LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Class IX Every student will be required to perform following fifteen experimentsduring the academic session. l. To prepare : (a) A true solution of common salt, sugar and alum' (b) A suspension soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water. of (c) A colloidal of starchin water and egg albumin in water and distinguish betweenthese on (fi) the basis of (i) transparency, filtration criterion, and (iii) stability. 2. To prepare : (a) A mixture (b) A compound Using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguishbetweenthese on the basis of : (l) appearance, i.e., homogeneityand heterogeneity (ll) behaviour towards a magnet (ill) behaviour towards carbon disulphide (a solvent) (iv) effect of heat Also to identify the type 3. To carryout the following chemical reactionsand record observations. of reactionin each case. (t) Iron with copper sulphatesolution in water (il) Burning of magnesiumin air (iii) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid (lv) Heating of lead nitrate (v) Sodium sulphatewith barium chloride in their solutionsin water. 4. To verify laws of reflection of sound. 5. To determinethe densityof a solid (denserthan water) by using a springbalanceand a measuring cylinder. 6. To establishthe relation betweenthe loss in weight of a solid when fully immersedin (l) tap water (li) strongly salty water, with the weight of water displacedby it by taking at leasttwo different solids. 7. To measurethe temperatureof hot water as it cools and plot a temperature-timegraph. : t. To determinethe velocity of a pulse propagatedthrough a stretchedstring/slinky. 9. To preparestainedtemporarymounts of (a) onion peel, and (b) human cheek cells and to record observationsand draw their labelled diagrams. tissuesin plants, strippedmusclefibres and nerve cells and sclerenchyma 10. To identify parenchyma in animals,from preparedslides and to draw their labelled diagrams. 11. To separatethe components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride (or camphor) by sublimation. 12. To determinethe melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.

13' To test (a) the presence starchin the given food sample, and(b) of the presence the adulterant of metanil yellow in dal. 14' To study the characteristics spirogyra/Agaricrzs, of Moss/Fern,pinus (either with male or female cone) and an Angiospermic plant. Draw and give two identifying features of groups they belong to. 15' To observeand draw the given specimens earthworm,cockroach, bony fish and bird. For each specimenrecord : (a) one specific feature of its phylum (b) one adaptivefeature with referenceto its habitat.

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SCHEil,IEOF EVALUATI
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CONTENTS
TNTRODUCTION CHEMISTRY SECTION
1. SOLUTION, SUSPENSION AND COLLOID Experiment 1. To preparetrue solutions of common salt, sugar and alum separately in water. Experiment 2. To prepare suspension soil, chalk powder and of fine sand separately in water. Experiment 3. To preparecolloids of starch and egg albumin separately in water. Experiment 4. To preparea colloid of starch, a true solution of common salt, and suspension chalk powder in water and distinguishbetweenthese of on the basis of the following : (l) Transparency (lr) Filtrationcrirerion (ili) Stability

13
13 I7 I9

Experiment5. (Test Exercise) 2. MXTURE AND COMPOUND Experiment| (a). To prepare mixtureand (b) a compoundusing iron (a) filings and sulphurpowder.
Experiment | (b). To distinguish betweenthe mixture and compound on the basis of : (i) Appearancei.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity (il) Behaviour towards a magnet (iil) Behaviour towards carbon disulphide (a solvent) (iv) Effect of heat 3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Experiment 1. To study the chemical reaction of iron nail with copper sulphate solution in water, and to identify the type of this reaction. Experiment 2. To study the reaction when magnesiumribbon is burnt in air and to identify the type of this reaction. Experiment 3. To study the chemical reaction of zinc with dilute sulphuric acid and to identify the type of this reaction. Experiment 4. To study the reaction when lead nitrate is heated and to identify the type of the reaction Experiment 5. To study the reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride in their aqueoussolutions and to identify the type of reaction. 4. SEPARATION OF THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE Experiment 1. To separate the componentsof a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride (or camphor) by sublimation. 5. MELTING POINT OF ICE AND BOILING POINT OF WATER Experiment 1. To determinethe melting point of ice. Experiment 2. To determinethe boiling point of the given sample of water.

22 28 35 35

35 42 42 44 4j 50 53

59 59 64 65 68

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T\TRODTCTIO\
74 74 "If I hove to li;e my lift again, I would always remain in my laboratory for the greatestjoy of my lfe to accompltshoriginal scientffic work." J.B. Andre Dumas ,seeingexperimentsbeing performed,i.e.,'demonstration experiments' are quite important for the Performingexperimentby one's own handsis more important of the principlesof science. it involves 'learning by doing'. That is, for a scientific training of 4 young mind a genuine r practice is a must. A laboratory is a workshop where truth of ideas is tested and many aspectsare verified. Instructions coming to the laboratoryfor practicalwork, students must be acquainted with certainbasic rules negulations the laboratory to enablethem to do their practicalssmoothly, effectively and more of . Some important instructionsfor the studentsare given below : f,pipment. It$nrlenl must carry with him / her the following things to the laboratoryon every practicalturn so that h/SF is well equippedto perform various types of experiments: 108 1 08 1 10 tt6
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9l 98 98
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l- Laboratory notebook 4- A pencil, preferably HB Darting the Laboratory

2. Manual of practical science 5. Eraser

3. Auxiliary notebook 6. Scale

r While coming to the laboratoryfor practicals,studentsshould check that they are carrying all the neededequipmentmentionedabove, in proper working condition. o Students shouldalsobe well versedwith the work they arerequiredto do in the practicalperiod. For this they should always enquire from their teacherabout the practical work to be done. o It is very essentialthat studentsmust reach the laboratory silently within 2 to 3 minutes after the previous period bell is over. Your teacherwill allot you a permanentworking seat in the beginning of the session. . Always occupy the seat allotted to you and don't change it frequently until it is otherwise and unnecessarily running about in the laboratory. needed. This will avoid confusion hrnctuality A surdentshould not be absentfrom his practical class and should reach the laboratoryas soon as the pcriod starts.This will enablehim / her to keep his / her practicalwork up to date.Once a praqticalclass frr missed,it is difficult for the teacherto repeatthe instructionsfor one studentalone. Dncipline A studentis required to maintain silencein the laboratory and listen the instructionscarefully. Care of Instrumentsand Apparatus glasswares any other equipmentthat you are going to use in the laboratory or r The instruments, Always should be kept at proper and specifiedplace to avoid any confusion and disturbance. replacethe apparatus back to its original position after use. o Any glasswareor apparatusthat you use, should be washed and cleaned before it is kept. will not only damagethe instrument or Instrumentsmust be handled carefully. Carelessness appa.ratus may also causeinjury to the students. but

118

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128 nrite 130 130 135 Pinus f groups 136 154 nch. Sylum,

r54 166 t66 t72 L78 185

Rr .r l rd \laintenance It is a must for every student to maintain a practical record book to note down the observ during the practical. For this purpose, buy a good quality record file as suggestedby your pract Siorn some marks are reserved for the record file in the An.nual Practical Examination, ,, it must be maintained in neat and tidy form.

