =um;zl;wm
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w±kwt f rsK;d om;awG ArmjynfawmfveS af &;xJ a&mufvm=uowJ?h
awmcdkvm=uwmaygh? jynfwGif;rS awmcdkvmwmyg?
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awmif;pm;wm’vd@k a'ocHuajymawmh olu csucf si;f aumufcsuf
csw,f? Armjynf awmfveS af &;vkyaf ewm=umjyD? ESp(f 20) ausmjf yD?
tcktxd ðrdŒwðrdŒrS rodrf;Edkifao;bl;? w±kwfawmfvSefa&;u
(1927)rSm pw,f? ESpf (20) rjynfhrD òrdŒawG/ e,fawG trsm;=uD;
odr;f Edik w f ,f? bmha=umifv h q J wkd m tcko&d jyD? “armfpw D ek ;f tawG;
tac:u ‘tyfwacsmif;csnfwr#ifr# vlxkqDu tvum;r,l&/
wef&mwefa=u; ay;&r,f’vdk@ qdkxm;wmudk azmufzsufae=uvdk@
yJ” wJh?
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;rSm 0HomEkacwfupjyD; tcktxd ‘xrif;xkyf
eJ@ Edik if aH &;’ vkycf =hJ uwm jzpfa=umif;? awmfveS af &;vkyaf wmhvnf;
vlxq k u D xrif;xkyef @J awmfveS af &;vkyw f mjzpfa=umif;? vlxq k u
D
tcGef raumufb;l ? ‘wqkyq f ef’ pkcikd ;f w,f? xrif;csucf ge;D wdik ;f rSm
vufwqkyfpmudk Ekwf,lxm;jyD; ykH;wyHk;eJ@ pkxm;cdkif;w,f? tJ'D
‘wqkyq f ef’eJ@ xrif;xky˜f xkyaf y;wmyJqw kd m &Si;f jyvdu
k &f owJ?h
‘axmifcsjD yD;&Sw d hJ wyf=uD;awG òrdŒwufjyD; wku d &f ifvnf; xrif;

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 27
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

xkyfpm;jyD; wdkufwJhta=umif;? (1948)upjyD; tcktxd xrif;xkyfpm;jyD; wdkufaewmyJ’vdk@

t&Snf=uD; &Sif;jy&owJh? tJ'D&Jabmf &Sif;˜ r&Sif;awmh rodbl;wJh?
aemufawmh e,fpyfa&muf=uawmh xrif;xkyf rpm;awmhb;l wJ?h wyfwidk ;f csupf m;=uowJ?h
'gayrJh tJ'gawGu ‘tultnDqef’awGudk ‘tultnDtdk;’eJ@ csufpm;wm? ‘tultnD ,leD
azmif;’0wfjyD; ‘tultnDvufeuf’eJ@ wdu k yf 0JG ifaewmyJw?hJ tultnD,&l if rScD &kd wmcsn;f yJ
wJh? tJ'gawGudk ‘rSDcdkol@'kuQ’vdk@ ajym&r,fwJh? ‘okc’&Sd&if ‘'kuQ’vmwwfowJh?
=um;&rSwf&zl;wmudk jyefazmufonfcsvdkufwmyg?
ed*;kH csKyf&&if Edik if jH cm;u vlra_ &;vufawG@ukd avhvm&rSmyJ? ud, k jhf ynfwiG ;f ‘vlra_ &;vuf
awG@’eJ@ ,SOf=unfh&rSmyJ? jynfwGif; ‘vlr_a&; vufawG@’udkyJ t"duxm;zdk@yg?

&Jabmfcsp-f unf

ygwD. trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!$wfa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;pOf

1? rdrdtiftm;pktwGif;/ jynfolvlxktwGif; r[mvlrsKd;=uD;0g'ESifh usOf;

ajrmif;aom trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk wdkufzsufrnf?

2? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. w&m;r#waom awmfvSefppfyGJtm; jynfol

vlxw k &yfv;Hk u em;vnfoabmayguf ,k=H unfouf0ifjy;D yl;aygi;f yg0if
vmap&ef óu;pm;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf?

3? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;toD;oD;wkd@. awmfvSefa&;wkd@tm; zdESdyfoltpdk;&

tqufqufw@dk rS jynfov l x
l t
k wGi;f ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm 0g'jzef@ o±kyzf suf
aer_rsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;rnf?

4? jrefrmjynfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; trsKd;om;zdESdyfr_rsm; xm0&uif;pif

a&;twGuf awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pktoD;oD;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
oGm;rnf?

5? wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk tmrcHEdkifonfh jynfe,faygif;pk

jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;udk tav;teufxm;I aqmif&Guf
oGm;rnf?

