A2 Organic Reactions / Reagents & Conditions 1.

i.

GRIGNARD REAGENTS
Preparation: HALOALKANE + Mg GRIGNARD Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heat under reflux 2) Dry Ether 3) Single Crystal of Iodine catalyst if needed Reactions: GRIGNARD + CO2(cold/solid) (+1C)CARBOXYLIC ACID + MgBrCl
(+1C = the addition of one Carbon molecule to the chain)

i.
ii. iii.

iv.

GRIGNARD + METHANAL (+1C) 1 ALCOHOL + MgBrCl GRIGNARD + Other ALDEHYDES (+1C) 2 ALCOHOL +MgBrCl GRIGNARD + KETONE (+1C)3 ALCOHOL + MgBrCl Reagents and Conditions: 1) Dry Reagents 2) With HCl

2. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Preparation: i. 1 ALCOHOLS + 2[O] CARBOXYLIC ACID + WATER Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heat under Reflux 2) Potassium Dichromate / H2SO4 ii. Hydrolysis of Nitriles NITRILE + 2H2O + HCl CARBOXYLIC ACID + NH4Cl Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heat under reflux 2) With dilute HCl Reactions: i. CARBOXYLIC ACID + NaOH CARBOXYLATE SALT + H2O ii. CARBOXYLIC ACID + Na2CO3/NaHCO3 CARBOXYLATE SALT + H2O + CO2 iii. CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL ESTER + H2O Reagents and Conditions: 1) Warmed under reflux 2) With concentrated H2SO4 iv. CARBOXYLIC ACID + PCl5 ACID CHLORIDE + POCl3 + HCl Reagents and Conditions: 1) Dry / room temperature v. CARBOXYLIC ACID + 4[H] ALCOHOL + H2O Reagents and Conditions: 1) LiAlH4 in dry ether 2) With HCl

3. ACID CHLORIDES:

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Preparation: CARBOXYLIC ACID + PCl5 ACID CHLORIDE + HCl + POCl3 Reactions: ACID CHLORIDE + H2O CARBOXYLIC ACID + HCl ACID CHLORIDE + ALCOHOL ESTER + HCl ACID CHLORIDE + (concentrated)AMMONIA AMIDE + NH4Cl ACID CHLORIDE + AMINE SUBSTITUTED AMIDE + HCl

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4. ESTERS:

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ii. i.

ii.

Preparation: CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL ESTER + H2O Reagents and Conditions: 1) Warmed under reflux 2) With concentrated H2SO4 ACID CHLORIDE + ALCOHOL ESTER + HCl Reactions: ESTER + NaOH ALCOHOL + CARBOXYLATE SALT Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heat under reflux ESTER + H2O CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL Reagents and Conditions: 1) Warmed under reflux 2) With concentrated H2SO4

5. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS:

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Preparation Aldehydes: 1 ALCOHOL + [O] ALDEHYDE + H2O Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heat under DISTILLATION 2) Potassium Dichromate / H2SO4 Preparation Ketones: 2 ALCOHOL + [O] KETONE + H2O Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heat under reflux 2) Potassium Dichromate / H2SO4 Reactions Both Aldehydes and Ketones: CARBONYL + 2,4-DNPH YELLOW/ORANGE PPT. + H2O Aldehyde + HCN n-HYDROXY ALKYLNITRILE Reagents and Conditions: 1) HCN / KCN in pH 8 buffer solution Ketone + HCN n-HYDROXY-n-METHYL ALKYLNITRILE Reagents and Conditions: 1) HCN / KCN in pH 8 buffer solution CARBONYL + 2[H] ALCOHOL (Aldehyde = 1 / Ketone = 2) Reagents and Conditions: 1) LiAlH4 in dry ether CARBONYL + GRIGNARD ALCOHOL (Methanal=1Ald=2/Ket=3) + MgBrCl Reagents and Conditions: 1) In dry ether 2) HCl Iodoform of Ethanal and Methyl Ketones (-COCH3): ETHANAL + 3I2 + 4NaOH CHI3 + 3NaI + SODIUM METHANOATE + 3H2O METHYL KETONE + 3I2 + 4NaOH CHI3 + 3NaI + SODIUM CARBOXYLATE + 3H2O Reactions Aldehydes ONLY: Aldehyde + [O] + OH- RED PPT. + CARBOXYLATE SALT + H2O Reagents and Conditions: 1) Warmed with Fehlings Solution Aldehyde + [O] + OH- SILVER MIRROR + CARBOXYLATE SALT + H2O Reagents and Conditions: 1) Warmed

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2) With Silver Nitrate in dilute Ammonia

6. 1 AMINES
i. Preparation: NITRILE + 4[H] AMINE Reagents and Conditions: 1) LiAlH4 in dry ether HALOALKANE + NH3 AMINE + HX Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heated in a sealed tube 2) Concentrated NH3 Reactions With ACIDS AMINE + HCl ALKYL AMMONIUM+CHLORIDEAMINE + CH3COOH ALKYL AMMONIUM ETHANOATE Reactions With ACID CHLORIDES AMINE + ACID CHLORIDE SUBSTITUTED AMIDE + HCl

ii.

i. ii.

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7. NITRILES
i. ii. Preparation: HALOALKANE + KCN (+1C)NITRILE + KX Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heat under reflux 2) Aqueous Ethanol CARBONYL + HCN HYDROXY NITRILE Reagents and Conditions: 1) HCN / KCN in pH 8 buffer solution Reactions: NITRILE + H+ + 2H2O CARBOXYLIC ACID + AMMONIUM+ (hydrolysis) Reagents and Conditions: 1) Heat under reflux 2) With acid / HCl NITRILE + 4[H] 1 AMINE Reagents and Conditions: 1) LiAlH4 in dry ether

i.
ii.

8. AMIDES:
Preparation: i. ACID CHLORIDE + NH3 AMIDE + HCl ii. ACID CHLORIDE + AMINE AMIDE R + HCl Reactions: i. Dehydration: 6AMIDE + P4O10 6NITRILE + 4H3PO4 Simplified: AMIDE - H2O NITRILE Reagents and Conditions: 1) With warm P4O10 ii. Hoffmans Degradation: AMIDE + Br2 + 4NaOH (-1C) AMINE + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O Simplified: RCONH2 RNH2 Reagents and Conditions: 1) Warmed under DISTILLATION 2) Br2 / NaOH

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9. AMINO ACIDS:
Reactions: i. With Acids: NH2CH2COOH + H+ NH3+CH2COOH ii. With Bases: NH2CH2COOH + OH- NH2CH2COO- + H2O

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