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  • Agfa Formulas

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    Pedro Mendonca
    295 tayangan36 halaman
    Photographic formulas for bw photography

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    Photographic formulas for bw photography

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    295 tayangan36 halaman

    Agfa Formulas

    Diunggah oleh

    Pedro Mendonca
    Photographic formulas for bw photography

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 36
    CONTENTS CHEMISTRY FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHER Asitation...... z Compensation of non-standard temperatures. 6 Components and action of developers...esvsee 1 Composition and function of fixer. 3 Developer exhaustion... 3 Importance and use of shortstop. 4 Suxgestions for troublesfeee miximg.....c....5$ ALPHABETICAL INDEX Me Name Pose 201 Acid Hardening Fixer. 2 210 Acid ShortStop.... er 113. Amidol Paper Developer .17 202 Chrome Alum Fixer cea 216 jum Hardening Bath. 1a 332, Chromium Imensifer, 137 110 Direct Brown-Black Paper Develaper....... 17 310. Farmer's Reducer +26 Fine-Grain Borax Tank Developer. 8 17M E.G. Metabornve Tank Developer. oa 311 Hartentog Restucer. 126 72 tu LIS Gillcin Hydroauinone Developer. c2.20000.2 18 231 Gold Toner... taste 25, 73 Hih Contrast Mell Tray Developer... 14 90 High Contrast McH Tray Developer - 16 70 Hydroquinone Caustic Develope Dia 2 Das 2a 3 20 ar) a 210 32 3 40 MH Tray Developer. fio sf Mi Ten Devatore. oar) Mercury Intensiier. $26 744M Meahorate Developer.sccscrcecccitt ag 47° Metol Hydroauinone Developer. Rite 125 Metol Hydroaninone Developer. 19 331 Monckhoven’s Ioten iat 223. Nelson Gold Toner 24 203 Noo-hardening Metibisulphite Fixec....... 22 103. Paper Developer... 16 125. Paper and Files Developer....e.scese-er--0 19 79 Paraformaldchyde Developer. 8 351 Pioakrypeol Green Desens 28 332. Pinakrypeol Yellow Desensitizer 0.000.022 45 Pyro Developer. aimee 64 Rapid M-H Tropical Developer, Ls 17. Replenisher for. LYM Replenisher for, X-Ray Developer. ‘AGFA FORMULAS: see BBS 29 9 Axta Photographic Chemicals and Preparations. 31 L7A Replenisher. L7ME. G. Metahorate Tank Develape L7M Replenish ATA Replenisher 48M Metaborate Developer. -.- 48M Replenisher Pa sa 332 351 332 NUMERICAL INDEX Name Fine-Grain Borax ‘Tank Developer. M-H Tank Developer... Pyro Dexetopes Metal Hydroquinone Developer H Tray Developer 0.2 sssosese Tropical Developer... wone Caustic Developer High Contrast M-H Tray Developer. Paraformaldehyde Developer. High Contrast M-H Tray Developer. Paper Developer, Direct Brown-Blick Paper Developer.....-. 17 Amidol Paper Developee...csc-s0++ 7 Glycin Hydroazinone Developer. Soft-working Paper Developer. Paper and-Film Developer. . Universal Paper Developer. Warm-oned Paper Developer. Acid Hardening Fisee, Chrome Alum Fixer Nomhardening Metal Acid Short-Stop.... Chrome Alum Hardening Math... Sepia Toner. Tron Blue Toners cose. Farmer's Reducer. Flattening Reducers. ..1.2.2 Mercury Intensifier_ Moncklioven’s Intensifer, Pinakryptol Yellow. (Gallon, quart and fluid ounce quantities listed are expressed in U. §. liquid measure.) (Copyright YL Geoeral Ailing and File Carpowation a CHEMISTRY FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHER eee Eas everywhere realize the importance which chemistry holds in photographic work, but often consider the subject too formidable and involved for application to their own work. This discussion has been prepared to help dispel that fear, and co show char theoretical knowledge is unimportant if the photogra- pher knows in a practical way, what is in a developing or hee solution, why it is there and how it accomplishes its own particular job. ‘The general structure of photographic film, its components of nitro cellulose Cor acetyl cellulose) base, emulsion coating of gelatin which contains suspended particles of light-sensitive silver salt, and auxiliary layers for such purposes as prevention of halation, are common knowledge among photographers. The chemistry involved in this branch of the science is held under precise control by the manufacturer and Causes the photogcapher little concer. Photographic chemistry begins to affect the photographer more directly in the developing and fixing operations carried out with film and paper. It is therefore well worth while to consider first the composition and function of the develop- ing solution to see what it contains and what it docs to effect development. When a photographic emulsion is ex- ed to light, the silver salt (silver mide, chloride or iodide) which the light reaches, undergoes a definite though invisible change to form what is known as the latent image. It is not yet definitely known just how this change takes place, but ic is believed that the exposed pares of the emulsion gain a certain “activation’* that makes them susceptible to the reduc- ing action of a developer. When placed in a developing solution the exposed, “‘acti- vated" particles of silver salt are reduced crencaily to black metallic silver, leaving the unexposed particles of silver sale un- changed. Reduction in this sense does not have the meaning commonly thought of in the photographic field, namely, the lessen- ing of density in a film negative. This ebemical reduction is 2 conversion of the silver salt to free silver and for the reaction one of more reducing agents—which pho- tographers call "‘developers'” are necessary. ‘THE DEVELOPER'S BASIC COMPONENT There are many chemicals which are reducing agents, but most of them are too powerful to be used for developing because they reduce all the silver salt in the emul- sion without regard to the latent image which exposure in the camera has pro- duced. Therefore a reducing agent must be selected which is satisfactory as a developer and which confines its action to the ex- posed particles of silver salt, leaving the remainder unaffected. Of the reducing agents that are satisfactory for photo- ‘graphic use, metol, hydroquinone and pyro Gre most commonly used, and there are in addition other developing agents such as glycin, amidol and rodinal frequently em- Sloyed. There are also several developing agents on the market under different names from metal, but which are basically the same chemical—monomethy!-para-amino- phenol-sul phate. As has been indicated, the chemical action of these developing agents is funda- mentally the same. The photographic effect, however, depends to a large extent ‘on the particular developing agent and the way in which ir is bead ethane many developers contain 2 combination of de- veloping agents, and one formula may. have, for example, a high percentage of hydroquinone to produce brilliant photo- graphic images while another formula may use a larger ratio of metol to produce softer results. 