', I

Generally, you get two practical turns in a week. Whatever work is done on the day of pr should.be duly recorded in your file on the same day or the next day at the most. You must also checked by your teacher on the same day or on the next turn..You must carry the practicalfile, fai which you may not be allowed even to enter the laboratory.

*l'
A neat and systematic recording of the experiment in the practical file is very important in achieving

The studentsmay write the experimentunder the success the'experimentalinvestigations. of notebooks. headsin their fair practical by in It may also be recorded a slightlydifferentway as may be suggested the teacher. (Blank Pagel Itht tfr* Left Hand PaSe

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Date .............

i
Experiment No. ............. Page No. .............

1. Aim/Object/ Assignment 2. Diagram 3. Observations 4. Calculations error. with 5. Result/Results percentage

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Right Hand Page tRuled Page) |

(To be written only in ink)

Date ....,........ Experiment No. ............. Page No. .............

1. Aim / Object/Assignment 2. Requirements 3. Theory Basicprinciples / 4. Procedure/Method 5. Precautions 6. Sourcesof error 7. Results/Discussion

nn the observati bd by your Sramination, rhe day of You must also g

practical file, fr

c ffiar approvedeye protection and laboratory coat or apron while working in the chemistry ltratory. But never wear contact lensesin the laboratory. rffu.wrereat. drink or smoke in your laboratory. rffiewr perform an unauthorised experiment. lffihmrt proper supervisionnever work in the chemistry laboratory.

Wafting odour

qant in achieving
under the fol

E teacher.

fCH- J. Proper heating

Fig.2. Correct way to know the odour.

ge No.

rT*e

proper care while heating, as shown in Fig. 1. Never heat a liquid in a test tube that is Fimfd toward you or anotherstudent.

i m{crrcr inhale gases vapours.If you have to know the odour of a gasor vapour,useyour hand or 'm waft a small sampletoward your nose as shown in Fig. 2. o Ba careful with glassequipment.When inserting a glassrod or tube or thermometer through a lffier cork, lubricate the glass and protect your hands with a cloth towel, and use a gentle tnisting motion as shown in Fig. 3.

iGede ts-ist

lc No.

Fig. 3. Correct way of inserting

a glass tube in a cork.

Fig. 4. Proper way of mixing.

r Exerciseproper care in mixing chemicals.Always pour acid into water for dilution as shown in Fig. 4 and neverthe reverseway. r Know the location and use of emergency equipmentlike fire extinguisherand first aid box, etc.

a Do not over react trn case of any accident, ask immediately for help and keep calm. r Be prepared to help someone else involved in an accident, but do not get in the way of ;'our teacher when he or she is attending to the emergency call. r Never under react Any chemical contact may be harmful. Wash the affected area immediately and properly with water, and get the first aid treatment. A. Gluss cuL Remove the visitrle glass pieces from the affected part. Stop bleeding by washing with ice water and dettol and apply mercutochrome bandage. B. Heat bwrns. Apply common salt on the affected pafi due to dry burn (never apply salt if bristles have formed) remove the salt after five minutes and then apply Silver Sulphadiazine Cream. C. Acid burns. Wash thoroughly with water and a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) then with water. Soak with dry cloth and apply some nongreasy antiseptic ointment. D. Atkali burns. Wash with water, very dilute solution of acetic acid and then again with water' Dry with cloth and apply nongreasy antiseptic ointment. E. Eye injuries. Wash the eye properly with cold water, then with 2Vo soltttron of boric acid and contact your doctor immediatelY.

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Flowing garments,long flowing hair, high heal shoesare hazardousin a laboratory. Follow the instructions of your teacher and sign the safety agreement. S:rfefvRequiremenfsin a Laboratory o Adequatelyventilated fumehoods r Fire extinguishers o Eye wash fountain a First aid box lurf'ef] Agreement
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i I have read the safety rules, and I agree to follow them sincerely.

j . Signatureof the student

t

I Name
I

Roll No.

i class
Sisnature of the teacher

oTher inr-e coml e\pel can t data.

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hsrructions for Performing Experimentsin ph.vsics Laboratorv

the way of ;

nd properly wit din,eby w pl1'salt if brist

adiazine Cream. arbonate (baki

r Before performing an experiment,the studentshould first thoroughly understand theory of the the experiment.The object of the experiment,the kind of apparatus neededand the procedure to be followed should be clear before actually performing the experiment.The difficulties and doubts,if any, should be discussed with the teacherbefore hand. o The student should check up whether the right type of apparatus for the experiment to be performedis given to him or not. r All the pieces of apparatus should be arrangedon the table in proper order. Every apparatus should be handled carefully and cautiously to avoid any damage.Any accidental damageor breakage the apparatus of shouldbe immediatelybroughtto the notice of the concemed teacher. o hecautions meantfor the experimentshouldbe actually observedwhite doing the expeTiment. r All observationsshould be taken systematicallyand should be honestly recordedon the fair recordbook. r Repeatevery observationa number of times even though their values may be exactly the same each time. The student must bear in mind the proper plan for recording the observations. Recordingin tabular form is essentialin most olthe experirnents. r Calculationsshould be neatly made using log tables.The degree of accuracyof measurement of each quantity should always be kept in mind so that the final result does not show any fictitious accuracy.The result obtainedshould be suitably rounded off. I s'herever possible,the observations should be represented with the help of a graph. r Alq,a].s mention the proper unit (if any) with the result. and its Advantages r A graph is the most convenientway of showing how the physical quantities vary with respect to eachother. Two varying quantitiescalled the variables areessential featuresof a graph.The quantity which is made to changeat will, is known as the independent variable and the other qrtantity which varies as a result of this changeis known as dependent variable. r The most important advantage a graph is that the averagevalue of of a physical quantity under investigation can be got very conveniently from it without resorting to lengthy numerical computations.Another important advantageof graph is that some salient featuresof a given experimentaldatacan be seenvisually. For example,the points of maxima, minima or inflexion can be easily known by simply having a careful look at the graphrepresenting the experimental data. Thesepoints cannot so easily be concludedby merely looking at the data.