28 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz

oHCmpifay: iSu±f yk w
f ufa&;wJh
(1)
usaemf z wf z l ; wJ h umwG e f ; av;wyk ' f
ta=umif;ajymcsiv f @kd yg?
zwfz;l w,fv@kd ajymwmxuf =unfzh ;l w,f
vd@k ajymrS ydjk yD;wdusr,fxifygw,f? bmjzpfv@kd
vJqkdawmh tJ'DumwGef;u pmrygwJh pmrJhum
wGe;f jzpfaevd@k yg?
eH&H=uD;wckrSm iSuf±kyfw±kyfqGJxm;w,f/
jrm;eJ@ypfzdk@ csdefxm;wJh av;orm;wa,mufyg
wmu wuGuf? aemufwuGufusawmh ypf
vkdufwJhjrm;u iSuf±kyfeJ@ wvHuGmavmufrSm
pkdufaew,f? aemufwuGufu pdkufaewJh jrm;
wHukd tv,frSmxm;jyD; iSuf±kyfw±kyfa&;aewJh
av;orm;yHkygw,f? aemufqHk;tuGufrSmu
iSuf±kyfa&;òydifyGJqkdwJh qkdif;bkwfwifxm;wJh pif
jrifhrSm qkwuf,laewJh av;orm;yHk?
(2)
vuf&JZuf&J ajym&Jqkd&J&SdwJh/ taumif;
tqkd;ruGJwJh vlwa,mufuawmh usaemfhukd
'Dvdkajymaeav&JΠem;axmif=unhfvdkufygOD;?
“'Dacwfu ynmacwf/ &mpku 21 &mpkæ
azmufzsufawG;/ jzef@um;awG;/ uef@vef@
awG;/ axmfavmfawG;/ aZmufxdk;awG;/ uif;jrD;
aumufaxmifawG;/ ajymif;jyefawG;/ OD;aESmuf
jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
cdkifjidrf;OD;
wkid zf ek ;f qif/ OD;aESmufqidk u f vke;f qif/ OD;aESmuf
[m&Dued ;f qif/ OD;aESmufavqifEmS armif;qif æ
tJ'DvkdawG;zdk@vdktyfw,f? ±kd;±dk;awG;/ qif
jcifawG;/ ESvHk;om;eJ@pOf;pm;/ OD;aESmufeJ@awG;/
cHpm;csuef @J awG; qdw k mawG acwfaemufusaejy?D
ajymif;jyefveS v f udk yf g? azmufzsuv f ukd yf g?
±d;k ±k;d rvkyyf ge@J ? qef;qef;av;vkyyf g? wwfEidk &f if
[dzk ufurf;vGeo f mG ;ygap?
tJ'Denf;awGeJ@ cifAsm;twGuf/ pOf;pm;
=unhf&atmif? ajymif;jyefazmufzsuf tawG;
awGeJ@ OD;aESmufukd wkdif;zkef;/ qkdifuvkef; [m&D
udef;/ avqifESmarmif;qif=unhf&atmif?
cifAsm; cHae&ovm;/ ajymif;jyefvSefvkduf
jyD;awmh pOf;pm;=unfh=u&atmif? vkyfol ðyol
zufu pOf;pm;yg?
cifAsm; tzdcHae&ovm;/ zdolae&mu
pOf;pm;yg?
cifAsm; iwfaeovm;/ 00vifvif pm;ae&
olae&mu pOf;pm;yg?
cifAsm; qif;&Jaeovm;/ ajymif;jyefvSef
vkdufav csrf;omolae&mu pOf;pm;yg?
cifAsm; tkyfcsKyfcHae&ovm;/ tkyfcsKyfol
zufu pOf;pm;yg?
cifAsm;&aeus vkyftm;c tvkdvdkae&if;
q,fq ao;ñuHŒoGm;wmudkyJ ajymraeeJ@?
cifAsm;u ±k;d ±k;d pOf;pm;aewmud;k ? tJ'v D dk pOf;pm;
vkd@ jyef=uD;vmrvm;/ cufwJhvlyJ? olrsm; q,f
29
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
cifAsm;ukd
wjcm;Ekid if aH wG ta-umif;
ajymcJw h ,faemf?
tJ'g olrsm;Ekid if aH wGyJ
ud,k Ehf idk if H r[kwb
f l;aemf?
yHw
k lul;zdŒk awmh pdwrf ul;eJŒ
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'g cifAsm;wa,mufxjJ zpfwmrS r[kwb
xkdif usaemfajymjyr,f?
'DrSm=unhf urBmhajryHk/ usaemfvufeJ@
axmufjyr,f? 'DEidk if aH wG/ 'DEikd if aH wGu 20 &mpk
tv,favmufu pajymif;vJcw hJ ,f? 'DEidk if aH wG
u 20 &mpk ukecf ge;D avmufrmS ajymif;vJcw
'gayr,fh olw@kd Eidk if aH wGrmS vnf; tajymif;tvJ
u rjyD;ao;bl;? wa&GŒa&GŒ ajymif;vJaeqJyJ?
olwdk@vnf; olwkd@&JŒtcuftcJawGudk/
t=uyftwnf;awGukd ndE‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;jyD; ajymif;
ae=u&w,f? aemufñu&H if cifAsm;vnf; tcsed &f
r,fqkd&if tJ'Dtajymif;tvJawGta=umif;
ajymjyr,f? pm&if;eJ@ Z,m;eJ@ udef;*%ef;ckESpf
awG twdtuseJ@ od&r,f?
tJ'DEkdifiHawG aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;w,fqkdwm
vG,fvG,fjzpfvmwmr[kwfbl;?
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vG,fvG,f pum;ajymrvJ? olwdk@u tm%m
&Sdawmh trdef@ay;wJhenf;eJ@yJ ajymcsifwm?
txufp;D u ajymcsiw f m? 'g obm0yJav? ±kyf
&nfvSywJholu tvSrmef&Sdw,f? ypPnf;OpPm&Sd
30 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
olu ypPnf;OpPmrmef&Sdw,f? ynm&SdwJholu
ynmrmef&jdS yD;/ tm%m&Sw d o
hJ u l tm%mrmef&dS
w,f? 'gobm0yJAs? 'g bmqef;vJ/ tJ'o D bm0
udk rodwmurS qef;aewm?
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atmif tzufzufu qdk;&Gm;=uyfwnf;aevkd@
jynfwiG ;f vlxu k tHºk uG/ Ekid if w
H umu oHwref
a&;awGe@J 0dik ;f vkyaf qmif? tJ'aD wmhrS olw@kd usO;f
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wcsKdŒu ajym=uw,f?
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w,f? wu,f æ ? 21 &mpkrSmawmh 'DtawG;
f ?J vm rsK;d u acwfaemufusygw,fAsm? qifqifjcifjcif
awG;aewmawGy?J ESv;kH om;eJ@ cHpm;csuef @J ud, k fh
zdxm;vd@k ud, k u f jyefzrd ,f vkyaf ewmyJav? tJ
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cifAsm;ukd wjcm;Ekid if aH wG ta=umif;ajymcJh
hJ ,f? w,faemf? tJ'g olrsm;EkdifiHawGyJ udk,fhEkdifiH
r[kwfbl;aemf? yHkwlul;zdk@awmh pdwfrul;eJ@ wlrS
rwlb?J
tm%mudkifxm;wJhvlawG/ tJ'DvlawG
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zdEydS x
f m;w,faemf? ajymif;jyefveS pf Of;pm;awmh
rzdEydS bf ;l ? uJ redwb f ;l vm;? 'ga=umihf æ azmuf
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u 'grsKd;pOf;pm;apcsifwm?
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vSe=f unhrf ,f?
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vkduf zdrxm;awmhbl;? [kwfw,faemf?
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 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

