EX.

NO:1
AIM:

MEASUREMENT OF COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

To measure the coefficient of coupling and mutual inductance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.no 1. 2. 3. 4. Components Voltmeter Ammeter Inductor Connecting wires Rating (0300)V (0-2)A Type MI MI Quantity 1 1 2 few

FORMULAE: 1. Total impedance i) Series aiding = La=L1+L2+2M ii) Series opposing = Lb =L1+L2-2M 2. L1=V1/ (2f I1); L2= V2/ (2fI2); La = Va/ (2f I1); Lb=Vb/ (2f I1); M= (La-Lb)/4 , THEORY: Coefficient of coupling is always less than unity, and has a maximum value of 1.When k=1,is called perfect coupling, when the entire flux of one coil links the other. The greater the coefficient of coupling between the two coils, the greater the mutual inductance between them, and vice-versa. If the two coils are a great distance apart in space, the mutual inductance is very small, and K is also very small. For ironcore coupled circuits, the value of K may be as high as .99 for air-core coupled circuits varies 0.4 to 0.8 K=M/L1L2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: TO FIND THE SELF INDUCTANCE OF COIL 1:

TO FIND THE SELF INDUCTANCE OF COIL 2:

PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Now adjust the autotransformer such that the voltmeter reads rated voltage. 3. Vary the voltage and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.

4. Then calculate coefficient of coupling and mutual inductance. TABULATION: To find L1: S.no Voltage(V) Current(A) L1=V1/ (2f I1) (H)

To find L2: S.no Voltage(V) Current(A) L2= V2/ (2fI2) (H)

TO FIND THE EQUIVALENT INDUCTANCE OF COIL IN SERIES AIDING:

TO FIND THE EQUIVALENT INDUCTANCE OF COIL IN SERIES OPPOSING:

To find La: S. no Voltage(V) Current(A) La = Va/ (2f I1) (H)

To find Lb: S.no Voltage(V) Current(A) Lb=Vb/ (2f I1) (H)

RESULT:

Thus the mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling are measured.

EX.NO:2 CIRCUIT
AIM:

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF RL AND RC

To plot the frequency response of RL and RC circuits. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Components Resistor Capacitor Inductor Multimeter Audio frequency oscillator Bread board Connecting wires 1 few Rating 1 kilo ohm .1 f 50mH 5V, 1kHz Quantity 2 1 1 1 1

FORMULAE: Gain = Vo/Vin Gain in decibel = 20 log (Vo/Vin) THEORY: The magnitude and phase relationship between the sinusoidal input and the steady state output of a system is termed the frequency response. In linear time-invariant systems, the frequency response is independent of the amplitude and phase of the input signal. The frequency response test on a system or a component is normally performed by keeping the amplitude a fixed and determining B and 99 for a suitable range of frequencies. Signal generators and precise measuring instruments are readily available for various ranges of frequencies and amplitudes. The ease accuracy of measurements is

some of the advantages of the frequency response method. Wherever it is not possible to obtain the form of the transfer function of a system through analytical techniques, the necessary information to compute its transfer function can be extracted by performing the frequency response test on the system. The step response test can also be performed easily but the extraction of transfer function from the step response data is quite a laborious procedure. The frequency response is easily evaluated from the sinusoidal transfer function which can be obtained simply by replacing s with j in the system transfer function T(s). the transfer function T(j) thus obtained, is a complex function of frequency and has both magnitude and a phase angle.`

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

F r e q u e n c y
R

r e s p o n s e
1

o f
C

R C
1

c i r c u i t

1 k

0 . 1 u F

C R O

F V

R A

E M

Q P

1 K 5

F r e q u e n c y
R

r e s p o n s e
1

o f
L 1 5 0 m

R L

c i r c u i t

2 H

1 k

C R O

F V

R A

E M

Q P

= L =

1 K 5

PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Input voltage amplitude is kept constant. 3. By varying the frequency in the signal generator note down the voltage across the resistor (Vo). 4. Calculate the gain in dB. 5. Plot the readings in a semi log graph sheet. TABULATION FOR RC CIRCUIT: S.no Frequency(Hz) Voltage Vo(V) Gain=Vo/Vin Gain in dB

TABULATION FOR RL CIRCUIT: S.no Frequency(Hz) Voltage Vo(V) Gain=Vo/Vin Gain in dB

RESULT: Thus the frequency response of RL and RC circuit is plotted.

EX.NO:3
AIM:

VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS LAWS

To conduct a suitable experiment to verify Kirchoffs laws. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Components Resistor Ammeter Multimeter Regulated power supply Connecting wires few Rate 100 ohm 220 ohm (0-500) mA (0-30)V Quantity 3 1 1 1 1

THEORY: Kirchoffs voltage law:

When the current passes through a resistor, there is a loss of energy and, therefore, a voltage drop. In any element, the current always flows from higher potential to lower potential. As the current passes through the circuit, the sum of the voltage drop around the loop is equal to the total voltage in that loop. Let the voltage source be V and the resistors R1, R2, R3. If the current is I then I=V/ (R1+R2+R3). Kirchoffs current law: It states that algebraic sum of the currents entering any point is equal to the sum of the currents leaving that point. The point may be the interconnection of one or more branches.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
C i r c u t d i a g r a m f o r K V L

( 0 - 1 5 ) V ( 0 - 1 5 ) V
+

V
R 1 2 1 2 0 o h m R 1 1 0 V 1 1 0 V + 0 o 0 o h m 2 R 2

V
+ R 1 1 0 0 o h m 1 3 3 0 o h m

Vh

( 0 - 1 5 ) V

( 0 - 1 5 )V V
-

1 1 0 V

C i r c u t
R 1 o h m

d i a g r a m
R 1 2 2 0 R

f o r

K C L

( 0 - 5 0 ) m A

1 0 0

o h m 1 2 2 0

( 0 - 5 0 ) m A

1 3 3 0 o h m V 1 1 0 V

+o

( 0 - 5 0 ) m A

1 1 0 0 o h m

1 1 0 V

( 0 - 5 0 ) m A

PROCEDURE: Kirchoffs voltage law: 1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Adjust the RPS to 12V. 3. Note down the voltage readings from the voltmeter. 4. Verify the result with analytical calculations. 1. 2. 3. 4. Kirchoffs current law: Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Adjust the RPS to 12V. Note down the current readings from the ammeter. Verify the result with analytical calculations TABULATION: KVL: S.no Theoretical value(V) Practical value(V)

KCL: S.no Theoretical value(A) Practical value(A)

RESULT: Thus Kirchoffs current and voltage laws are verified.