ptic ointment.
gain with w of boric acid

ra laboratory.
I

5md 6 show two different $aphs representingthe same experimental data (table l) of the same winble quantities. The graph shown in Fig. 5 is better *d accurate representation of the mental data than the graph shown in Fig. 6. This differencearisesbecause Jne -or" of specific choice

qtelg5for the two axesalong which the two variablesareplotted.For the graphof Fig. 5 the choice scale is proper whereasfor the graph of Fig. 6 an improper scalehas been choseln.

F- Table 1. Data
Set No.
I

Independent and DependentVariables

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2
8.75 --.5.80

5
9.88

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Variable'x' (IndePendentl Variable'y' (DePendent)

8 .33
4.80

9.15 6.75

9.50
7.60

thl

8.50

be

Th e fo1 lowingpointswi1lbefound u s e f u 1 f o rd ra win g a p ro p e rg ra p h range of variationsof the two variables o Examine carefully the experimentaldata and note the on the two axes drawn on the to be plotted. Also examinethe number of divisions available for the two axeskeepingin mind graph paper.After doing so make a suitablechoice of scales the entireportion of the graphpaper that the resultinggropi shouldpractically covir almost as shown in Fig. 5.

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8.5 8.0
Plot of y vs. x

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4.0v8.0

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Variable (Units) ----+

Fig. 5. Proper choice of scale gives a good graph'

top of the graphpaperor at somesuitable I Write properly chosenscalesfor the two axeson the used for the corresponding place. Draw an alrow head along each axis and write the symbol variableson the divisiont variable along with its unit. Also write the values of the respective markedby dark lines alongthe axes' smooth curve passingthrough tlrt r After plotting the points encircle them. Draw a freehand someof the point' observations, maximum number of pointr. Owing to errors occurring in the a smooth curve' care should h may not fall exactly on the freehandcurve' So while drawing distributed on both sides of tht exercisedto see that such points are more or less evenly curve. line, the straightline shouldbe draw o when the plotted points happento lie almoston a straight be taken to ensurethat the straigh using a sharppencil and a straightedgedruler. care should points are almostevenl' through fhe maximum number of points and the remaining line passes distributeil on both sides of the line'

he two varia
les drawn on the

o When the plotted points do not appearto lie on a straight line, a smooth curve is drawn with the help of a device known as French cLtrve.If French curve is not available,a thin flexible spokeof a broom can be usedfor drawing a smoothcurve. To make the spokeuniformly thin throughout its length, it is peeled off suitably with a knife. This flexible spoke is then held betweenthe two fingers of left hand and placedon the graphpaperbendingit suitably with the pressureof fingers in such a manner that spoke in the curved position passesthrough the maximum number of points. The remainingpoints shouldbe more or less evenly distributedon both sides of the curved spoke.In this bent position of the spoke, a smooth curve along the lengthof the spokeis drawn using a sharppencit.

I keepingin mi
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24 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 Variable(Units)-) Fig. 6. Improper choice of scale gives a poor graph.

o A proper title should be given to the graph thus plotted o Preferably a millimetre graph should be used to obtain greater accuracy in the result.

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ffistructions 'and more efficiently' Some important

must be acquaintedwith practical*o+' students to the biology laboratoryfor Before coming practicalssmoothlY,effecti It" rauor.atlrv or rures '1'u baslc rules rvbu basic *o ,"euiu-ilon. I 1* for :*T,::*Ji:] are given below : ' the students

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Laboratory in Experiments Biorogy

EquiPments 'lPrrrtrrro

. :tical pra( the r^L things to ^L^ laboratory on every musr carry with him the following A student types of experiments: equippedto p"'fo'm various ;-;;ii h"

tum. so

1. LaboratorYnotebook 2' LabotatorY manual 3. AuxiliarY notebook HB 4. A Pencil, PreferablY 5. Eraser 6. Scale 7. Needles(two) 8. Blade 9. Scissors (00 -10' ForcePs No') 11. Brush(0 No') 12. A small cotton naPkin
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Method of Writing

of { Usearuledpaperforwritingashortparagraphor.thepointsoftheworkyouhavedoneinthel| o Avt* examination.The Aim or objective to do the same even in ttre you wilr arso be required to rTite the Materials reuuir{ r Alwl You are ur',o b-e clearly Td""Y. '"qoi'1J experiment'l experiment should precautions dep".riirrg upon the nature of the procedure, observations, Results and Spotting

Spotting is in Sketching and Writing i c,^ and nl' of the record file' Draw large drawn on the drawing sheet o Alwa Diagrams should arwaysbe dilerams in the centre of i to the size of the paper. Dr1ry_ proportionate diagrams but they should be labeiling, rines shoul'dnot *t o Drar is availablefor rabe[ing. IVftile Always put the dr so thar enough;n;;"'rh"'sides page all along the paper. e only or margin should always be drawn Lego u each other. A boundary line iJ." black readp"nrit while maki"g '*tt"tt' pug". reft corner of the experimenron the top ";;" written' of the sketch should also be

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A samplepage of your record file is shown below.

with certain lmv, effectivelj

F
Aim :

Date

F"tl turn, so thaf

Materialsrequired:

Procedure:

: Observations

: Precautions

L.S. of collenchyma

Samplepage of record file. Studv of Slides do by In While studyingslidesunder the microscope, not disturb the slide focussed the teacher. case you do not follow, seekthe help of your teacher.You can move the fine adjustmentscrewto bring the slide iri sharp focus. Study of Museum Specimens of o First carefully study the characteristics the specimenfrom the book. in o Try to find out thesecharacteristics the specimen.
done in the