1 Te is obvious therefore, that great care should be taken in the preparation of de- veloping solutions, for a slight error in the type or amount of the developing agents or the other constituents too, for thar matter) may have a serious effect on the behavior of the developer. Most successful photographers have found that ic is far ‘wiser to use the formulas recommended by the manufacturer and to make sure solu- tions are carefully and accurately mixed, than to spend time on individual experi- menting or research. The use of recom- mended formulas is undoubtedly one of the most important helps to getting good results in film development. OTHER INGREDIENTS OF THE DEVELOPING SOLUTION The function and impottance of the developing agent in the developer have both been mentioned—but there are three: other components which also play an important role in any developing solution. The firse of these is the alkali—which is ordinarily essential for development. Most of the developing agents in use today are neutral or slightly acid in their normal state, and in this condition give little or no developing action, However, when an alkaline sale like sodium carbonate is in- troduced into the solution containing the developing agent, a very interesting change takes place. The developing agent forms what is called an alkaline salt which in a photographic sense is a more active ma- verial, and it is this alkaline salt of the developing agent chat actually reduces the exposed grains of silver salt to metallic silver. The alkali has a secondary effect in the developing solution which is also im- portant. It helps the gelatin emulsion to swell and thus facilicates the penetration of the developing solution throughout the nctwork layer of the emulsion. 2 It is obyious that the alkali is a really important component of the developing solution and it is likewise evident that care must be exercised in using the right kind and correct amount of alkali. Sodium carbonate is normally recommended though potassium carbonate is sometimes used in its place. The caustic alkali sodium hydroxide and porassium hydrox- ide, should not be substituted unless defi- nitely specified as they are much stronger and can easily cause fog. Normally they are used only in special-purpose developers giving high contrast. Borax and similar alkalis which are less energetic are often specified for fine-grain development in which grain size must be controlled by softer development. Another alkali used for photographic work is sodium meta- borate which is helpful in reducing blister formation where it is difficult to control the temperature of processing solutions during hot weather. The amount of alkali should of course be weighed accurately to the amount speci- fied, as too much may cause fog in de- veloped negatives; too little may result in slow, soft developmene. It is important to- remember when using carbonate, that the potassium salt is generally available only in the anhydrous form, while the more generally used sodium sale can be obtained as (1) the anhydrous salt containing about 2% ‘water, (2) the monohydrated salt containing about 159 water, or (3) in crystal form containing about 63% water. The anhydrous and crysralline forms are both unstable ar ordinary conditions of temperature and humidicy, and must be kept in tightly sealed containers and used with great care to prevent cofsiderable absorption of water from the atmosphere by the anhydrous salt, or loss of water by the crystalline form. "The monohydrated form of sodium carbonate is stable and therefore preferred by most photographers for accurate preparation of developing solutions. THE IMPORTANCE OF A PRESERVATIVE It is a characteristic of many photo- graphic reducing agents in alkaline solu- tions to combine freely and easily with oxygen. Because of this “hunger” for oxygen, alkaline solutions of the develop- ing agents spoil very quickly when exposed to air. To increase their useful life, to al- low the developing agene to do its work on the exposed silver halide as desired, and to prevent the occurrence of stains, a pre- servative must be added to the developing solution. Sodium sulphite is ordinarily used as the preservative, though in developers pre- pared for stock in two solutions, presctva- tives which are slightly acid in solurion such as sodium bisulphite and potassium metabisulphite are preferred, Because de- veloping agents keep better in acid solu- tion than in one which is alkaline, ir is common practice to use one of these acid sulphites as the preservative in the de- veloper part of the stock solution. In single- solution developers, sodium bisulphite is never used alone as a preservative since it neutralizes some of the alkali in the solu- tion and would result in softer develop- ment. One other interesting point about preservatives is that in some cases the pre- servative performs a secondary function in the developer. In some fine-grain devel- opers, for instance, a large amount of sodium sulphite is used to aid in keeping grain size at a minimum. The fourth and final important com- ponent of the typical developing solution 4s the restrainer, potassium bromide. This necessary constituent of the developin; solution acts as a “’brake'’ on the Picea reaction of development and keeps the operation under control. The action of the restrainer is such that an increase in the concentration of potassium bromide in the developer tends to slow down or “‘restrain’* the development of the photographic image. The concentration of potassium bromide in the solution is obviously im- portanr, for too much may retard develop- ment excessively and indicate an apparent loss of speed while too lictle may permic development of fog. DEVELOPER EXHAUSTION The chemical reaction of development results in a depletion of certain constituents of the developing solution so that with continued use the developer becomes less eficient. This “‘exhaustion” of the de- veloper is characterized by a loss in effec- tive speed and gradation of the photo- graphic emulsion (of importance in both film and paper development) and by a change in tone of the developed image (of special importance in making prints). In consequence of this condition, it is stan- dard practice to use fresh developing solu- tion whenever possible, as it is good in- surance of obtaining uniformly optimum results with photographic films and papers. There ate, however, occasions when a rather large quantity of developer must be sae in use, as in the tank development of films, and in such circumstances it be- comes desirable, for reasons of economy, to prolong the usefulness of the developer by the addition of a “‘replenisher’® solution which replaces solution carried away on developed films and helps restore the balance of active ingredients in the solu- tion. For replenishers for Agfa formulas commonly uscd in tank development, sce the formulas appended to Agfa 17, 17M, 47 and 48M. By the occasional addition of such re- plenishers to maintain a constant volume of solution in the developing tank, che useful life of the developer can be pro- longed three to four times without seriously degrading the quality of de- veloped negatives. If large amounts of replenisher are to be added at any one time, the activity of the solution may be so increased thar developing time will have to be shortened excessively, unless the replenisher is diluted somewhat with water, Frequent requests are made for informa- tion on the exhaustion characteristics of a developer so that the user may have some idea of the amount of film or paper that may be safely processed. The ac- curacy of information given on this point depends largely on the three following factors which should be considered when interpreting data oa exhaustion charac teristics. 