vSefvkduf/ oludk@ zdtm;ray; cifAsm; pum;ajymrvm;/ aqG; awGudk vufxJudkifxm;wm

bl;? 'grS olpw d yf g vufyg&v dS m aEG;yGv J yk rf vm;? ud,
k jhf yefcsr,fh awGudk v$wfcsvkdufyg?
rSmaygh r[kwfbl;vm;? vlukd tm;=uD;vmatmif vkyf bm æ cifAsm; bmajym
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v_y&f mS ;r_w/hJ rvkyef @J av? vlxk tm;wufvmatmif vkyaf y;r xm;wJ[ h m [kwv f m;? tJ'gu
awGemrSmaygh? ol@udk zdtm;r vm;? ukd,fcsif;pm=unhf&rSm ol@tydkif;av/ tckajymaewm
ay;&qkw d meJ@vnf; rudu k b f ;l ayg?h u cifAsm;tydkif;yJ? usKyfu
av? tJ'aD wmh enf;u ‘vlxk uJ æ 'Dawmh tajzu b,fzufrS vku d jf y;D ajymaewm
rv_yf&Sm;r_’aygh? &Sif;&Sif;ajym &Si;f aejyDy?J r[kwb f ;l ? usKyfu vGwv f wG f
&&if jynfwiG ;f tajctaewnf [dk&v'fawG 'D&v'fawG vyfvyfavhvmoly?J
jidrfr_/ 'grS olajymaewJh EkdifiH vkyrf aeyge@J ? q,fpEk pS f ESpcf ek ;D ukdif;Asm tcsdefvnf;r&Sd
awmf w nf j id r f awmhbl;? usKyf
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csmw,f? qkdawmh EkdifiHwum rsKd ; quf w quf p mavmuf cvk w f w k d u f j yD ; vrf ; ab;
rSm ole@J rqufqyH ge@J z,fxm; =umaerSyJ? vlxkacgif;aqmif ajrmif;xJ [yfx;kd vJawmhrvd@k ?
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cifAsm;yJ pOf;pm;=unfh? olu cJh&wmawG/ 'gawGajymaevdk@ vku d rf v
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ajymzk@d awmh a0vma0;aygAh sm? ajymaevd@k awmh b,fawmhrS p pkwfwHuvnf; ol@cg;=um;rSm
olu pifay:uvlyJ? ajymjzpfrSm r[kwfbl;? oleJ@ xkd;vdk@?
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ru,fEikd jf zpfatmif vkyv f @dk u rSmayg?h
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&mrSmqkd&ifvdk@ pOf;pm;=unhf? rSmayg?h tJ'aD wmh cifAsm;&Sw d m w&GmvH;k eJ@qidk w f hJ tvSLtwef;

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 31
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

yg? tJ'v D kd tvSLtwef;rsK;d qk&d if &Gmvnfu anmifyif=uD;atmufrmS r¾yf=uD;xd;k jyD; waysmf

wyg;qifE=JG uw,f?
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0dik ;f eJ@ ESpu f ,kd w
hf pdwt f ueJ@ayg?h ESpu f ,kd w
hf pdwtf uqkwd m odw,fr[kwv f m;? nmzufycH;k /
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tJ'Dzufwjcrf;udk rdef;rvdk0wfxm;w,f? orD;&nf;pm;ESpfa,mufawGŒwJhtcg ajymqkdðyrlyHk
[efyefawGudk vkyjf y ujyw,f? bomu tJ't D uGuaf wmh tawmfu h ykd ikd wf ,f? awmfawmf
vnf; yGJawmif;cH&w,f?
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kd w
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kd whf pdwu f ydwk iG u
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tygt0if yifhoHCmawG/ 'kv†b0wfwJhvlawG/ ukd&ifawGtwGuf jzpfygw,f?
ae@vnfae@cif;awGrmS awmh &Gmu bmoma&;vku d pf m;olawG/ y&d,wWd y&dywWd ES@H pyfol
awG/ ouf=uD;0g=uD;yk*~dKvf=uD;awG vma&muf&if; pum;0dkif;zGJΠw&m;aqG;aEG;=uw,f?
tJ'v D kd &Gmuvl=uD;awG/ oHCmpifay:rSm w&m;aqG;aEG;ae=uwJh tcsed q f &dk if vufzuf
okww f @kd tcsKyd w JG @kd a&aEG;=urf;wd@k rjywfvyfap&atmif tau|;tarG;wm0ef,x l m;olawGu
apmif=h unhjf yD; pDpOfay;&w,f? wjcm;0dik ;f awGrmS rawmfwq jywfcsijf ywfomG ;r,f oHCmpif
ay:u0dkif;uawmh jywfoGm;w,f r&Sdap&bl;?

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f , kd w
hf pdwt
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t&kyu f dk wifxm;w,f/ tJ'Dzufwjcrf;udk rde;f rvd0k wfxm;w,f?
orD;&nf;pm;ESpfa,mufawGŒwJhtcg ajymqkdjyKrlyHk [efyefawGukd
vkyjf y ujyw,f?

32 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

wcgawmh oHCmpifay:u w&m;pum;0dik ;f “r&Sad wmhygb;l ”

t&Sdefaumif;aewkef; vufzufpm;csifaZmeJ@
bom oHCmpifem;aygucf svmw,f? bomu
rd±dk;zvm Ak'<bmomqkdawmh ygVdvdkav;u
vnf; rawmufwacguf &Gwfwwf zwfwwf
w,f? teuft"dy`g,fawmh rodbl;? 'gayr,fh
olu E_wfoGuftmoGuf&Sdw,f? olxifwmqdk
&if csufcsif;ajymwwfw,f? [kwfw,f r[kwf
bl; odyfpOf;pm;aewm r[kwfbl;? pOf;pm;&
aumif;rSef; rodwmvnf;ygw,f? olajym&if
[kww f ,fcsn;f xifaewmvJygw,f? 'gayr,fh
bomu w&m;wyk'f qHk;atmifemzl;wJhol
r[kwfovdk y&dwf=uD; bkwftkyfawmif qHk;
atmifoifzl;wJhol r[kwfygbl;? ykdqdk;wmu
rodwm rodwt hJ wkid ;f raebJ vlxx
olwwf 0if0ifvkyfcsifwJh ol@0oD?
tJ'Dae@wkef;uawmh b=uD;jrifhu ‘cE<m
ig;yg;/ ±kyfemrf ESpfyg;’ta=umif;ajymaewm?
b=uD;jrifhu w&m;yGJawGrSm w&m;axmufvkyf
&avh&w dS ,f? tJ'v D dk vky&f wmudv
w,f oabmvnf;usw,f? olpum;ajym&if
tar;av;eJ@ taxmufav;eJ@ ajymwwfw,f?
olu ‘tar;’av;eJ@ pum;ukdqkdif;vkduf&if
pum;0d k i f ; xJ u wa,muf a ,muf u ‘t
axmuf’av;eJ@ jyefqufay; pum;&Sdef jyefjr‡ifh
ay;=uw,f?
“cE<m ig;yg;/ ±kyef mrf ESpyf g;/ 'Dx
h uf csKyfvu
awmh ±kyef @J emrfyJ &Swd mr[kwv f m;As”vd@k b=uD;
jrifhu tar;av;eJ@ pum;ukdqkdif;vkdufw,f?
“[kwfwmayghAsm”vdk@ OD;av;aumif;u
axmufay;vdu k w f ,f?
“'Dawmhæ udkaumif;a&/ ‘ol’ qkdwm &Sd
ao;vm;”
“r&Sad wmhygb;l ”
“ ‘ig’ qkdwma&m”
“[dk cyfacsmacsm rif;orD;av; b,fol”
“xufxufr;kd OD;yg”
“tJ'D xufxufrdk;OD;qkdwma&m &Sdao;
vm;”
“r&Sad wmhygb;l ”
“ukdaumif;qkdwJh cifAsm;a&m &SdOD;rvm;”
“r&Sad wmhygb;l ”
“tJ'Dusawmh ‘udk,f’vdk@pGJae=uwJh 'D±kyf
=uD;[m‘udk,f’qkdwmaum [kwfao;vm;As”
tm;vH;k u 'Dpum;tay:rSm av;av;euf
eufyJ oabmaygufoGm;=ujyD; wnDw!Gwf
wnf; ajzvkduf=uygw,f?
“ ‘ukd,f’ r[kwfawmhygbl;”
l &l &dS if olod tJ'Dae&mta&mufrSm bomu oHCm
pifay:wufvmw,f? OD;av;aumif;&JΠab;rSm
0ifxidk v
f u kd w
f ,f? jyD;awmh aemufyikd ;f ol em;pGef
em;zsm; =um;vkdufwJh b=uD;jrifh&JΠpum;udk
taxmufav;eJ@ ajzvdkufw,f?
k nf; *k%, f l “ ‘udk,f’r[kwf&if ‘acgif;’aygh b=uD;jrifh
&m/ [dzk ufu vufzufyef;uefav; 'DzufvrS ;f
vdu
k yf gO;D ’ qkjd yD; vufzufyef;uefudk qG, J vl udk f
w,f? aemufjy;D oH;k ˜ av;ZGe;f qufwu dk f cyfpm;
vkdufw,f?
tem;&SdwJh vlawGqDu bmoHrS xGuf
rvm=uawmhbJ/ pum;0dkif;[m wdwfqdwf
dk f toufrJh oGm;awmhw,f?
(5)
ESpqf ef;w&ufae@usawmh bomukd &GmrSm
rawG@&awmhb;l ?
cdik jf idr;f OD;
2006-08-19?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 33
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