If o Draw a line diagram of the specimen. needed,draw more than one view of the specimen. o Avoid shadingof the diagram. o Always write classificationfor the entire specimen. Spotting

of

requ
expefiment.

large and the centre of should not ays put the a sketch.Le

Spotting is important in Biology Practicals.For this, rememberthe following points : o Always write the spot number o Draw a rough but correct and well labelled diagram of the spot. o Only important and interestingfearuresshould be given.

a t

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hinted with

A samplepage of your record file is shown below.

h**trv, effec tivel

[:
t f

DateAim :

hcticat tum, so t

Materialsrequired:

Procedure :

Observalions :

Precautions :

L.S. of collenchyma

Samplepage of record file. Studyof Slides do by In While studyingslidesunderthe microscope, not disturbthe slidefocussed the teacher. case you do not follow, seekthe help of your teacher.You can move the fine adjustmentscrewto bring the slide iri sharpfocus. Study of Museum Specimens o First carefully study the characteristics the specimenfrom the book. of in o Try to find out thesecharacteristics the specimen. bave done in the lal ;or Onjective of th requirel fl[aterials experiment. bf the r If o Draw a line diagram of the specimen. needed,draw more th,an one view of the specimen. o Avoid shadingof the diagram. 'o Always write classificationfor the entire specimen. Spotting

Qnn++inr i. i-^^*-Spotting is important in Biology Practicals.For this, rememberthe following points : pDraw large and ,r, o Always write the spot number. ls in the centre of tl Elrcsshould.not cro o Draw a rough but correct and well labelled diagram of the spot. p-Always put the da o Only important and interestingfeafuresshould be given. F"g u sketch.Leger

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i

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Lab Maintenance c AlwaYskeePYour seatclean' oDo n o tspoiliteitherwithstainola n y o t h e rc o lo u re d ma t e ria l. with a stain' o Keep some paper undemeathwhile working e Do not scratchthe table either' oAfterdoingthepracticalsthrowthewastesonlyinthedustbinlyinginthecornerofthelab. of the bell and clean your seat' c stop doing the work before 2 to 3 minutes its original position before you leave the lab' o Replaceeach and every thing back to the lab' o Neithertalk loudly nor run aroundin

3
(a) At (b) Ar

tr. To prepa

(c) At bas (r

o Co lle ctallthematerialsonyours e a t wit h t h e h e lp o f t h e la b a s s is t a n t ' up and playing with the microscopeby moving the screws 2. To prepa o Studentsusually are in the habit of beforeyou touch it' Always correctuse of the microscope ( a) At down. This is very harmful. Learn the r em e mberthatmicroscopeis a n in s t ru me n t a n d n o t a t o y t o p la y wit h . (b) Ar Us

(n (t

(t

(ir (iit (it'

3. To carn'o reaction il (t) Iror

(ii) Bur (iii) ha (n') He (r')' So

{. To sepan (or camph

5. To detern

10

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
rof thelab.
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t
the screwsu pl f b touch it. Alw r'

1. To prepare : (a) A true solution of common salt, sugar and alum (b) A suspension soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water of (c) A colloid of starchin water and egg albumin in water and distinguishbetweentheseon the basisof : (i) Transparency (ii) Filtration criterion (iii) Stability Tr;repare : (a) A mixture (D) A compound Using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguishbetweentheseon the basis of : (i) Appearance,i.e., homogeneityand heterogeneity (ii) Behaviourtowardsa magnet (iii) Behaviour towards carbon disulphide (a solvent) (iv) Effect of heat , , To carryout the following chemicalreactionsand record observations. Also to identify the type of mion in each case. (t Iron with copper sulphatesolution in water. (ir) Burning of magnesium air in 7]nc with dilute sulphuricacid 1;;i'1 (ir') Heating of lead nitrate (r) Sodiumsulphate in and bariumchloridein their solutions water. To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride (a camphor) by sublimation. To &termine the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.

F
COMMON GLASS WARES AND OTHER ACCESSORIES NEEDED IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY F
ftt.t

ffi

t t tt i l tl
fttl

itf l [ r l l
Test tube

Testtube hoider

\J
Testtube stand

LJ LJ

Test brush tube

Boiling tube

Round bottom flask

Flat botlom flask

Conical flask

Beaker

ffi

fl Ix II

\/

Burner

w
{}

C)

Ij

LJ

Reagent bottle

Funnel
ft

Chinadish

H il fq
R
FI

ml
Eltl

Tripod stand

Htl
Hll

], E
of
a

ffi
w
Watch glass

t1
EI
l:l

t=l
H EI
l=l

a a

Pestleand mortar

F={ t=l

E] t= |

Pipette

Graduatedcylinder

Thermometer

I!

SOLUTION, SUSPtrNSTON ANN COLLOID

:;:;*irffi<Y

To prepur"e true solutions af ceftrlnon salt, sugar and aluw separately in water. ' Cotmrloti salt (sodiurn chloride), sugar, alurn, distilled water, measuring cylinder, 'r'r:ri i. glassrods (3) and watch giasses(3). il piace etf beerkerthe solution may also be prepared in boiling tube or test tube or plastic : -, --".i,i ',.ectas tea cup). \\hett a stnall quantity of a solid such as coillmon salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) or sugar or 'Llriul is aCded to a glass of water and stined, the solid dissolves. As a result of this activity , hotnogeueous material is obtailed. This homogeneous material is a true solution. Lr the solution the substamce dissolved (such as cotrunon salt or sugar or alun) is called solute .drd water is called solvent. -\ true solution is transparent and stable. The solute and solveut cannot be separated from the true solution by the method of filtration. , Lt general a tme solution is called solution.
irif llr