1. The rate of exhaustion is greatly in- fluenced by the type of negatives or prints. When average density is high, exhaustion will be faster. When average density is low, exhaustion will occur more slowly. . The useful life of a developer is short- ened by oxidation caused by contact with air, Exhaustion characteristics will, therefare, depend greatly on the age and manner in which the solution is used. The degree of permissible exhaustion of paper developers is also dependent on the acceptable tolerance in variation of image tone of prints. Fxhaustion figures cited below are based on what are nor- mally considered acceptable prints, and may require modification if unusually critical standards of uniformity of image tone are established. With a iate regard given to the fice tenes abo ee following figures on developer exhaustion may be applied in practice. Agfa film developers 17, 17M, 47 and 48M can be safely used without replenishment for the develop- ment of 24 rolls of B2 size Cor an equivalent amount of other size film) per gallon of developer if compensation in developing time is made as the solution is used. On the basis of a gallon of developing solution the increase in developing time amounts to ap- proximately 10% for every four rolls of lm processed—or more simply, 10% in- crease per roll per quart of developer. ‘When used with their respective replen- ishers at the rate of 34 to 44 ounce or more of replenisher per roll of film, these developers may be used for approximately 4 Fd 200 B2 rolls per gallon of original developer without necessitating an increase in the original time of development. When add- ing replenisher, maintain original volume of developer discarding, if necessary, some used develaper. ‘Agfa paper developers 103, 125 and 135 may be used satisfactorily without te- plenishment for the development of from 100 to 125 8 x 10-inch prints per gallon of working strength developer. This quan- tity assumes a change of tone within ac- ceptable limits and a slight and progressive increase in exposure and developing time in order to maintain constant prin quality throughout the life of the solution. THE IMPORTANCE OF A SHORT STOP As negatives or prints are removed from the developing solution, they catry with them considerable amounts of alkali and other chemicals which can contaminate the fixing bath and interfere with its action. Used-up developer carried along with negatives and prints can also cause troublesome stains if some method is not used ro stop development instantly and completely. The best and most reliable way of doing this is the well-known short-stop bath of dilute acetic acid which neutralizes any alkali remaining on negatives or ints and prevents contamination of the Fring sohueon, Yer it 4s surprising how many photographers still try to get along without this intermediate bach between developmenc and fixation. It is true that an acid fixing bath will give satisfactory results without the use of a prelimin; short-stop bath, buc ics useful life is severely limited when a short-stop is not used. Photographers frequently ask why acetic acid is used for the short-stop bath and fixing bath instead of other common acids like hydrochloric or sulphuric. The an- swer lies in the fact that a relatively large amount of acid must be available but the 6 solucion must not be too strongly acid. Consequently a compound is used which is weak in acidity but which has available a high reserve of acid to neutralize alkali. A correspondingly larger amount of the weak acetic acid may therefore be used than could be used of a strong acid. COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION OF THE FIXING BATH The procedure of fixation is relatively simple but it should be carried out wich considerable care as it can be the source of much trouble when improperly handled The photographic film negative upon re- moval from the developing solution is still sensitive to light, as it contains un- developed silver sale in the shadow por- tions of the ae To make the negative image permanent by removing this unde- saloped ailoee salt, as well as to make it clear and transparent for printing, the action of the familiar fixing bach muse be employed, The principal constituent of the fixing solution issodium thiosulphate, more commonly known as ‘hypo’ (from its older name of sodium hyposulphite), for in solution this useful chemical has the property of dissolving light-scasitive silver salts. The method by which the silver sale is removed is generally considered as, first, a conversion to a soluble double salt by the hypo, and second, the washing out of this soluble salt with water. The conventional fixing solution gener- ally contains other chemicals in addition to the hypo. Acetic acid is often included to aid in regulating the acidity of the fixing solution and to prevent stains. How- ever, a hypo solution containing much acid’ is apt co precipitate sulphur, so aseies enica (enn eginhlie ie added to prevent this unwanted reaction. An additional component of the usual fixing bath is the hardening agent which prevents frilling and softening of the gela- tin emulsion. White potassium alum (potassium aluminum sulphate) is usually employed for cele eee though some photographers prefer potassium chrome alum with a small amount of sul- phucic acid, Care must be used wich chrome alum as the hardener, however, as it rapid ly loses its serength and is only truly effective when a fresh solution is used. Fixing baths will scldom if ever give trouble when properly prepared from pure chemicals. If a bath turns milky after Preparation, it indicates that sulphur is precipitating because of too much or too strong an acid, too little sulphite, too high a temperature of the solution, or improper mixing. A milky appearance of the bath during use is due to the preseuce of excess alkali and indicates that the bath should be replaced. Ir is important not ta aver- work the fixing bath, because a nearly exhausted fixing solution will not com- pletely remove the silver salts, and prints or negatives may turn yellow or stain on aging. A gallon of ‘tandard eeenate fixing bath should fix 100 8 x 10" double-weight prints or their equivalence. Between 100 and 120 rolls of B2 film (or equivalent) may be fixed in one gallon of standard- strength fixing bath if the films have pre- viously been rinsed in a short-stop bath or lain water. When the bath ths or foams, it should be replaced. Many photographers have found a convenient, certain and economical method of insuring complete fixation lies in the use of cwo fixing solutions. Fixing is carried out first in the more used of the two baths and finally in