(1)

“AdqkAd,yfpf rD;awmif
ayguu f w JG m
uufy&Du|e;f ay:uae
tawmf=unfah umif;owJah v
yGeyf ,
D òD rdŒjzifh

acsmf b,fvv
acsm&f nfatmufrmS ”

dk J rpPwm*rfbm&D? t&rf;tHt h m;
oifo h mG ;vm;? tJ'g uAsmq&marmifatmifyiG hf
&JŒ ‘aumif;uifawmf wrf;csi;f opf’ uAsmav?

&nf [kww f ,fAsm vlwcsKŒd [m q&marmifatmifyiG hf

ajymovkd odyt
w,f?
f =hH ozk@d aumif;w,f? odyaf e&uf

olwkd@awGu acsmf&nfylawGatmufu
atmfoHawGukd =um;rS r=um;=uwm?
r=um;csifa,mifaqmifae=uwmygvkd@

atmuf awmh usaemfajymrxGufbl;/ tm;emw,f?

'DrSm rpPwm*rfbm&D æ
cifAsm;[m uufy&Du|e;f om; r[kwb f ;l qkd
wm od&vkd@ usaemf0rf;omw,f?
acsmf&nfylawGatmufu yGefyD,DðrdŒom;
awG&ŒJ atmfou H dk cifAsm;ESihf usaemf taotcsm

rSm =um;&atmif em;pGifh=unfh=u&atmifAsm?

jyD;awmh acsmf&nfylawGatmufu tJ'DðrdŒ
om;awG&JΠrsuf&nfawGukd taotcsmjrif&
atmif tm;pku d jf y;D a&SŒem;enf;enf;wk;d jy;D =unfh
=u&atmif rpPwm*rfbm&Dæ aemf?

(2)

ZGerf id_ ;f ESif;awG onf;onf;v_yfatmif usaewJh

aqmif;nwn&JΠrD;a&mifjyjyatmufu wusD

34 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

vli,f&JΠ&ifbwfrSm/ ausmukef;rSm/ acgif;

tJ'DtoHawGukd awGrSm/ ajcovkH;awGrSm ¶kdufESufxm;wm uef
ESvkH;om;&JΠ[kd; eufeufxJuukd ausmufxm;wm ajcovkH;ay: rsOf;vkH;ESifh vSdrfh
csifwkdif; vSdrfhxm;wmawGa=umifh '%f&mawG
-um;zl;cJhwmyg *rfbm&D&,f? tndKtrJawGEiS hf wuk, d v f ;Hk a,mifv@dk ukid ;f vk@d æ
'Dta-umif;awGukd b,folŒukdrS ppfa=um (3)&ufyJ&Sdao;w,f vl[m vl
¶kyf r&Sdawmhbl;?
jyefrajymcsifbl;? ab;u rsuf E S m rma=uma=um vl E S p f
ajymvnf; ajymrjy&ufbl;? a,mufu ol@csKid ;f uaerjyD; '&Gww f udk q f x JG w
k f
vm=uwmrsm; wap>um;wum;ukd =unfhae&
usDjrnfaewJh pufoD;oHukd cifAsm;=um;zl;o ovkrd sK;d æ
vm; rpPwm*rfbm&D? a&wGi;f ab;u rD;vk;H ukd ydwyf pfvu dk w f ,f?
usaemf=um;zl;w,f? cyfvSrf;vSrf; taqmifr=uD;&JΠaumf&pf'g
usaemf tJ'DtoHawGukd ESvkH;om;&JΠ[kd; rD;a&mifom jyjyav;vif;vkd@?
eufeufxu J ukd =um;zl;cJw
h myg *rfbm&D&,f? 'D bmvkyf=uwmvJ/ 'DvlawG 'Davmuf
ta=umif;awGudk b,fo@l urdk S jyefrajymcsib f ;l ? tarSmifóudufwm bmr[kwfwm vkyf=urvkd@
ajymvnf; ajymrjy&ufb;l ? =um;&wJo h l b,fol vJ?
rqkd ESvkH;romr,m jzpf&rSmpkd;vkd@av? b,fvkdxifvJ rpPwm*rfbm&D æ
'gayr,fh cifAsm;ukad wmh usaemf odomG ;ap em;pGi=hf unfph rf;ygO;D Asmæ [krd mS toHxu G f
csifw,fAsm? vmjyD?
‘rodbl;’
(3) ‘a[haumif rif;uacgi;f rmaewke;f vm; rifh
ukd tJ'pD m&Guaf wG ay;oGm;wJh rift h arhvifawG
tJ'Dnu ESif;awGusvkdufwmAsm? b,frSmvJ ajymavuGm’
yde;f ydwaf ewmyJ/ a&SŒav;ig;vSr;f a0;a0;qkd ‘usaemfrodb;l ’
bmrSrjrif&awmhb;l ? tJ'&D ufawGu usaemfw@dk ‘at; rod&ifawmh odwJhae&m ykd@&rSmaygh
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm tat;v_dif; jzwfaewJh&ufawG uGm’
aygh? a&cJrwwfukd at;pdrfhaewmyJ? aocsm=unfah emf rpPwm*rfbm&D 'Daumif
b,favmuf at;ovJqkd&if uefawmf awG bmvkyfae=ujyDvJ?
=uD;xJuig;awG tat;rcHEidk v f @dk yk;d vk;d yufvuf [kv d Œl ajcaxmufEpS b f ufudk yl;jyD; tke;f qH
eJ@ tukeaf ouke=f uwm usaemfrw S rf ad ew,f? ñud;eJ@ csDaeygvm;?
tJ'DnrSm/ tJavmufat;aewJhnrSmæ jyD;awmh æ
tusôryg vkHcsnfAvmeJ@ ukd,fvkH;wD; vl ol@ukd apmapmu vlESpfa,mufu ayG@jyD;
i,fwa,mufukd vufxdyfaemufjyefcwfjyD; a&wGif;abmifay: wifvkdufw,f?
acgif;pGyf=uD;eJ@ qGJxkwfvmw,f? atmfæ ñu;d u a&wGi;f pufo;D rSm wyfxm;

