Chapter 15: Aldehydes and Ketones

O R C H R

O C R

Aldehydes and Ketones contd

Carbonyl Group

O R
Aldehyde

O H R
Ketone

O R C
Aldehyde Naming Aldehydes ID longest chain containing aldehyde Replace e with al e.g., methanal, ethanal

O H R C
Ketone Naming Ketones ID longest chain containing ketone Replace e with one e.g., propanone, butanone

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones They can only be hydrogen bond ACCEPT S

Examples: Aldehydes/Ketones

Melanin

Testosterone

Progesterone

Cortisone

Aldehydes and Ketones contd

Table 15.1

2005 Norbert Wu / www.norbertwu.com

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Primary alcohol acid) Aldehyde ( Carboxylic

Secondary alcohol
[O]

Ketone
O H

OH

[O]

Reactions:
Aldehydes

xidation
Carboxylic Acid

Remember: Primary Alcohol Aldehyde

Easily oxidized to carboxylic acid

Tollens reagent: Test for aldehyde

O C R H

Ag+
R

C OH

Ag (s)

(Tollens' reagent)

Question: Can ketones be oxidized?

Aldehydes and Ketones contd

Figs. 15.8 a-c

(a) An aqueous solution of ethanal is added to a solution of silver nitrate.

(b) The solution darkens as ethanal is oxidized to ethanoic acid.

(c) The inside of the beaker becomes coated with metallic silver.

Oxidation, cont.
O O O O

Cu2+ Be ed c 's ea e
O

+ Cu2O (s)

Test for aldehydes which have O (adjacent) to aldehyde

O

alpha
ydroxyl

Aldehyde
O

Glucose
O O
2O

Aldhydes/Ketones + Alcohols m Acetal/Ketal

Glucose forms a hemiacetal

Sulfur Analogs of Carbonyl Groups

C
3C

S C
3 3C

Acetone (Propanone)

DMSO (Demethyl sulfoxide)