the fresher solution. When the older bath becomes exhausted, the partly used solution takes its place and a fresh fixing bath is prepared for the second solution, SUGGESTIONS FOR TROUBLE-FREE MIXING The first and perhaps most important point to follow in the preparation of solu- tions is that of using chemicals which are “photographically pure’. Chea cial grades of every chemical us graphic processes can be obtained, but many of them contain impurities which are detrimental co perfect results. Chemi- cals which are marked “C.P."" (Chemi- cally Pure) and those which are marketed for photographic purposcs by reliable manufacturers are always safe to use, and can be ded upon. Chemicals marked U.S.P. may be suitable if the amount of imputity present is known to be insignif- icant. This can be determined by looking up the U.S.P. standards for the chemical in question by consulting the edition of the United States Pharmac tench edition (1925) or cleventir edition (1935) as indicated by the number X ar XI which follows the U.S.P. on the chemical con- tainer label. The second most important rule for trouble-free solutions is perhaps that of mixing all components of a solution in the order listed in the formula. This is extremely important and lack of attention to this point can casily result in the forma- tion of precipitates which will nor dis- solve in the solution. A worth while corollary to this rule is to wait uncil each chemical is thoroughly dissolved before adding the next component of the solution. In most single-solution developers the Preservative sodium sulphite is usually added immediately after the developing agent but before rhe hydroquinone if this chemical is used. When two developing agents such as metol and hydroquinone are used, the addition is generally made in the order metol, sulphite, hydroquinone. However, with developing agents like glycin, the sulphite and carbonate are dis- solved first, as the glycin dissolves with greater difficulty otherwise. A third important rule for any photog- rapher is to use the purest warer obrain- able. Innumerable troubles in developing and fixing have been traced to impurities resent in the water. Many photographers ind ita wise decision co use distilled water 6 for all stock solutions, adding cap wacer for dilution. The time required for the preparation of processing solutions can be reduced ma- terially by the use of hoc water (abour 125° F.) as most chemicals dissolve more rapidly in hot than in cold water. A con- venient method of preparing one quart of developer, for instance, is to start with about 24-28 ounces of hot warer (125° F.) and after the addition of all chemicals, to add sufficient cold water to bring the total volume up to 32 ounces. Another point well worth remembering is chat of weighing and measuring all quantities as closely as possible. Particular care should be taken to avoid crrors in small quantities, as a ten-grain error is obviously a very serious one on a fifty- grain quantity, while on a half-pound quantity it might noc have harmful effects. Finally and no less rtant for the order inwhich it is mentioned, is che matter of temperature. The need for uniform regu- lation of temperature cannot be over-em- phasized. While ir has in the past been accepted practice to develop film at 65° F and paper at 70° F., practical considera- tions have resulted in the recommendation of 68° F. for both film and paper develap- ment. Accordingly, all developing times listed in this book have been revised to conform with this standard of 68° F. COMPENSATION OF NON-STANDARD TEMPERATURES While best results are obtained when film development is carried out at 68° F., there are, of course, certain occasions when surrounding conditions are such thar it is impossible to. maintain solutions at this temperature, In instances when the tem- perature is not higher than 75° F. or lower than 60° F., development can be carried out with care if the developing time is modified to keep the contrast of the de- veloped film negative within a desired range. The following table of Time- ‘Temperature Cocflicients indicates the per- centage correction in developing time for a number of popular Agfa formulas. If, for example, it were necessary to use Agta 1740 75°F, with a film normally requiring 12 minutes development at 68° F., the developing time would be reduced 35% to approximately 8 minutes in order to keep contrast within the desired range. Of course, care must be raken in handling wet photographic film at the higher tem- Peratures, as the gelatin emulsion is then more susceptible to scratches and other physical damage TIME-TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS: Percentage Change from Deseleper Denloping Tins Used at 68°F. 60° F, 7 Agfa 17, +65% 35% Agfa 17M. +65% 35% Agfa 20 +85% —35% Agfa 30. . +85% 35% Agta 45 50% 0% Agta 47 +65% 35% Agfa 48M. +65%, 35% Agfa 64... +75% 15% When development is necessary at tem- peratures above 75° F. the use of a chemi- cal, such as sodium sulphate, which acts as a “swelling suppressor" is advisable. For development at 30° F., 100 to 150 grams (334 to 5 ounces) of sodium sulphate ctystals* should be added to each liter (quart) of developer and SEE so thar tection against exccssive swelling will afforded until films have been hardened in the fixing bath. Development time at 80° F. with the proper amount of sodium tnlphate added will be approximate ly 30% Jess than the normal development time at 68° F. If temperature falls below that for “anhydrous sodium sulphate is em- ployed usc 34 the amount specified. which sodium sulphate addition is made, developing time may have to be lengthened 30 to 50% to compensate for loss in de- veloping action. Due to the rapid oxidation of pyro at high temperatures Agfa 45 should not be used at temperatures above 75° F. Another method of minimizing the chance of physical damage caused by processing at high temperatures is the use of a hardening short-stap bath, such as Agfa 216, directly after development. In summation, these methods of high-tem- perature pfocessing should nor be con- Sedna cctorel dereiotapechnrnae bue merely as the best expedicnt when processing solutions cannot be main- tained ar 68° F. AGITATION Developing times listed with formulas shown on later pages of this booklet, as well as the time-temperature compensa- tion methods previously described, are based on effective agitation of the film in the developing solution. Effective agica- tion can be considered to be aay method which provides a continual flow of solu- tion across the surface of the film, bur for actical considerations an intermittent form of agitation can be employed which will adequately remove development by- products and supply fresh developing solution to the emulsion. Such a method requires actual movement of the film in the developer, or developer over the film for 5 seconds out of every minute, and can be achieved by rocking the tray in tray development, or by agitation of the film in the solution when tank develop- ment is employed. The important point is that a eaaLle method of getting effec- tive agitation should be established if uniformly excellent results are to be obtained in film development. ye DEVELOPING FORMULAS AGFA 17 FINE-GRAIN BORAX TANK DEVELOPER In addition to its usefulness as a fine-grain developer, this formula is satisfactory for obtaining soft grad tion with Apla Direct Copy Film, Agfa Direct Duplicating Film and Agfa portrait and press films. Ie 0 recommended for motion picture negative development. This soft-working, fine-grain developer may be obtained in packaged form ready-to-use by ordering “Agia 17 Fine-Grain Developer."” ‘Metric Aveindupais ‘Hot Water (125° F. or 52°C). 