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 35
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

a&wGif;xJ ypfpvufcwf
uscsifovkd usoGm;jyD;
a&wGif;tv,favmufrSm ñud;wef;vef;ESihf
aZmufxkd;taetxm;eJŒ wefŒoGm;w,f?
aqmifhqGJcHvkduf&ovkd jzpfwma&m/
wJhñud;ukd;?
‘a[haumif rif;udk vlvkdar;aewmaemf’
[kdvl@toH =um;&w,f
‘usaemf wu,frodwmyg’
‘=umw,fuGm cs’qkdwJh cyf&ifh&ifhtrdef@ay;oHwck a&wGif;=uD;&JŒ ta&SŒ
bufuyfv#uf cs,f&DyiftuG,fu xGufvmw,f?
jyD;awmh [kdvl@ukd a&wGif;xJ wGef;csvkdufw,f?
bk&m; bk&m; æ
ESpfa,mufu pufoD;ñud;ukd awmifhxm;w,f?
a&wGif;xJ ypfpvufcwf uscsifovkdusoGm;jyD; a&wGif;tv,favmuf
rSm ñud;wef;vef;ESifh aZmufx;dk taetxm;eJ@ wef@omG ;w,f? aqmifq h cJG v
H u
dk f
&ovkd jzpfwma&m/ wukd,fvkH;&JŒ0dwfukd xdef;xm;&wma&m/ ajcaxmufawG
b,favmufemvku d af vrvJ?
rJarSmifaewJh a&wGif;xJ ypftcscHzkd@twGuf b,folrsm; tqifoihfjzpf
ygrh vJ?
wae@ae@rSm 'Dvkd a&wGif;xJukd ypftcscH&vdrhfr,fvkd@ b,folrsm; ñudjyD;
pdwu f ;l =unfzh ;l rvJ?
usaemf pOf;pm;=unfh&if; touf¶SL=uyfvmw,f?
pufoD;ukd w&pfcsif; tay:qGJwifaejyD?
pufo;D u rok;H wm=umvk@d qDvnf; b,forl rS xnf=h uvk@d pufo;D oHudk
ta0;=uD;u =um;&w,f? tJ'D toH=uD;ukdu pdwfajcmufjcm;p&mæ
‘a[haumif rifhyaxG;awG tckb,frSmvJ ajymavuGm’
‘usaemf rodbl;’
‘a[haumif vlvkdar;aewmaemf a[haumif’
‘usaemf wu,frodæ’
rodbl; rqkH;cifrSm pufoD;ñud;ukd av#mhcsypfvkdufw,f?
ñud;eJ@ vleJ@ a&wGif;xJukd t&SdefeJ@xkd;usoGm;w,f?

36 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

a&eJ@ vle@J pxdwt hJ oH/ a&xJudk qufjy;D wk;d
0ifepfðryfoGm;wJh toH/ a&eJ@ vleJ@ rxdcif=um;
rSmæ
[kdvl&JΠpl;pl;0g;0g;atmfvkdufwJhtoH?
i&JyGufovkdygyJ rpPwm*rfbm&Da& æ
'Dvl@ukd wnvkH; a&xJujyefqGJwifvkduf
a&xJjyefypfcsjyD;ESpfvkdufeJ@ ol@ukd a=unmcsuf
awGjzef@zkd@ay;oGm;wJh ausmif;om;av;awGukd
oJ=uD;rJ=uD; azmfckdif;aewmavAsm?
olu vk;H vk;H rajymbJ awmifch w H ,f/ olcspf
wJh ausmif;om;awGudk ol@vdk remapcsib f ;l / ol@
taeeJ@ tqk;d qk;H [m aooGm;wmyJ/ aoygap
awmh?
ol@a=umifh b,folrSxyfray:ap&bl;? 'g
[m ol@&JŒoHEMdXmef?
rsuf&nfawG jynfhv#HusaewJh rsufvkH;ESpfvkH;ukd
a&m jrif&JŒvm; rpPwm*rfbm&Dæ
tJ'g ukd - - &JΠrsufvkH;awGayghAsm?
ol@ukd zrf;wJhae@u ol@taz ESvkH;a&m*g
tonf;toefeJ@ usefcJhw,f?
ol@om;ukd vlrqefatmif ESdyfpufaewJh
ta=umif; &Jpcef;xJu wpfa,mufu vmajym
jywJhnrSmyJ qkH;&Smw,f?
ppfa=um (11) &ufajrmufwJhae@rSm tazh
tokbukd ESpfxyftcsKyfcef;xJu vSrf;jyD;uef
awmh&wJh vlaowa,mufvdk vli,fwa,muf
ukd usaemfw@dk wjcm;b,fEidk if rH mS rsm; awGŒEkid Of ;D
rvJ rpPwm*rfbm&D?
(5)