B urner

Take a cleem beaker.Pastea paperon it. On this pasted paper u'rite your Roll No. and the paliculars of the solutionto be prepared, e.6;.,Comrnon salt + Water. Take about 20 mL of distilled water in the beaker. With the help of a spoon add about 1 grarn of comrnon salt tr the water taken in the beaker. Take a cleanglassrod (ils endssltouldbe stnooth') stir the and u'ater il beaker so that salt dissolvescornpletely. Cover the solutionwith a watch glassto protectit frorn dust. Now a true solution of corunon sait in water is ready.
,,,i, itlil..iii;ri i:ll'+t:.s.iu:: ii',1'1ir".::rci;:r.:;.t{i*lr:i ili:t fr*{t{.s*gtr;rt!c:l
:i_, :.' i:i:' tr,rr: :1._1.

tii"--,",-",.--; spbon
r,t,

.','

Glass rod used

Fig. 1. Prepttrotion of a solutiott of common salt in water

T;ke a clean beaker.Pastea paper on it. On this pastedpaper write your Roll No. ard the particularsof the solution to be prepared, e.9., Sugar + Water. Take about 20 rnl- of distilled water in the beaker. Grind sugan into fine powder (Fine powtler will clissolve t'aster) With the help of a spoon add about 1 gram of sugar in the water taken h the beaker.
-. -^ i

Water Sugar F-ig.2. Preparation of a solution o.f sugar in wnter

13

bn-

r:
o Take a clean glassrod (its enclsshould be smooth)and stir the water in beaker so that sugar dissolvescompletely. Cover the solution with a watch glass to protect it from dust. o Now a true solution of sugar in water is ready' 3. Experimental procedure for the preparation of a true solution of alum in water. o Take a clean beaker. Paste a paper on it. On this pasted paper write your Roll No. and the particularsof the solution e.g., Alum + Water' to be prepared, Spoon o Take about 20 mL of distilled water in the beaker' Glassrod useo as stirrer o Grind bigger particles of alum into smaller pafiicles and Beaker finally make fine powder (Fine powder will dissolvefaster) Water r With the help of a spoon add about 1 gram of alum in the water taken in the beaker' of Fig.3. preparation a o Take a clean glass rod (its ends should be smooth) and stir the solid alum dissolves of solution alumin water the water in beaker so that completely.cover the solution with a watch glassto pfotect it from dust. o Now a true solution of alum in water is ready' Sourcesof Errors and Precautions or tesl e For recognizingthe type of solution.its particularsshould be mentionedon the beaker tube. o The solid solute should be powdered so that it dissolvesfaster. glasr o The ends of the glass rod should be smooth to avoid any chance of breaking of the beaker or test tube. o Solute should be added into water carefully' (or tes c Stirringshouldbe done in sucha way that the glassrod doesnot strikewith beaker ' tube). o The glass rod must be cleanedthoroughly before using it to stir the other solution'

T. Can ' S. Alum T. Wicl S. Comr T. Hox' S. (t) Nr

(rr) K

T. You l, S. In aq T. lWicl S. Suga T. Wftr' S. The r the gr T. Arll r S. An ar stron T. II'har S. Aboul T.l*hat woter s. 66.67 T. Hou' S lIass

VIVA VOCE
T. What is the aim of your experiment? separatel' S. The aim of my experimentis to prepareSolutionsof common salt, sugarand alum in water. T. What is commonsalt and why is it called so ? It is calls S. The chemical name of common salt is sodium chloride. Its formula is NaCl. it commonsalt because is a coffImonfood ingredient' T. Name two other salts? S. Pbtassiumchloride (KCl) and sodium sulphate(NarSO/' T, Which type of sugar you have usedfor the preparation of solution ? S. Cane sugar (C'HrrOtt)' T. What is alum ? Its formula i s. Alum is a double salt of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate. KAl(SOt2.r2H2O. T. What is the significanceof T2H'O in alum ? S. It is called water of crystallization.
I4

T. Inas solute S. IIass T. Hou' ,

S. This : T. Hov' S.Bvm T. Hov' , S. Itisr T. "/rrsnS Mass T. llrhar

S. A soh consu soluti

:alier so that from dust.

in rr ater.

-*}

#t

. 4/
sp'oon

Glassrod -------:-as stirrer (- Beaker $. #

\." ; i'u4j-

Water

Atum

lrepar61i611 o7 o 6 alunt in water

n the beaker or

ealiing of the gl

T. Con you tell some uses of alum ? S Alum is used as antiseptic,in dye industry and in the purification of water. T. Wich of sugar, commonsalt and alum will ionize in aqueoussolution ? S Common salt and alum will ionize in aqueoussolution. T. How ? S. (t) NaCl (aq) -+ Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq) (tt) KAI(SO @l) --> K+ (aq) + Al3+ (aq) + 2SOo2(aq) a)2 T. You have not written the.moleculesof water of crystallizationwith aLum ? S" In aqueoussolution the water moleculesof crystallizatronpass into the solution. T. which of commonsalt, sugar and alum is highly sorubrein water ? S. Sugaris highly solublein water. T. Why is the solubility of sugar in water very high ? S. The moleculesof sugar (CnHz2Orr) occupy the spacebetweenHrO molecules.Thus they fill the gaps and dissolve in large quantity. T. Any evidenceof your answer? S. An aqueoussolution of sugar is highly viscous. In the solution the moleculesof sugar bind strongly with HrO moleculesand therefore,the flow of the solution is restricted. T. What is the solubility of sugar in water at room temperature? S. About 200 g of sugarcan be dissolved 100 mL of warer. in T. What is the masspercentageof sugar in a solution containing 200 g of sugar and 100g of water. ? 5 .66.677o. T. How do you know ? S. Mass Trageof sugar = Mass of sugar + Mass of w ater x 100
2 _ = zoo 0 0 g r;a*

uith beaker (or er solution.

Massof supar

x 100= iofi

t00o

x 100= 66-67

and alum separate

Ete. Its formula

T. In a solution if the masspercentageof solvent is 65, then what is the masspercentageof the solute ? S. Mass Toage solute= 100 - Mass voageof solvent= 100 - 65 = 35. of T. How will you prepare 50 g of an aqueoussolution having I0 masspercent of commonsalt ? S. This solution will be preparedon dissolving 5 g of common salt in 45 g of water. T. How will you measure45 g of water ? s. By measuring45 mL of water with a graduatedmeasuringcylinder. T. How can you say that the mass of 45 mL of water is 45 g ? S. It is assumed that the densityof wateris 1.00 ginl- ut room temperature. T. Justifi you answer that 45 mL of water - 45 S. S. Mass of water = Volume of water x Density of water = 45 rnl. x 1.00 glrnl_= 45 g. T. What is a saturated solution ? S. A solution in which maximum amount of solute is dissolvedin a given mass of solvent at a constant temperatureand constant pressure is called a saturatedsolution. In a saturated solution more solute cannot be dissd'lved further. 15

L**
h water.