7D ec. 24 ounces 3 quarts ApIaIMEtAL assy sad tas psp tao coccee 1.5 grams & 22 grai 8B grains ‘Agfa Sodium Selphite, anhydrous, 80 gram@fae 256 02. 80 gr. 1034 ounces ‘Agfa Hydroquinone. SS 3 grams/a43— grains 4 07. 70 gr. Bott ei 3 grams yat45. grains Kou. 70 gr sassium Brom Sgram 7.5 gral 0 gral fates to make fr fat Gees Ellen Do not dilute for use Tank Development time ac 68° F, (20° C.), 10 to 15 minutes for fine-grain films, 12 to 20 minutes for Direct Copy, Direct Duplicating, and portrait shect films. ‘Tray Development time hr 48° F. (20° C,), 8 to 12 minutes depending on film cype and density desired. AGFA 17A REPLENISHER ‘Add #4 wo 34 ounce of replenisher to Agfa 17 for each roll of B2 film or ¥-cxposure 35mm. film Cor equiva- lene) developed. Maintain original volume of developer, discarding if necessary some used developer. No increase Jn original Geveloplag tite if wecesary when replcaisber ir vsot in this meaner. Availoble i packaged foc by ordering “Agfa 17A Replenisher.” Metric Avwindupeis Hot Water (125° F. of 52°C.),...--..s.000sc00s+ 790 120 grams 4 gunces Paraformaldehyde, 4 30 grains 1 ounce Agia Potassium Metabisulphite 10.5 grams 150. grains ‘Agla Bocic Acid Crystals, 30 grams 1 ounee Agha Hydroquinone.... 50 grams 3 ounces Agfa Potassiui Beomide 6 grams 90 grains Water to make 4 liters 1 gallon Diisolve chemicals in the order given and use solution full strength, Normal development cime 2 to 3 minutes at 68° co 70° F. (20 to 21° C.), For Repsolith Orchochromatic, develop 14 to 3 minutes at same tem- perature. AGFA 81 REPROLITH DEVELOPER This formula may be obtained in packaged form by specifying ‘“Reprolith Developer."" Formiila 81 provides a single-solation developer of excellent keeping quality for the development of Repeolish Film, Maric Avvindepeis Hot water (125* F. or $2°C.). TH ce. 24 ounces 3 quarts Agfa Hydroquinone........0..0. ccs 3S grams 1 oz. 70gr. 434 ounces Agfa Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous 55 grams 134 ounces §——74 ounces ‘Agfa Sodium Carbonate, moaohydrated -- % grams BG ounces 10/4 ounces Agia Citric Acid... aiavete 55 grams 80 grains M ounce Agfa Potassium Bromide 10 grams Hor. 35gr. 154 ounces Water to make . is 1 liter 32 ounces 1 gallon Do not dilure for use. Normal development time within 3 minutes at 68° F. (20° C.), 1s DEVELOPING FORMULAS sss AGFA 90 HIGH CONTRAST M-H TRAY DEVELOPER This developer has been particularly designed for use with Commercial and Process films* wo produce negatives of brilliant contrast. Metrie Acoirdupois Hor Water (125° F. or 52°C.) 750 cc. 24 ounces «= 3. quarts Agia Metol. 3 grams 75 grains Hi 08. 75 gr. Agfa Sodium Sulpbire, anhydrous. 40 grams 130%. 0 gr. 534 ounces Agfa Hydroguinon - 6 grams 88 grains 34 07. 20 gr. Agfa Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated... 40 gram 134 02.40 gr. 5}4 ounces AgGa Porassium Brom 3 grams 45 grains 4 on, 70 gr. Water to make: 1 liner 32 ounces «1 gallon Do not dilute for use. Normal development time; 4 to 6 minutes at 68* F. (20° C.), *For results of higher consrast, this developer may be adapted to give Agfa 73 formula by the addition of three grams of Potassium Bromide per liter of developer (45 grains per 32 0z.), with developing time of 2 t0 3 minutes at 68" F. (20° C.). 390 SSS AGFA 103 PAPER DEVELOPER ‘This formula is recommended as a developer for Convira, Speedex and Brovira papers when cold, blue-black | tones are desired. It may be had in packaged form by ordering Ag(a 103 Developer. Swh Solution Metric Aseindupeis Hot Water (125° F. or 52°C.) 750. ce. 24° ounces = 3 quarss Agla Meco! = 35 grams 50g 02. 95 gr. ‘Agfa Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous. 0.0... 45 gram* U4 ounces 6 ounces? ‘Agfa Hydroquinone 5 11.5 grams an. Sgr. 184 ounces Agfa Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated .......0+++ 78 grams 234 08.35. gr. 1034 ounces ‘Agfa Potassium Bromide... % E L2grams 18 grains 72 rains | Water to make : + 1 lie 32 ounces = 1 gallon | PAPER DEVELOPMENT: Dilute 1 pare stock solution with 2 parts water. For Brovira and similar bromide papers, develop 1 ro 144 minuces ax 68° F. (20° C.). For Speedex and Convita normal development time is 45 seconds. Other contact papers may require I to 134 minutes. For slower, softer development of Brovira dilute 1 to 4. Develop 14 co 3 minutes, at 68° F, (20° C.), “Revised form, 16 DEVELOPING FORMULAS AGFA 110 DIRECT BROWN-BLACK PAPER DEVELOPER Beautiful vvarm tones may be obtained with this developer on both eoatact and projection papers. Stack Solution Metric Hot Water (125° F. or 32° C.).. 70 ec. Agfa Hydroguinon 22.5 grams ‘Apia Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous. $7 grams ‘Agfa Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated. 75 grams ‘Agfa Potassium Bromide... Setereeseoces DiS gout! Water to make ‘ 1 liter For use dilute 1 part stock solution with $ parts water. Avwindupois 24 ounces 3 quarts 34 ounce 3 ounces 1 on. 50g. 734 ounces 244 ounces 10 ounces 40 grains ¥4 or. 50 gr. 32 ounces 1 gallon Give prints 3 to 4 times normal exposure and develop 5 to 7 minutes ar 68° F. (20° C.). AGFA 113 AMIDOL PAPER DEVELOPER ‘This formula is intended for tray development only and must be mixed fresh each time. It is recommended aly for stmall lots of prints. Murric Agla Amida... Pea. 6.6 grams ‘Agta Sodium Suiphite, anhydrous... 44 grams Agfa Potassium Bromide, 55 gram Water t0 make... es ccseseecenserssenesevss vee 1 Titer Avoirdupeis 96 grains 1 ounces. 8 grains 32 ounces Do not dilute for use, If hoc water is used for dissolving chemicals, the sodium sulphite and potassium bromide should be dissolved first and the amidol added only after the solution has cooled. For development of Cykora and similar papers use twice the amount of Potassium Bromide specified above. Develop 1 to 2 minutes at 68" F. (20" C.). 17 DEVELOPING FORMULAS |. AGFA 115 GLYCIN-HYDROQUINONE DEVELOPER, This is a warm-tone developer suitable for Cykon, Cykora, Indiatoae, Brovira, and similar papers. ‘Steck Solution Merrie Avoindupeis Hot Water (125° F. or 52° C.) aa TSO ce 24 Ounces 3 quares Agfa Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous 90 grams 3 ounces 12 counces ‘Agfa Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated -150 grams 5 ounces 1 1b, 40x. Agh Glycin...., ernier t =. 30 gfams 1 ounce 4 ounces Agfa Hydroquinone. 