(4) tJ'g a&G;aumufyGJjyD;p *E<Da[mumvu

tjzpftysuaf wGyg/
tJ'g bmoHvJ/ [kwfvm; a¶G;aumufyGJjyD;vkd@ (16)ESpf=umoGm;wJh
rpPwm*rfbm&Dæ 'Dae@rSma&m bmawGjzpfae=ujyDvJæ
tJ'g a=u;pnfoHavAsmæ
tJ'g ukd - - &JΠtaz tokbcsvmwJh (6)
a=u;pnfxo k aH v?
[kd; ESpfxyftcsKyfcef;&JŒ ig; okH; opfom; ‘ouf0if;atmif
wef;=uD;awG=um;u/ oHZumuGufawG=um;u rif;ausmuke;f ay:u
t¶_;d &mawG=um;rSm
olu vkH;vkH;rajymyJ wppDjyef@usaJ ewJh
awmifhcHw,f/ rif;&JΠuAsm&GwfoHawGukd
igwkd@aumuf,lpkpnf;jyD; æææ’
olcspfwJh ausmif;om;awGukd
olŒvkd remapcsifbl;/ usaemf uAsm&GwfaewJhtcsdefrSmyJ æ
usaemf ukdouf0if;atmiftaz&JŒ ¶_dufoH
olŒtaeeJŒ tqkd;qkH;[m ukd yDyDoo=uD; =um;vkduf&w,f?
aooGm;wmyJ/ aoygapawmh? tJ'D ¶_u
d o
f u
H v
dk rS ;f =unfv
h u
dk af wmh ¶_u
d o
f H
rSm acsmf&nfylawGaypGef;vkd@?

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 37
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

usaemf qufr&Gwfyg&apeJ@awmh rpPwm awG xkwfjyvkdxkwfjy/ aq;ukor_rSwfwrf; qkd

*rfbm&D?
'DuAsmpm&Gufav;ukd cifAsm;yJ ,loGm;
vku d yf gAsm? UN a&mufrS watmifw h em; em;jyD;
cifAsm;ukd,fwkdif &Gwf=unhfvkdufygawmh?
wu,fq&dk if ukd - - temcHjyD; umuG,cf hJ
wm/ ukd - - taztqkH;cHjyD; umuG,fcJhwm/
ouf0if;atmifvdk ausmif;om;vli,fav;awG
tzrf;rcH=u&atmifyg?
olwkd@ukd pmoifcef;awGxJrSm at;csrf;
vGwfvyfpGm olwkd@óuduf&m bmom&yfawGukd
avhvmqnf;yl;aeapcsiw f myg?
tckawmh æ
ol@ qENrjynhfawmhbl; rpPwm*rfbm&Dæ
ol aoaumifaygif;vJcHjyD; umcJhwJh tJ'D
ausmif;om;awG tzrf;cH&?
ol@vydk J tjyif;txef tm¶kaH =umawG ysuf
pD;oGm;onfxd ESdyfpufn‡if;yef;cH&? tm%mykdif
awG pdwf¶l;xwkdif; axmifawG waxmifjyD;w
axmif [kda&$Œ'Dajymif; vkyfcsifwkdif; tvkyfcH&eJ@
aemufq;Hk raorcsi;f owfypf=uwJt h xd olw@dk
vky&f ufw,fAsm?
tck cifAsm;vmr,fqv dk @dk uref;uwef;x
jy;D ,kwdW ,kwmW &Sad tmif aq;ppfvufrw S q
f w
dk m
EkdifiHaygif; (168) EkdifiHukd
pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh taetxm;
ppfwrf;aumuf-unfhwJhtcg
usaemfwkdŒEkdifiHu
eHygwfpOf (164)wJh/
vGwfvyfr+rJhykH ajymygw,f?
wmawG qGx J w k v f q
dk x
JG w k /f q&m0efawG axmif
ykid af wGyg 0kid ;f jyD; nmckid ;f vkn
d mckid ;f xifwidk ;f vkyf
ae=uwm?
t¶l;rSyJ olwkd@ajymwm ,kHvdrfhr,f?
vdrw f ahJ e&mrSmawmh a&qGwjf yD; vdrw f ,f
qkdwJh vlrsKd;awG?
(7)
owif;arSmifcswJhae&mrSm(okd@r[kwf) pm
e,fZif; vGwfvyfcGifhrJhwJhae&mrSm usaemfwkd@
EkdifiHu urBmay:rSm yÌrajrmufwJh?
e,fjcm;rJh owif;axmufrsm;tzGJ@ (RSF)
u xkwfjyefwJh tpD&ifcHpmrSm EkdifiHaygif; (168)
Ekid if u
H dk pme,fZif;vGwv f yfciG hf taetxm; ppf
wrf;aumuf=unfhwJhtcg usaemfwkd@EkdifiHu
eHygwfpOf (164)wJh/ vGwfvyfr_rJhykH ajymygw,f?
jrefrmowif;or*~ (BMA) &JΠazmfjycsuf
rSmæ
jrefrmEkid if H tusO;f axmiftoD;oD;rSm [H
om0wDowif;pmq&m=uD; OD;0if;wif tyg
t0if pme,fZif;orm; (21)OD;ukd tckxd zrf;qD;
xm;qJ jzpfygw,fwJh?
tusO;f axmifEiS hf ppfa=uma&;pcef;awGrmS
qkH;yg;uG,fvGefoGm;wJh pme,fZif;orm;awG&JŒ
pm&if;u q&marmifaomfu tygt0if (6)OD;
&Syd gw,fw?hJ
pm&if;awGu a=umufp&m raumif;vku d f
bl;vm;Asm?
usaemfwkd@EkdifiHu tJ'DvkdEkdifiHrsKd;yg rpPwm
*rfbm&D?
wðydief ufwnf;rSmyJ cifAsm;ukd ðyH;ðyH;/ ðyH;ðyH;
eJ@ &$ef;&$ef;a0atmif r[kwfwmawGukd t[kwf
vkyf? t[kwfawGukd r[kwfvkyfjyD; ajymjyr,fh/

38 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

yGefyD,DðrdŒom;awG&JŒ 'kuQukd
cifAsm; ususee jrifoGm;/ -um;oGm; EkdifavmufjyDvkdŒ
usaemf ,kH-unfygw,f?
rpPwm ukdzDtmeef-uD;ukdvnf; ajymvkdufygAsm h h h

rsufESmajymifeJ@ r&Sufra=umuf &Sif;jyr,fh jyef=um;a&;0ef=uD;qkdwJh vlrsKd;vnf;

'DEkdifiHrSmyJ cifAsm;awG@&vdrfhr,f?

(8)

uJygav cifAsm;vnf; tifrweftuif;yg;wJhvlyJ[mæ

urBmywfjyD; vlwumeJ@ xdawG@qufqaH e&wm ESpu f enf;rSrenf;awmhb?J
vlwa,muf yg;pyf[vkduf¶kHeJ@ ol@0rf;xJrSm tlb,fESpfacG &SdovJqkdwm
'ufueJodEkdifwJh yk*~dKvfrsKd;yg?
'DavmufeJ@wifyJ æ
yGeyf ,
D òD rdŒom;awG&ŒJ 'kuuQ dk cifAsm;ususee jrifomG ;/ =um;oGm; Ekid af vmuf
jyDvkd@ usaemf,kH=unfygw,f?
rpPwm ukdzDtmeef=uD;ukdvnf; ajymvkdufygAsm æ
“yGefyD,DðrdŒjzifh acsmf&nfatmufrSm”vkd@? ?