*#/
, :---as [ ilL -i f-ab-water Alum
!
i

Glassrod stirrer <- Beaker

heparation of a $ alum in water

h the beakeror

raking of the * nrith beaker (or

T- Can you tell some uses of alum ? lL Alum is used as antiseptic,in dye industry and in the purification of water. T- Which of sugar, commonsalt and alum will ionize in aqueoussolution ? S. Common salt and alum will ionize in aqueoussolution. T. How ? S (t) NaCl (aq) -+ Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq) (tt) KAI(SO)2 @l) -+ K+ (aq) + Al3+ (aq) + 2SOo2(ag) T- You have not written the moleculesof water of crystallization with alum ? S- In aqueoussolution the water moleculesof crystalli zationpass into the solution. T- wich of commonsalt, sugar and alum is highty soluble in water ? S. Sugar is highly soluble in water. T. Why is the solubility of sugar in water very high ? S- The moleculesof sugar(CDH22O1)occupy the spacebetweenHrO molecules.Thus they fill the gaps and dissolve in large quantity. T. Any evidenceof your answer? S. An aqueoussolution of sugar is highly viscous. In the solution the moleculesof sugar bind strongly with HrO moleculesand therefore,the flow of the solution is restricted. T. What is the sotubility of sugar in water at room temperature? S About 200 g of sugarcan be dissolvedin 100 mL of warer. T- What is the masspercentageof sugar in a solution containing 200 g of sugar and 100g of water. ? 5 .66.677o. T. How do you know ? S. Mass %age of sugar = Mass of sugar + Mass of w ater x 100
_ = )oo 1+6* 200g

Mass of susar

x 100= 3oG x 100= 66'67

tooo

hd alum separate F p NaCl. It is cal

i I

Ete. Its formula d

!

T- In a solution if the masspercentageo.f solvent is 65, then what is the masspercenlageof the solute ? s. Mass Toage solute= 100 - Mass voageof solvent= 100 - 65 = 35. of T. How will you prepare 50 g of an aqueoussolution having l0 masspercent of common salt? S. This solution will be preparedon dissolving 5 g of common salt in 45 g of water. T. How will you measure45 g of water ? S. By measuring mI- of water with a graduated 45 measuring cyrinder. T. How can you say that the mass of 45 mL of water is 45 g ? S. It is assumedthat the density of water is 1.00 gi^1, ut room remperature. T. Justtfy you answer that 45 mL of water - 45 S. S. Mass of water= Volume of water x Densityof water = 45 rn], x 1.00 glrnI_ = 45 g. T. What is a saturatedsolution ? S. A solution in which maxiinum amount of solute is dissolvedin a given mass of solvent at a constant temperatureand constant pressure is called a saturatedsolution. In a saturated solution more solute cannot be dissd'lved further. l5

T. Give examplesof practical utility of saturated solutions? preserve S. Saturatedsolutions of salt and sugar find practical utility in domestic work to o pickles r fiuit jams o chutaneYs

\nn. To prq Requiremen nrls- water.

lusic Principles o When a solution? T. What is unsaturated shaken,I S. It is a solution in which more solute can be dissolved' r The syst solution is T. The mass percentageof a solute in a saturated aqueoussolution is 25. A new particles ? prepared by dissolvin750 S of the samesolute in 200 g of water. Is this solution shturated r The solit S. This solution is not saturated. suspens T. Why and how ? r The susp means25 g soluteis presentin 100 g of solution.But in a solution containing 1. Erperirne S. A 25Vosolution than 25. Hence of 50 g of solute in 200 g water, the mass Vaage solute is 20 which is less o Take a cl the new solution is unsaturated' write you prepared Mass of sol ute x 100 Mass Toaseof solute = Mass of solute+ Massof water r Take a sr soil. 50g ' 50g = soffiCx100=ffix100=20 r Powder d r With the find their uses? T. Mention some areas where solutions in the be find their uses in industries,laboratoriesand in medicines' o Add abou S. Solutions o Stir the n in medicine? T. Mention a use of solution dehydration' r As the bi to S. Saline glucose solution is administered a patient who is suffering from from the T, Can you tell one use of alum as medicine? r Mark the S. Alum is applied t0 stop bleeding due to minor cuts on skin. l. Experimen T. Name some solventsother than water ? r Take a clr S. Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), benzene,carbon tetrachlorideand acetone. write your T. Name a solvent which is used to removenail polish ? preparedS. Acetone r Take a st T. W'tat ts the general name of solutionsprepared in water ? chalk. r Powder th S. Aqueous solutions. o With the I T. Name some solid solutions? in the bea (iv) Copper+ Tin (Bronze)' S. (i) Copperin gold (il) Silver in gold (iii) Cu + Zn (Brass) r Add abou T. Give an exampleof an aqueoussolution in which gas is dissolved? beaker. S. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water in cold drinks' r Stir the m T. The last question. r As the bi5 that sir/madam? from the I S. What is true solutionfor solution.Is there any solution calledfalse solution r Mark the T. Why do you use the term question)' S. (Smiles! and commentsgood -1. Experimen T. (Laughs)But what is the answer of my question? r Take a clr th particulars colloids are also called as colloidal solutions.Therefore,to avoid confusion S. Some times term true solution is used for a solution' t6

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
L. To preparestainedtemporarymounts of (a) onion peel and (b) human cheek cells and to record observationsand draw their labelled diagrams. tissuesin plants, strippedmusclefibres and nerve cells and sclerenchyma 2. To identify parenchyma in animals, from preparedslides and to draw their labelled diagrams. of of 3. To test (c) the presence starchin the given food sample(b) the presence adulterantmetanil yellow in dal. of 4. To study the characteristics Spirogyra,Agarica,i, Moss, Fern, Pinus (either with male cone or femal cone) and an angiospermicplant. Draw and give two identifying features.of groups they belong to. ngh e ilzontal di 5. To observeand draw the given specimens Earthworm,Cockroach,Bony fish and Bird. For each specimen record (a) One specific feature of its phylum. (b) One adaptivefeature with referenceto its habitat.