95 grams Hox. 30 gr. Lb oF. 10 ge Agta Potassium Bromide scceeccces 4 grams 60 grains ‘Hor, 20 gr, Warer'ta taake ss. .cipscesesesecs “x 1 liter 32 ounces 1 gallon For warm tones, dilure I part stock solution with 3 parts water and develop pints 2}4 to 3 minutes at 68° F.G@0"C). For very warm cones and more open shadows, especially with Cykoea, dilute 1 part scock solution with 6 parts water, giving prints 3 to 4 times normal exposure and 234 to 5 minutes development, Because of dilution Of the developer, solution will exhaust more rapidly and will require more frequent replacement. ——. ———- AGFA 120 SOFT-WORKING PAPER DEVELOPER a soft-working developer, primarily intended for portrair work where soft gradation is required. Stock Solution ‘ Metric Avsindupeds Hoe Water (125° F. or 32°C.) rs 730 cc. 4 ounces = quarts Agia Merol. 12.3 grams} 02, gr. US on, 60 gr. ‘Agfa Sodium Sulphicc, anhydrous. 36 grams 1 oz. 88 gr. 434 ounces Agia Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated 36 107. 88.gr. 434 ounces ‘Apla Potassium Bromide... 18 grams 27 grains M4 ounce Water to make ‘ ‘ 1 32 ounces 1 gallos For use, dilute 1 part stock solution with 2 parts water. Normal developing time, 154 t0 3 minutes ar 68° F. (20° C.). 18, DEVELOPING FORMULAS . EGR MULAS TWO-TRAY PRINT DEVELOPMENT While the majoricy of photographic prints can be prepared most conveniently by development in a single solution, some occasions are often met in which the critical nature of the subject requires a degree of control over contrast that is noc normally available, In such instances the two-tray prine development procedure can be employed to good advantage, for it permits a nicecy of control over print gradation that cannot be obtained by usual variations of exposure and developing time. The two-tray procedure involves the use of two separate developing solutions, usually 2 soft-working formula, such as Agfa 120, and a brilliant-working developer, like Agfa 130—though some workers prefer the combination of Agfa 120 and 125. Development is begun in one solution and completed in che other, the first developer used having the greater effect. This procedure is particularly helpful in producing full- scale prints which exhibit well modulated gradation in both highlight and shadow. —.dJ AGFA 125 PAPER AND FILM DEVELOPER This formula is recommended for development of Cykoa, Cykora, Brovira, Convirs, Indiarone and similar Papers. It cai also be used for development of roll, pack and shect film when brilliant negatives are desired Te may be obtained in packaged form by ordering Agla 125 Developer. Steck Solution Mewric Abcindepeis Hot Warer (125° F. or 52°C.) TH ce 24 ounces 3 quares ‘Agia Merol : 3 grams 45 grains 4 of. 70 ge. ‘Agfa Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous 44 grams 134 ounces 6 ounces Agfa Hydroquinone.. 12 grams oz. gr on. 20 gr. ‘Agfa Sodium Carbonate, monobydrated. . 65 grams 24 ounces 9 ounces Agfa Potassium Bromide. . 2° grams 30 grains Moz. 10 gr. Water to make ve a liter 32° ounces 1 gallon PAPER DEVELOPMENT: Dilute 1 pare stock solution with 2 parts warer. Develop 1 00 2 miautes at 68°F, Qo" C.). For softer and slower development dilute 1 to 4, and develop 134 co 3 minutes at 68° F, (20° C.), For greatcr beilliance, shorten the exposure slightly and lengthen the development time, For greater soltocss, lengthen the exposure slightly and shorten the development time, FILM DEVELOPMENT: Dilute 1 part stock solution with 1 pare water and develop 3 to 5 minutes at 68°F. (20° C.), For softer results, dilute 1 00 3 and develop 3 to 5 minutes ar 68°F. (20° C.). 19 DEVELOPING FORMULAS —— SsSsSsSsSss AGFA 130 UNIVERSAL PAPER DEVELOPER This formula is a universal developer for all projeétion and contact papers. Tt gives rich black tones with excellent brilliance and detail. Aga 130 provides unusual latirade in development and is clean-working even with long developing times Stock Solusion Metric Avcirdupets Hor Water (125" F. or $2°C.)....... 750 ec. 4 ounces 3 quarts Agfa Merol...... a oo LY grams 32 grains Mo. 20 gr. Agfa Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous... 0.2.0... 30 grams Wf ounces «63 ounces Agfa Hydroquinone : WL grams =| ez.S0gr. 135 ounces Agfa Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated . +» 78 grams 234 ounces 10H ounces ‘Agfa Potassium Bromide. . . Wasierare 5.5 grams 80 grains M4 ounce Agfa Glycin.... at 1 grams 3402. 50 gr. 134 ounces Water to make... . i i 1 liter 32 ounces. 1 gallon ‘The prepared stock solution is clear but slightly colored, The coloration in this case docs nat indicate the developer has detcriorated or is unlit fer nse, For use, diluse 1 part stock solucion with 1 part water, Nornial developing time at 68* F. (20° C.) for Brovira, 2 to 6 minutes, for Convira, Cykon, Cykora and Indiatone, 114 t0 3 minutes Greater contrast can be obtained by using the developer stock solution full strength, Softer results ean be obtained by diluting 1 part stock solution with 2 parts water, —. AGFA 135 WARM-TONE PAPER DEVELOPER This developer is recommended for rich, warm-black tones with Cylon, Convira, Cykora, Brovira, Indiatone and similar papers. This formala may be obtained in packaged form ready-to-use by ordeting Agla 135 Developer. Steck Selurion Maric Aseirdupois Hor Water (125° F. or 52°C.)........ +750 06, 24 ounces 3 quarcs Agfa Mera... : a 16 grams 24 grains 98 grains Agfa Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous... 24 grams $402.20gr. 334 on. ‘Agfa Hydroguinon ec cos, 66 grams. 96 grai 34 on. 60 gr. Agfa Sodium Carbonate, mooohydrated........ 24 gam Mong. 3f0n ‘Agfa Pocassium Bromide......... ‘2.8 grams 40 grains ‘4 or. 30 gr. Water co make.......... sercsscseese Diner 32 ounces 1 gallon For use, dilute 1 part stock solution with 1 parc water. A properly exposed print will be fully developed at 65° F. 0° C.) in about 134 to 2 minutes. Complete development may be expected ta take slightly loager with rough-surfaced papers than with semi-glossy or Inster-surfaced papers. For greater softocss, dilute the bath with water up to equal quantities of developer and water. To increase the warmth, add bromide up to double the amount in the formula, The quantity of bromide specified in the formula, however, assures rich, warm, well= balanced cones. 20 FIXING FORMULAS AGFA 201 ACID HARDENING FIXER This hardening fixing bath for usc with cither film os paper may be stored indefinitely and used repeatedly until exhausted. If the Gxing bash froths, turns elowdy, or takes longer than 10 minutes to fix out completely, it must be replaced by a fresh solution. Solution 1 Metric Ascirdupsis Hot Water (125* F. or 32°C.) 500 ce. 16 ounces ¥ gallon Hypo... 240° grams 8 ounces 2 pounds Hot Water (125° F. or $2°C.).. ee 5) ounces 20 qunces Agfa Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous grams Pf ounce 2 ounces ‘Acetic Acid (28%). me ec. Wf ounces = 6 cvunces ‘Agla Potassiom Alum.......0.2,.00000+ grams 14 ounce 2 ounces ‘Add Solution 210 1 and add water to make ise 32 ounces, «= 1 gallon Dissolve chemicals thoroughly in order given and stir rapidly while adding Solution 2 to Soltion 1, Glacial Acetic Acid may be diluted to 28% concentration by adding 3 parts of acid to 8 parts of water. Do not dilate for vse, Normal fixing time 5 eo 10 minutes at 68°F. (20° C.). esses AGFA 202 CHROME ALUM FIXER This hardening fixing bath for use with films in hot weather should be used fresh, as-it does ot retain its hardening action. ‘Solution 1 Metric Avsinds pois Hot Water (125° F. or 52° C.). ++ 2.5 liters 80 ounces Hypo... Asis 90 grams 2 pounds ‘Agla Sodium Sulphitc, anhydrous : 60 grams 2 ounces Water to make. z 3. liters 3 quarts Solution 2 Water. + *: ss 1 Titer 32 ounces Agfa Potassium Chrome Alum 60 grams 2 ounces Sulphuric Acid C.P.. : vudtecs Be H ounce Slowly pour Solution 2 into Solution 1 while rapidly sticring the latter. Do not dilute for use. Do not issolve the Chrome Alum at a temperature higher than 150° F. (65° C.). Always rinse films thoroughly before ‘xing. Normal fixing time 5 to 10 minutes at 68° F. (20° C,). 