ZGefr_dif;
(10 / 11 / 2006)

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 39
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
tjzpftysuu f vGecf w hJ hJ tESp(f 40)avmufuyg? enf;enf; wdwu d susq&dk &if (1965 - 66)
w0ku d u f vk@d qkEd idk yf gw,f? Akv d af e0if;tpk;d & wufvmup awmifov l ,form;rsm;ukd ‘OD;=uD;rsm;-
OD;=uD;rsm;’vkd@ pum;vSav;oHk;jyD; v,form;rsm;tusKd; aqmif&Gufr,fh tpkd;&w&yf wufvm
oa,mif [efjyifaewJhumv? tkef;awm/ 'l;,m;/ caygif; pwJh awmifolv,form; nDvmcHrsm;
usif;yw,f? wqufwnf; qnfajrmif;wmwrH pDrHudef;rsm;csjyD; taumiftxnfazmfvmw,f?
'DvkdeJ@ usaemfwkd@ rE Wav;wkdif; jrif;jcHc±kdiftwGif;rSm =uufarmufawmifqnf/ ajymif;jymqnfeJ@
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40 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz

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41
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
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42 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
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jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 43
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

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f kd
xkwjf yefcw hJ ,f? awmif;qdkr_jzifh EdkifiHwum EsLuvD;,m; rjyef@
EsLuvD;,m; vufeufxkwfvkyfjcif;eJ@ yGm;a&; vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;rsm;udk wdik yf ifjyD; a&;qGJ
wDxiG jf cif;[m vl@avmu=uD;wckv;Hk &JŒ &Sio f ef =ujcif;rSwqifh rdrw d @dk &ŒJ EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf
&yfwnfa&;udk txdkuftavsmufawmh jcdrf; ta&twGufrsm;udk avsmhcs=u&r,f?
ajcmufr_w&yf jzpfay:cJhw,f? 'Djy\em&JΠEsLuvD;,m;vufeuf rjyef@yGm;a&; o
aemufqkH; ajyjidrf;apr_uawmh EsLuvD;,m; abmwlpmcsKyf (NPT)[m (1970)ckESpfrS pwif
vufeufrsm; wm;qD;ydwyf ifjyD; vk;H 0zsuq f ;D ypf jyD; oufa&mufr_&SdcJhw,f? ‚if;[m txifu&
a&;tay:rSmyJ wnf&Sdaew,f? EdkifiHwum oabmwlpmcsKyfwck jzpfw,f?
od@k ayrJh Edik if w
H umrdom;pk&ŒJ t"duacgi;f EsLuvD;,m; rjyef@yGm;a&;twGuf EdkifiHwum

44 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz

vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;udk tajccHxm;wJh Oya'
wckjzpfjyD; EdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifa&;qGJ=ujyD;
oabmwlnDr_&&Sdxm;wJh EdkifiHwum vufeuf
zsuof rd ;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfvnf; jzpfygw,f?
vGefcJhwJh (36)ESpfu ‚if;[m EsLuvD;,m;
vufeuf jyef@yGm;r_tm; umuG,fwm;qD;a&;
vkyfaqmifr_eJ@ ‚if;. tcef;u¾ &SdcJhw,f? 'Dh
tjyif ‚if;rSm EsLuvD;,m;ydik q f ikd w
f hJ Edik if rH sm;eJ@
EsLuvD;,m;rJh Edik if rH sm;&JΠ0ifa&mufpu
tE_wfvuQ%maqmifwJh tusKd;oufa&mufr_
awGudkvnf; cHpm;cJh&w,f?
Oyrmtm;jzifh t"du EsLuvD;,m;tif
tm;=uD; EdkifiHwckjzpfwJh tar&duef EdkifiH[m
ESifh
“bufaygif;pkHwJh EsLuvD;,m;prf;oyfr_ uef@
owfa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf” (Comprehen-
sive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty) (CTBT) udk
vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhw,f? 'Dae&mrSm jiif;ckefae
&qJ & S d a ewmu tar&d u ef [ m (CTBT)
oabmwlpmcsKyfudk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; ðyvkyf
rvm;/ rðyvkyb f ;l vm; qdw k mygy?J 'gayr,fh ‚if;
[m ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ r&SdcJhbl;? tar&duef[m
twdik ;f twm ao;i,fjy;D ppfajrjyifo;kH EsLuvD;
,m;vufeufrsm; wDxGifjyD; ppfwdkufcJhw,f?
'gayr,fh EsLuvD;,m;vufeufrsm;udk yxrOD;
EsLuvD;,m;rJh EdkifiHawGudk
tokH;_yKrSm r[kwfbl;
qdkwmudkawmh
oludk,fwdkifu
aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;
tcdkiftrm xkwfazmfajymqdkzdkh&ef
tqifoifh r&Sdbl;?
jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
twGJ (10) trSwf (3)
qk;H tok;H ðyrSm r[kwb f ;l / 'grrS [kwf tar&duef
udk qef@usiw f hJ EsLuvD;,m;rJEh ikd if aH wGukd tok;H
ðyrSm r[kwfbl;qdkwmudkawmh oludk,fwdkifu
tcdkiftrm xkwfazmfajymqdkzdk@&ef tqifoifh
r&Sdbl;?
r[mrdwrf sm;
odk@aomfvnf; jyD;cJhwJh &mpkESpftukefrSm
tdE, dN eJ@ ygupPwefw@dk u EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfr_
ðyvkycf =hJ uw,f? tpPa&;Edik if u H awmh xkwaf zmf
G zf ufre_ @J a=unmjcif;r&SdwJh EsLuvD;,m;EdkifiHwEdkifiH
tjzpf trsm;pku oabmxm;cJh=uw,f? jyD;
awmh r=umcifuyJ ud&k ;D ,m; 'Dru kd &ufwpf jynf
ol@ orRwEdik if H (DPAK)u EsLuvD;,m;prf;oyf
r_ ðyvkyfcJhw,f?
'Djzpf&yftm;vkH;[m EdkifiHwum EsLuvD;
,m; rjyef@yGm;a&; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;awGudk tm;
jyif;jyif;eJ@ ±duk Ef uS vf u
kd wf mom jzpfw,f? ,d@k prd hf
aewJh wrHwckvydk J 'g[m wrHwck ayguu f ðJG ydvJ
awmhrJh a&SŒajy;edrdwfwckjzpfaew,f? 'ga=umifh
EsLuvD;,m; rjyef@yGm;a&; EdkifiHwumvkyfxkH;
vkyef nf;[mvnf;yJ pdwyf suzf @dk aumif;wJh ar#mf
vifhcsuftcsKdŒudk awG@ae&w,f?
EsLuvD;,m;rjyef@ymG ;a&; Edik if w H um vkyf
xk;H vkyef nf;awG&ŒJ qk;d awG @qHk ctaew&yf
0g;wJh taj jrifh
wufvm&jcif;&JΠta=umif;t&if; ESpf&yf&Sdyg
w,f? yxr ta=umif;t&if;uawmh vkyfxkH;
vkyef nf;rsm;eJ@ ‚if;wk@d &ŒJ ywf0ef;usiw f @dk t=um;
u yËdyuQ jzpfygw,f?
rwljcm;em;wJh EdkifiHawGrSm rwljcm;em;wJh
“vkHðcHa&;t=uyftwnf;” rsm;eJ@ xdyfwdkuf&if
qdik af e&jcif; EsLuvD;,m;ydik q f ikd w f hJ Edik if aH wGu
olw@dk &ŒJ tcGit hf vef;awGukd pdwv f v kd uf& xde;f
csKyfxm;jcif;eJ@ EsLuvD;,m;rydik q
u EsLuvD;,m;ydkifqdkifwJh EdkifiHtqifhtwef;
f ikd w f hJ Edik if aH wG
tjzpfodk@ toJtoef &,lvkdjcif; pwmawGu
'Duae@ yuwdtwdkif; jrifawG@vdkuf&wJh urBm
=uD;jzpfygw,f?
45
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

