Hnw dn Bcams In RC BuI!dIngs RcsIst Earthquakcs?

Earthquakc TI
18
|carning
|ar|nuua|c Dcsign
and
Ccns|ruc|icn
Reinforcement und Seismic Dumuqe
In RC luiIdings, lhe veilicaI and hoiizonlaI
nenleis (i.c.. lhe ocans and cc|unns) aie luiIl
inlegiaIIv vilh each olhei. Thus, undei lhe aclion of
Ioads, lhev acl logelhei as a franc liansfeiiing foices
fion one lo anolhei. This Tip is neanl foi leans lhal
aie pail of a luiIding fiane and caiiv eailhquake-
induced foices.
8cans in RC luiIdings have lvo sels of sleeI
ieinfoicenenl, naneIv: (a) Iong sliaighl lais (caIIed
|cngi|udina| oars) pIaced aIong ils Ienglh, and (l) cIosed
Ioops of snaII dianelei sleeI lais (caIIed s|irrups)
pIaced veilicaIIv al ieguIai inleivaIs aIong ils fuII
Ienglh (Iiguie 1).






















eans suslain lvo lasic lvpes of faiIuies, naneIv:
(a)||cxura| (cr 8cnding) |ai|urc: As lhe lean sags undei
incieased Ioading, il can faiI in lvo possilIe vavs.
If ieIaliveIv noie sleeI is piesenl on lhe lension
face, conciele crusncs in ccnprcssicn: lhis is a ori|||c
faiIuie and is lheiefoie undesiialIe. If ieIaliveIv
Iess sleeI is piesenl on lhe lension face, lhe sleeI
vieIds fiisl (il |ccps c|cnga|ing lul does nol snap, as
sleeI has aliIilv lo slielch Iaige anounls lefoie il
snaps: see ||TK-8MTPC |ar|nuua|c Tip 9) and
iedisliilulion occuis in lhe lean unliI evenluaIIv
lhe conciele crusncs in ccnprcssicn: lhis is a duc|i|c
faiIuie and hence is desiialIe. Thus, noie sleeI on
lension face is nol necessaiiIv desiialIe! The ducliIe
faiIuie is chaiacleiized vilh nanv veilicaI ciacks
slailing fion lhe slielched lean face, and going
lovaids ils nid-deplh (Iiguie 2a).
(l)Sncar |ai|urc. A lean nav aIso faiI due lo sheaiing
aclion. A sheai ciack is incIined al 45 lo lhe
hoiizonlaI: il deveIops al nid-deplh neai lhe
suppoil and giovs lovaids lhe lop and lollon
faces (Iiguie 2l). CIosed Ioop sliiiups aie piovided
lo avoid such sheaiing aclion. Sheai danage occuis
vhen lhe aiea of lhese sliiiups is insufficicn|.
Sheai faiIuie is liillIe, and lheiefoie, sheai faiIuie
nusl le avoided in lhe design of RC leans.
Desiqn Struteqy
Designing a lean invoIves lhe seIeclion of i|s
na|cria| prcpcr|ics (i.c. giades of sleeI lais and conciele)
and snapc and sizc: lhese aie usuaIIv seIecled as a pail
of an oveiaII design slialegv of lhe vhoIe luiIding.
And, lhe ancun| and dis|riou|icn cf s|cc| lo le piovided
in lhe lean nusl le deleinined lv peifoining design
caIcuIalions as pei is:456-2OOO and IS1392O-1993.























LongiludinaI lais aie piovided lo iesisl fIexuiaI
ciacking on lhe side of lhe lean lhal slielches. Since
lolh lop and lollon faces slielch duiing sliong
eailhquake shaking (||TK-8MTPC |ar|nuua|c Tip 17),
IongiludinaI sleeI lais aie iequiied on lolh faces al lhe
ends and on lhe lollon face al nid-Ienglh (Iiguie 3).
The Indian DucliIe DelaiIing Code IS1392O-1993
piesciiles lhal:
(a) Al Ieasl lvo lais go lhiough lhe fuII Ienglh of lhe
lean al lhe lop as veII as lhe lollon of lhe lean.
(l) Al lhe ends of leans, lhe anounl of sleeI piovided
al lhe lollon is al Ieasl haIf lhal al lop.
Figure 1: SteeI reinforcement in beams - stirrups
prevent longitudinal bars from bending outwards.
Figure 2: Two types of damage in a beam:
flexure damage is preferred. Longitudinal bars
resist the tension forces due to bending while
vertical stirrups resist shear forces.
Inclined crack
FIexure FaiIure
Shear FaiIure (b)
(a)
Bottom face stretches in tension
and vertical cracks develop
Longitudinal Bar
Larger diameter steel bars that
go through the full length of the
beam
Vertical Stirrup
Smaller diameter steel
bars that are made into
closed loops and are
placed at regular
intervals along the full
length of the beam
45
Beam
CoIumn
CoIumn
CoIumn
Beam
Beam
IITK-BMTPC Earthquakc TI 18
Hnw dn Bcams In RC BuI!dIngs RcsIst Earthquakcs? pagc 2