21 FIXING, SHORT-STOP AND HARDENING FORMULAS —SSSSSFSeSFSssSsSss AGFA 203 NON-HARDENING METABISULPHITE FIXER ‘This fing bath és reoommended for nic when hardening ix not desired. Ie is highly desirable for accuracy ‘of registration in color work with Reprolith Film, Stock Solution Metric Acvirdupods Hypo... i ie «1900 grams 4 pounds Agfa Potassium Metabisulphite..... f 270 grams 9 ounces Water to make. . 4 livers 1 gallon ‘The Metabisulphite should be added ‘only when the Hypo solution is cool. For use, dilute one part stock solution with one part water. Normal fixing time 5 co 10 minutes at 68° F, 0°. S| | i _ AGFA 210 ACID SHORT-STOP BATH This solution is recommended for use between developer and fixer, to prevent staining of film negatives and prints. Agicace film negatives or prints for abour 5 seconds in this bath befoce transferring wo Sxiog solution. Merrie Arvindupois Acetic Acid 28% , 45.cc 14 ounces Water wo 1 iter 32 ounces Glacial Acctic Acid (99.59%) may be diluted to the 28% concentration by mixing three parts of Glacial Acetic Acid with eight parts of water SSS AGFA 2 CHROME ALUM HARDENING BATH This bath may be used in place of the regular acctic acid short-stop to give additional hardening to film. {eis particularly desirable in hot weather, for tropical development, and for negatives which have to be enlarged wet, Misric Avoirdapeis Agfa Potassium Chrome Alum 30 grams 1 ounce ‘Water, . deeeneneee ‘. Aliter ‘32 ounces Films should be agitated thoroughly when immersed in the solotion, Maximum hardening will be obtained with about three minutes treacment. The solution should be used fresh as it docs nor keep well. Formation of a greenish sludge is an indiestion that the solution should be replaced by a fresh bath. UEthe Chrome Aliim usod is such thatsludge is formed when the bath ie first used an addition of concentrated Salphurie Acid (2 ¢c, per liter or 3 dram pet 32 ounces) can be made to the solution to overcome this condition, 22 TONING FORMULAS ————— SwX— OO AGFA 221 SEPIA TONER This toner is recommended for warm-brows sepia tones, Sedation 1 Metric: Aveirdupots Hot Water (125° For $2°C:).....2.-0.0c0ccsessseeese TIO 666 24 ounces Agta Potassium Ferricyanide. 50 grams 154 ow. 80 gr. Agia Potassium Bromide. 5 10 grams Yi 0% 35 or. ‘Agia Sodium Carbonate, monohydratcd..,. 20 grams 4 ot, 70 gr. Water to make sca ene 1 liter 32 ounces Seletion 2 ‘Agfa Sodium Sulphide. .. Bs <+- 45 grants 154 ounces Water 10 make 500 ce. 16 ounces For use as described below, dilute one part Solurion 2 with eight parts water. IMPORTANT—Be sure to use Sodium Sulphide, not Sodium Sulphie, in compounding the Redeveloper. Also use clean trays, fcc from cxposed iron spots, especially with Bleaching Bath. Otherwise blue spots may form oa prints, Prints should be washed thoroughly aod then bleached in Solution 1 until the black image is converted to 4 very light brown color (about 1 minute), Prinrs should then be washed for 10 to 15 minutes and redeveloped in diluted Solution 2. Redevelopment should he complete in about 1 minute. After redevelopment the prints should be washed for about 30 minutes and then dried, 1f the toner should leave sediment which results in streaks or finger marks oon the surface of the paper the prine should be immersed for a few seconds in a 3% solution of acetic acid, after which a 10-minure washing is necessazy. AGFA 222 HYPO ALUM TONER ‘This toner is recommended for beautiful reddish-brown tones. Solution 1 Morrie Avsirdupsis Water, NasWeweaesceene soe4e0 230 ce, 80) ounces: Hypo... aren. . 450. grams 15 ounces Solation 2 Water le WO ce, 1 ounce Agia Silver Nitrate, : 13 geams 20° grains Solution 3 Water r {ee + ee 1 ounce ‘Agfa Potassium Iodide. 2.7 grams 40 grains Add Solution 2 to Solution 1, Then add Solution 3 to the mixture, Finally add 105 grams (3}5 ounces) of Agfa Potassium Alum to this solution, and heat the entire bash to the boiling point or until sulphurization ‘takes place (indicated by a milky appearance of the solution). Tone prints 20 to 60 minutes in this bath at 110- 125” F. (43-52° C.). Agitate peints occasionally util toning is complete. Care should be taken to see that the Blacks ate fully converted beforc removing the prints from the toning bath, otherwise double tones may result. 23 TONING FORMULAS SSS AGFA 223 NELSON GOLD TONER U.S. Pac, Number 1,849,245 With this toner it is possible to obtain x variecy of pleasing brown tones by varying che cime of toning. Prints may be removed from che bath when the desired color is reached. This formula is suitable for use with Gykora, Indiatone, Cykon, and Convira. Solution 1 Matric Avsirdapeis Warm Water, about 125° F, (52°C.)...... 4 liters 1 gallon Agfa Sodium Thiosulphate (Hypo). 960 grams 2 pounds Ammonium Persulfate.... 20.20.20... 120 grams 4 ounces Dissolve the Hypo completely before adding the Persulfate, Stir vigorously while adding the Persulfate. Af the bath docs not turn milky, increase the temperature wntil it docs, Prepare following solution and add it Cineluding peecipitatc) slowly co the Hypo-Persulfate solution while stirring the Latcer rapidly. Barb must be cool sehen these selacionr are added together. Cold Water. are » 64 cc. 2 ounces Agfa Silver Nitrate 2 5.2 grams 75. grains Sodium Chlorids 5.2 grams 75 grains NOTE: The Silom Nimate should be dissalecd completely before adding Sosinm Chloride. Solution 2 Waren ce erates 230 ee, 8 ounces Agfa Gold Chloride... 1 gram 15. grains Fos use, add 4 ounces (125 ec.) of Solution 2 slowly to Solution 1 while stitting the latter rapidly. The bath should not be used until afte it has become cold and has farmed a sediment. Thea pour off the clear liquid for use. Pour the clear solution into « tray standing in a water bath and leat co 110° F, (49° C.). The temperature, when toning, should be Between 100° and 110° P. (38° and 43° C.). Dry prints should be soaked thoroughly in water before toning. Keep at hand an uatoned black-and-whive print for comparison during toaing. Prints should be separated at all times to insure even soning. ‘When the desired tone is obtained, rinse the prints in cold water, After all prints have been toned, return chem to the fing bath for five minutes, then wash fet one hour in running water, ‘The bath should be revived at intervals by the addition of further quantitics of the gold Solution 2. The ‘quantity to be added will depend upon the number of prints toned and che time of roaiag, For example, when toning to a warm brown, add 1 dram (4 ec.) of solution after each fifty 8.x 10 prints, or thcit equivalent, have bbeen toned, Fresh solution may be added from time co time to keep the bath up to the pcoper volume. 