;at the d any to the

TEMPORARY MOT]NTS PREPARATION

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 (a)

{im. To prepare stained temporary mount of onion peel and to record observations and draw labelled diagrams. \taterials Required. Onion, plane slides, coverslip, watch glass, forceps, needles, brush, blade, safranin, filter paper, glycerine and microscope.* Procedure r Take a piece of onion and with the help of a forcep gently pull a thin, transparent peel from it. r Keep this peel in water in a petri dish or watch glass. r Add a few drops of safranin stain in the watch glass to stain the peel. Both over staining and under-staining should be avoided. r Now ffansfer the peel on a clean slide with the help of a brush and needle. r Cut the portion of the peel to a proper rectangular or square shape of appropriate size (2 to 3 mm) with the help of a blade and i needle. o Remove the excessof water or stain, if any, from the slide surrounding the peel with the help of a blotting paper. o Add a drop of glycerine on the slide over the peel and put the coverslip gent$. Care must be taken to avoid the entry of air bubbles and the mounting should be done in the centre of the s[de. o After putting the coverslip, press it a bit with needle to spreadthe glycerine over peel properly. r Examine the slide under the microscope. Obsen'ations r There are a large number of cells lying side by side with distinct cell walls o A distinct nucleus is presenton one side of the cell. o A big vacuole is present in the centre of the cell. Precautions o Always hold the slide by its edges to avoid making the slide dirty. o A thin and properly stained peel should be selected for final mounting. o Always use a brush to transfer the peel from watch glass to the slide. Do not use needle. o The folding of the peel should be avoided. o The slide and coverslip must be cleanedbefore use. o The mounting of the peel should be done in the cenffe of the slide. o Always put the coverslip gently to avoid the entry of air bubbles. o Oozing of glycerine should not be there.
" Refer Appendix-I for the various parts of microscope, its working and handling

,1e #

Method of tal

108

-"T

id draw h, blade,

%%
A Needle Coverslip

Ent peel

fog and

fre size he he\p rust be r of the roperly.

Method of taking out peel from onion. Stages to show the mounting procedure of a slide.

Structure of an onion peel

l I

r09

NO. I (r) EXPERTMENT

Aim. To prepare stained temporary mount of human cheek cells and to record observationsand draw labelled diagrams. Materials Required. Slide, coverslip, filter paper, needles,brush. tooth pick, methyleneblue, watch glass, microscope. Procedure o With the help of a washedtooth pick or a clean slide gently scrap the inner side of the cheek to get some epithelial cells. on o Put the scrappings a clean slide and spreadit with a needle.Add a drop of water and a drop blue. of methyJene . After two minutes, remove the stain and add a drop of glycerine on the slide. o Put the coverslip gently to avoid the entry of air bubbles. o Pressit with a needle to rnake the cells spreaduniformly under the coverslip. o Examine the slide under the microscope. Observations cells are seenwith a thin cell membrane. o Large number of flat and inegular-shaped r A prominent nucleusis presentin the centre of each cell. It is staineddark blue. Precautions o Scrap the cheek gently to avoid any damageor bleeding. e Put the coverslip gently to avoid the entry of air bubbles. e Mounting should be done in the centre of the slide. o Both over-stainingand under-stainingof the cells should be avoided. o Spreadthe scrappingsproperly so that the cells are widely separated. Differences between a Plant cell and an Animal cell S.No. Features Cell wall Plastids Vacuoles ''. \ Centriole Shape Plant cell Present Present I-ess in number and bigger in size. Absent (exceptin few lower plants) Generally regular Animal cell Absent Absent More in number arid smallerin size. Present Generally irregular

1.
)

3. 4.
5.

VIVA VOCE
'1. Wtxydo ltou use glycerinefor mounting the peel ? Can any other material be used? S. Glycerine is used for mounting becausethe peel does not get dried quickly in it and so the can also be used for mounting however,it should not slide stayslonger. Any other substance get dried up quickly. T. Why don't we seeother cytoplasmicorganelleslike mitochondria,or Golgi bodiesin the cell ? Are they absent? S. Other cytoplasmic organellesare not seen as they are not stainedwith the dye that we use. However, they are presentin the cell.

110

111

T. Name the stain used to study plant cell. S. Safranin. T. List some dffirences between the cells you see in the cheek and the cells you get from onion

peeI. S. In cheek cells a cell wall is absentwhich is presentin the cells of onion. (fhere are other differencesalso but that we are not able to see). T. Name the stain used to study cheek cells. S. Methylene blue.

14. Huma help o (a) r (b) t (c) t (d) t 15. Given (i) t

N4ULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ) ON PRACTICAL SKILLS plant cells,which of the following stainis used? 1..For observing
(a) Methylene blue (b) Safranin (c) Acetocarmine @ I, solution (c) Euglena
(d) Amoeba

(iii) z (i') I The cc

(rr) I

(a) ( (c) i

2. Definite shapeof cells is seenin : (a) plants (b) animals

16. To obs

(d) c

Which one is correct? 3. Varun took an onion peel and noted the characteristics. (b) No intercellular spaces (a) Uninucleated cells (d) All of these (c) Cell wall is present 4. Which of the following cell organellecan be seenunder compoundmicroscopewhile observing human cheek cells? (c) Nucleus (d) Nucleolus (a) Chloroplast (b) Mitochondria 5. Vacuolesare bis in size and less in numbersin : (c) both of these (d) none of these (a) plant cells . (&) animal cells 6. Mounting of the material on the.slide is generally done : (b) on left side (a) in the centre (Q near the margin (c) on right side 7. We put the coverslip on the slide very gently to : (b) avoid oozing of glycerine and stain (c) avoid the crushing of the material (fl none of these (c) avoid the entry of air bubbles 8. Isha is able to identify onion cells becauseof its shapewhich is : (b) circular (c) rectangular (a) spherical 9. The nucleus in plant cell is generally : (a) elliptical (b) spherical (c) cylindrical @ square (A discoidal