Sliiiups in RC leans heIp in lhiee vavs, naneIv
(i) lhev caiiv lhe veilicaI sheai foice and lheielv iesisl
diagonaI sheai ciacks (Iiguie 2l), (ii) lhev piolecl lhe
conciele fion luIging oulvaids due lo fIexuie, and
(iii) lhev pievenl lhe luckIing of lhe conpiessed
IongiludinaI lais due lo fIexuie. In nodeiale lo seveie
seisnic zones, lhe Indian Slandaid IS1392O-1993
piesciiles lhe foIIoving iequiienenls ieIaled lo
sliiiups in ieinfoiced conciele leans:
(a)The dianelei of sliiiup nusl le al Ieasl 6nn: in
leans noie lhan 5n Iong, il nusl le al Ieasl 8nn.
(l)olh ends of lhe veilicaI sliiiups shouId le lenl
in|c a 135 hook (Iiguie 4) and exlended
sufficienlIv levond lhis hook lo ensuie lhal lhe
sliiiup does nol open oul in an eailhquake.
(l) The spacing of veilicaI sliiiups in anv poilion of
lhe lean shouId le deleinined fion caIcuIalions
(c) The naxinun spacing of sliiiups is Iess lhan haIf
lhe deplh of lhe lean (Iiguie 5).
(d) Ioi a Ienglh of lvice lhe deplh of lhe lean fion
lhe face of lhe coIunn, an even noie sliingenl
spacing of sliiiups is specified, naneIv haIf lhe
spacing nenlioned in (c) alove (Iiguie 5).



















SleeI ieinfoicenenl lais aie avaiIalIe usuaIIv in
Ienglhs of 12-14n. Thus, il lecones necessaiv lo
oveiIap lais vhen leans of Iongei Ienglhs aie lo le
nade. Al lhe Iocalion of lhe Iap, lhe lais liansfei Iaige
foices fion one lo anolhei. Thus, lhe Indian Slandaid
IS:1392O-1993 piesciiles lhal such Iaps of IongiludinaI
lais aie (a) nade avav fion lhe face lhe coIunn, and
(l) nol nade al Iocalions vheie lhev aie IikeIv lo
slielch lv Iaige anounls and vieId (c.g.. lollon lais al
nid-Ienglh of lhe lean). Moieovei, al lhe Iocalions of
Iaps, veilicaI sliiiups shouId le piovided al a cIosei
spacing (Iiguie 6).































ReIuted - Eurthquuke Tip
Tl 9: Hou to Make Bul|dlngs Ductl|e for Good Selsmlc
Performance?
Tl 17: Hou do Earthquakes Affect Relnforced Concrete Bul|dlngs?
Resource MuteriuI
IS 1392O, (1993), |ndian S|andard Ccdc cf Prac|icc fcr Duc|i|c Dc|ai|ing cf
Rcinfcrccd Ccncrc|c S|ruc|urcs Suojcc|cd |c Scisnic |crccs, uieau of
Indian Slandaids, Nev DeIhi.
IauIav,T., and IiieslIev,M.I.N., Scisnic Dcsign cf Mascnru and
Rcinfcrccd Ccncrc|c 8ui|dings, Iohn WiIev & Sons, USA, 1992.
McCiegoi,I.M., Rcinfcrccd Ccncrc|c Mccnanics and Dcsign, Thiid
Ldilion, Iienlice HaII, USA, 1997.
Net Upcominq Tip
Hov do CoIunns in RC uiIdings Resisl Lailhquakes`















Au|ncrcd ou.
C.V.R.Muilv
Indian Inslilule of TechnoIogv Kanpui
Kanpui, India
Spcnscrcd ou.
uiIding MaleiiaIs and TechnoIogv Iionolion
CounciI, Nev DeIhi, India
TIs )ccusc s u p)opc)tu o] IIT Kunpu) und HMTPC Ncu
DcI. It nuu Ic )cp)oduccd utIout cIungng ts contcnts
und utI duc ucInoucdgcncnt. Suggcstons/conncnts
nuu Ic scnt to. cqtpsmtI.uc.n. Visi| vvv.nicee.oig oi
vvv.lnlpc.oig, lc scc prcticus ||TK-8MTPC |ar|nuua|c Tips.
Scp|cnocr 2003
Figure 3: Location and amount of IongitudinaI
steeI bars in beams these resist tension due to
flexure.
At least 2 bars should go
full length of beam
Figure 6: DetaiIs of Iapping steeI reinforcement
in seismic beams as per IS13920-1993.
Lapping prohibited in
regions where
longitudinal bars can
yield in tension
Lapping of longitudinal bars
Spacing of stirrups
as per caIcuIations
(but not more than
d/2)
d
Spacing of stirrups
as calculated
(but not more than d/4
and 8 times beam bar
diameter)
2d
2d
2d 2d
Figure 5: Location and amount of verticaI stirrups
in beams IS:13920-1993 limit on maximum
spacing ensures good earthquake behaviour.
Spacing of stirrups
not more than 150mm
Figure 4: SteeI reinforcement in seismic beams
- stirrups with 135 hooks at ends required as per
IS:13920-1993.
The ends of stirrups
are bent at 135.
Such stirrups do not
open during strong
earthquake shaking.
10 times
diameter of
stirrup
135
135
Horizontal
Spacing
TotaI amount of steeI
from caIcuIation
Bottom steel at supports
at least half of that at top
Beam
Column Column
Column
Column
Beam
Spacing of stirrups
as calculated
(but not more than d/4
and 8 times beam bar
diameter)

Column
Beam
Column
Preferred:
135 hooks in
adjacent
stirrups on
alternate sides