24 TONING FORMULAS AGFA 231 GOLD TONER ‘This formula gives range of red tones to sepia-toned print, the brillane ofthe tone depending on the papet used, Brillant challored tones are prodoced on Cykos, while with Indincone and Ceara darker shades are farmed, If desired, deep blue tones may also be obtained with this formula by using black-and-white prints instead of prints that have first been scpia-toned. Unusual effects of mixed tones of blue-black shadows and soft reddish highlights cas be produced by using prints which have been partially toned in a Hypo Alum sepia-toner, Metrie Avvindispois Hot Water (125° F. or 52° C.). a 750 ec, 24, ounces Ammonium Sulphocyanate., oti 105 grams 358 ounces. Gold Chloride, 1% Solution. % Wee. 2 Auid oz. Water to make Biseset 1 Miter 32 ounces ee Ba Tosa Pen se fb Blech al i by pil ell edeelopec meri (oe A gt 711) Afecs washing, place prints in above solution until toning is complete (requires 15-45 minutes), For redder tones one-half the specified amount of sulphocyanate may be used. For Deep Bluc Toncs: Omit scpia toning operation and place well-washed black-and-white prints directly in above toning solution. For Mixed Tones: Prints should be incompletely toned in a Hypo Alam Toner, such as Agfa 222, and washed before treatment in above solution, *May be substituted by: Sodium Sulphocyanate. 0.0.00. .e cee U0 grams 334 ounces -135 grams nes Potassium Sulphocyanate... lissol ved in 334 ounces of water will give 2.1% solution, The contents of a 15-grain bottic of Agia Gold Chior AGFA 241 IRON BLUE TONER Producing brilliant blue tones, this formula is suitable for use with Cykora, Brovira and Indiatone Pay Morrie Avvirdupais Hoe Water (125° F. or 52°C.) $00 ec. 16. ounces Ferric Ammonium Citrate... .. 8 grams #6 ounce ‘Agfa Potassium Ferricyanide. 8 grams 4 ounce Bae Reece ACY 28%. : 265 cc. 9 ounces fatee to make 1 liter 32 ounces jon should he prepared with distlied warer if possible, If enamied iron trays are used, 90 chips ot cracks in the enamel should be present or spors and streaks may appear in che print. Prints for blue toning should be fixed in plain, non-hardening hypo bath Cwhich should be kepe at a tem- perature of 68° F, or under to avoid undue swelling}. When prints have been fully toned in the above solution, they will he grecaish in appearance, but will be easily washed out to a clear blue color when placed in running The depth ofthe bloetaning will vary somewhat with the quali of pins toned io snerally toning to lighter blues, Some intensification of the peint uswally occurs in toni ‘should be slightly lighter chan the density desired in che final toned print, ‘Wash water should be acidified. alee with acetic acid since the blue tone is quite soluble in alkaline slutns an ts conierably weakened wha wat wat! akalie. Messing valation nthe fone ca Be Obtained by bathing the washed peints in a 4% solucion (5 grams per liter) of Borax which produces softer, TRS rey cooeay the cxene depeading on the leajah af westieae, , light-toned peines consequently, prints 25 REDUCING AND INTENSIFYING FORMULAS ESS AGFA 310 FARMER'S REDUCER ‘This is a cutting reducer for lessening the densicy of heavy negatives and at che same time increasing their ‘contrast. It is expecially valuable for reproduction filts to clear the whites, Solution 1 Matric Avoindupoir Hyponsee.e. ? 240 grams 8 ounces Water 00 make, 1 liter 32 ounces Solution 2 ‘Agfa Potassium Ferticyanide.. 19 grams Hon, 55 gr. ‘Water to make... st ‘che see . +250 oc. 8 ounces For usc mix one part Solusion 2 and four parts Solution 1 in 32 parts water. Solutions 1 and 2 should be stored separately and mixed immediately before use. ——EE——S EE SS ss AGFA 311 FLATTENING REDUCER This reducer is useful for lessening the density and contrast of heavy negatives. Solution 1 Metric Avsirdapeir ‘Agla Potassium Ferricyanide a 35 grams 1 on. 75 gr. Agla Porassium Bromide. . . ‘ 10 grams om 40 gr. Waver voimuke.sescevecssvscsesssecs0 i 1 liter 32 ounces Bleach in Solution 1 and after thorough washing, redevelop co desired density and contrast in Agfa 47 or ‘other negative developer except fine-grain developers. Then fix and wash in usual manner, Conduct operation in subdued light. _—— ee AGFA 330 MERCURY INTENSIFIER ‘This intensifier is recommended for increasing the peinting density of thin, flat ncgatives. Matric Acvirdapois Agfa Potassium Bromide... 10 grams “Mercurie Chloride ane socees 10 grams Water to make. . 1 liter 2 ounces Do not dilute for use. Negatives to be intensified must be very thoroughly washed first or yellow stains may result on the intensified tegative. Immerse negatives in above solution until thoroughly bleached to the base of the film and shen wash in water comtaining a few drops of hydrochloric acid, Redevelop bleached negatives in 5% Sodium Sulphite or any standard developer. Surface scum which forms dozing storage of the bleaching solution docs not affect the bleacher bur should be removed before usiag the solution. *Poison—Danger. 26 NTENSIFYING FORMULAS AGFA 331 MONCKHOVEN'S INTENSIFIER, (For Reproduction Films) ‘This formula gives very great intensification and contrast for line drawing and halftone reproduction warke. Solution 1 Merrie Avsindupois Agfa Potassium Bromide 23 grams M4 ounce *Mercuric Chloride - 2) grams 3 ounce ‘Water to make. Chaney dueeeor tate xcoupecaratiet likes 32 ounces Solution 2 Cold Water... 1 liter 32 ounces Potassium Cyanide voovee 23 grams 3 ounce Agfa Silver Nitrate... - . 23 grams 34 ounce The silver nitrate and the potassium cyanide should be dissolved in separate lots of water, and the former added to the latter until a permanene precipitate is peoduced. The mixture is allowed to stand 15 minutes, and after filtering, forms Solution 2. Place negatives in Solution 1 uatil bleached ehrowgh, then rinse and place in Solution 2. If intensification is curried roo far, the negative may be reduced with a weak solutioa of hypo. *WARNING—Because of the deadly poisonous nature of this intensifier, it should be used with care and bortles containing it should be suitably marked, Never mix cyanide solucions with acids or use them in poorly ventilated rooms. Discard waste solutions into running water. ——— AGFA 332 ‘CHROMIUM INTENSIEIER ‘This formula is recommended because it is convenient in use and gives permaneat results. The degree and character of intensification can be controlled to an extcac by modification of the developing time used for the redeveloper. Metric Aveindspois Agfa Potassium Bichromate,..0.0..0.... : 9 grams 135 grains Hydrochloric Acid... we eres 1.6 drams Water to make. ..., root .

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