(c) s

17. Sarthi, cell u a (a) b

18. The ba (a) c

19. Rahul r glyceri (a) p (c) p

20. The ce

(a)s
\ a) a

21. Parth u

22, lf a stu (a) s (c) o

23. Garima power. la) n (c) n

: 10. A studentpreparedthe temporarymount of onion peel but he could not observecells because (b) onion peel may have folded (a) he might have over stained (A any of these (c) air bubbles have been introduced in first in : lL. Cells are focussed microscope (b) 40 x (a) 10 X 12. Pick the odd one out : (a) Big vacuole (b) Plastids (c) 100 X (c) Cell wall @ any of the above @ Flat polygonal

24. Which ,

13. Name the stain which is used to observehuman cheek cells : (b) Cotton blue (c) Crystal violet (a) Safranin

(c) N

@ Methylene blue

r t2

qfrl

l,,ts flr lilFr

(nrum f 06sr

14. I{uman cheek cells stainedin methyleneblue and mounted in glycerine were observedwith the help of a compollnd microscope.The componentsof the cell which would be seen are : (a) cell wall, cytoplasm,nucleus (b) plasma membrane,cytoplasm, nucleus (c) plasma membrane,cytoplasm, nucleus,mitochondria (d) plasma membrane,cytoplasm, nucleus,mitochondria,golgi body, lysosomes 15. Given below are four operationsfor preparing a temporarymount of human cheek cells : (i) taking scrapingfrom inner side of the cheek and spreadingit on a clean slide (ii) putting a drop of glycerine on the material (iil) adding a few drops of methyleneblue on the material (iv) putting of cover slip gently over the material. of The correct sequence these operationsis : (a) (i) - (ii) - (iii) - (iv) (b) (iv) - (iii) - (ii) - (i) (c) (,v) - (i\- (ii) - (iii) @ (i) - (iii) - (ii) - (iv) 16. To observecells in an onion peel, we must preparethe slide by mounting on it : (a) crushedpulp of onion (b) dry scale leaf (c) green leaf of an onion (spring onion) (4 thin layer of fleshy leaf of onion. 17. Sarthi was observingan onion peel stainedwith safraninunder a microscope.The colour of the cell wall appeared: (a) black (b) blue-black (c) green @ pinkish-red 18. The basic structuraland functional unit of life is : (a) cell (b) tissue (c) organ @ organ system

19. Rahul made a temporarymount of cheek cells. He was advisedby the teacherto put a drop of glycerine before observationbecauseglycerine (a) prevents drying (b) provides colour (c) provides stiffness @l all of these 20. The cell wall in plant cells is madeup of : (a) glycogen (b) chitin (c) cellulose (d) starch

21. Parth was drawing a typical cell. He drew large vacuole in the cell which depicts : (a) animal cell (b) bacterial cell (c) plant cell (d) none of these 22.It a student wants to observesquamousepithelium, he is suggested take tissue from to (a) skin (b) inner lining of cheek. (c) onion peel (A any of these 23. Gaima observeda slide of human cheek cells under a microscopein its (i) low magnifying ' power, (il) high magnifyingpower settings. the first setting she has observed: In (rz) more cells in a darker field of view (b) fewer cells in a darker field of view (c) more celis in a briehter field of view (4 fewer cells in a brighter field of view 24. which of the labelling done by a studentfor the yeast cell is wrong?
Cell wall Vacuole Nucleus Cytoplasm

(a) Nucleus

(b) Cell membrane (c) Cell wall 113

(fl Cytoplasm

25. Temporary mount of a tissue is made in : (b) Alcohol (a) Glycerine

(c) Wax

(4 Any one of these

26. Diagram of cells of an onion peel were labelledby four studentsas given below. The correctly labelleddiagramis : (a) A (b) B

1., 2.r 3. 1 4.1

(c) c

(aD

s.
6.( 7.( 8.(

e.

27. Which of the following statementis false ? (a) Definite shapeof cell is seen in plants (b) Plant cells have cell wall (c) Animal cells do not have cell wall (d1 Definite shapeof cell is seenin animals

10.( 11.( 12.( 13. (

to.r

15. (r 16. (t 17. Q 18. (r

' 19. (a

20. (c

21. (c

22.(4

23. (i, 24. (i, 25. (a 26.U

27. (d

hes ; conoff Methylene blue-Animal cells, Acetocarmine-Chromosomes,I, solution-Starch. 2. (a) Becauseof the presenceof cell wall.

r. (b)

3 .(O All these charactersare presentin onion peel.

4.( c ) 5.( a) 6.( a) 7 .( c) 8.( c) chloroplast is absentand other organellesare smaller in size. In animal cells vacuolesare smaller in size and more in number. so that the material doesn't get disturbedwhile holding the slide. Air bubbles create problem to observethe slide. Onion peel cells are rectangularin shape.

9. (a) The nucleus of a plant cell is generally elliptical in shape. 10.(e) After folding of onion peel cells are not clearly visible.

lr. (a) cell organellescan't be focussedwell at higher magnification.

12.(a Animal cells are flat and polygonal, other featuresare of plant cells. B.(A safranin-Plant cell, cotton blue-Fungal cell, crystal violet-Bacteria.

rc.(a
18. (a) 19. (a)

14. (b) other cell organellesare seen under Electron Microscope in researchlab. E.(A These are the steps of making temporary mounts. Thin layer of fleshy leaf of onion is taken to study. Safranin gives pinkish red colour to the cells after staining. Cell is considered basic unit of life. Activities of all the cells contributetowardsthe as functioningof the organism.

17. ( a

Glycerine has very less evaporationas comparedto water. 20. (c) Plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, chitin is presentin the cell wall of fungi, glycogen is a storagecarbohydrate animals and starch in plants. in 2r. (c) A large vacuole is a characteristicfeature of plant cell.

22. (b) Inner lining of cheek cells is made up of squamusepithelium.

23. (c) More cells and brighter field are seen in low power. 24. (c) Cell wall is absentin animal cell. 25. (a) It avoids drying of material. 26. (b) outer layer is cell wall and darkly stainedstructureis nucleus. 27. (d) Definite shapeof cells is seenin plant cells.

ll5