vkyxf ;Hk vkyef nf;awG[m

cG_J cm;qufqrH e+ hJ rw&m;r+awG&adS ewJh oabmaqmif ygwD w,f?
tajumif;uawmh
'DoabmwlpmcsKyu f EsLuvD;,m;rydik q f ikd w
f hJ wdik ;f _ynfawGtm;
olwv hdk yk af qmif&rJh wm0ef0wW&m;awGukd vufcv H mapzkhd
wzufowf awmif;qdx k m;vkyhd gy?J
tjcm;ta=umif;t&if; wckuawmh Edik if w H um EsLuvD;,m;rjyef@ymG ;a&; vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;rsm;
udk,fwdkif&JΠtjypftemtqmrsm;a=umifh jzpfygw,f? EsLuvD;,m;tE W&m,f&JΠyg0ifywfoufr_
twdik ;f twm avsmu h somG ;a&;udk "rR"Xd mefusus yg0ifaqG;aEG;=urnft h pm; vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;awG
[m cGjJ cm;qufqrH e_ @J rw&m;r_awG&adS ewJh oabmaqmifw,f? ta=umif;uawmh 'Doabmwlpm
csKyfu EsLuvD;,m;rydik q f ikd wf hJ wdik ;f jynfawGtm; olw@dk vyk af qmif&rJh wm0ef0wW&m;awGukd vufcH
vmapzkd@ wzufowf awmif;qdkxm;vkd@ygyJ?
wu,faEdwmh kifiEsHwLuvDum;,m;ydik wf hJ Edik if aH wG[mvnf; ‚if;wd@k wm0ef,vl yk af qmif&rJh udp&P yfawG
eJ@ ywfoufjyD; bmwckr# raqmif&GufcJh=ubl;? trSefuawmh (NTP) qdkwm[m tuef@towf
rsm;e@J vnf;aumif;/ tm;aysmw h hJ Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m pnf;aESmiftm;a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ E_id ;f ,SOf
csut f & =uD;=uyfa&; vkypf rG ;f &nftm;enf;jcif; pwJt h csuaf wGtay: rdrq d ENukd tajccHjyD; yg0ifa&;
xkd;xm;wJhEdkifiHawG&JŒ yËdnmOfpmcsKyfwckjzpfw,f?
xd@k tjyif vuf&w dS iG f tAŠ'l au'gcef; (Abdul Qadeer Khan)&JŒ jzpf&yf[m ajratmufEsLu
vD;,m;enf;ynm arSmifcdkaps;uGufrSm cyfrSdefrSdef yGJxGufvmcJhjyD? 'gayrJh rsufarSmuf EdkifiHwum
EsLuvD;,m;rjyef@ymG ;a&; vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;uawmh xdxad &mufa&muf =uDXmecJ ;=uyfz@dk r
G yssum;. u
f uG cf whJ ,f?
EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf ðyvkyw f ehJ nf;ynmrsm;[m Edik if rH [kww f hJ tzG@J tpnf;rsm;qDo@kd vnf;
aumif;/ jcdr;f ajcmufa&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ tpGe;f a&muftyk pf rk sm;xHo@kd vnf;aumif; oD;jcm;jyef@E@HS
oGm;rnfqykd gu ydrk =kd u;D us,w f t hJ E &W m,fw&yf jzpfay:vmvdrrhf ,f? 'Dae@txd Edik if w H um tEkjrLpGr;f
tif at*sipf D (IAEA) rS tcsKŒd yk*Kd~ vfawGu EsLuvD;,m;rjyef@ymG ;a&; vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;udk umuG,f
apmifah &Smuf=u&ef EsLuvD;,m; jyef@ymG ;r_ukd xda&mufr&_ &dS edS @J ydrk q kd ef@usi=f uum usO;f csKŒH ypfz@dk tqdk
wifoGif;cJh=uw,f?
vl@avmu=uD;[m EsLuvD;,m;vufeufðyvkyw f hJ enf;ynm&JŒ "g;pmcHjzpfvmjyD;uwnf;u
vlom;awG&ŒJ tar#mt f jrif ud, k u f siw hf &m;eJ@ pdw"f gwaf &;&m tðytrlawG[m jyif;xefwhJ prf;oyfr_
awGxrJ mS zefw;D ,lc=hJ ujyD; jzpfw,f? od@k aomf vl@avmu=uD;[m enf;ynm&yfrsm;udk yJu h ikd x
f ed ;f csKyf
Edkifyghrvm;?v_y&f mS ;r_?rsm;
(31&uf atmufwdkbmv People's Daily Online rS/ Gloomy Prospects For Nuclear
Non-Proliferation … aqmif;yg;udk bmomjyefqkdygonf?)
xGe;f OD;

46 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz 47
 twGJ (10) trSwf (3)

jynfolomtrd jynfolomtz

Ù ppftm%m&Sipf epf tuket

f pif zsuo
f rd ;f a&;

Ù 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk tjy!fht0tmrcHEdkifa&;

Ù +idrf;csrf;a&;

Ù trsK;d om;rsm;. wef;wla&;ESihf ud,

k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu
hf kd
tmrcHEdkifaomjynfe,faygif;pkjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

48 jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz