1
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
2
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
rmwdum
3 cspfaomrdwfaqGnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;odkU
uAsm 29 armif o pf q if ;
3 cd k i f a y:xG e f ; a±S@a&;aqG;aEG;c%f;
oGm;&mvrf; 32 tm[m&0d k i f ; awmf o m;wOD ;
4 JULY aumif; tm[m&pmtkypf if
toifjh yifp@kd av; æ æ 33 *gr%d
5 ausmf u d k u d k *rfbm&Dqw kd hJ ææ
0dOmOfrsm;.pufwifbm 39 cGefqdkif;
6 armif c srf ; r_ d i f ; xm0&rdwfaqGææ
nD!Gwfr_onftm; 45 armif z l ; wif h
7 &J & if h o uf Z G J trsK;d om;a&;ocGyf ææ
arSmufusomG ;wJh æ æ
8 cuf a usmf bmomjyef
rD;awmiftefzwf 35 JOYCE SLOANE
9 az:a0; jrefrmEdik if ±H dS owif;rD',
D mææ
rD;avmifjyif
10 csrf ; +id r f ; at; txl ; aqmif ; yg;
"g;ayguform; 12 t±S i f = obmo
11 ukdaomf (PRMG) jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m æææ
nD!Gwf=u
31 &efEdkifxGef; trSwfw&aqmif;yg;
ypPuyQ ef; 15 Zif v if ;
rsK;d csp&f [ef;tmZmenf
tawG;tjrifESifhokw?
&o aqmif;yg;
&oaqmif yg;// 0wWKwdk
20 &J & if h a tmif 42 aZmf a Zmf a tmif
jynfopfwnforl sm; OHKzG yDwmaZmfjrifh
22 armif p G r f ; &nf
tdv k yH pfpwd "f gwf armif t m[m&
23 ZGefr_dif; 28 armifatmifvD ( tm[m&pmapmif )
2010 tvGef ppftyk pf k ææ
26 0if ; rsKd ; o½kyfaz:yHkrsm;
pufwifbm/oHCmææ armifatmifvD (tm[m&pmapmif)
3
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
ppftm%m±l;rsm; tm%modr;f cJo h nfrmS pufwbFm (18)qdv k #if ESp(f 20)wif;wif;jynfch ahJ cs+y?D ppftm%m±l;rsm; tkycf sKyf
cJo
h nfh oufwrf;wav#mufv;kH udk jyef=unfv h #if rw&m;r_rsm;/ zdEydS rf r_ sm;/ tm%mudk tvGo J ;kH pm;vky+f yD; xkwcf sio f nfh
Oya'xkw/f csrw S cf sio
f nfh trde@f rsm; xkwjf yefcsurf sm;xkw+f yD; ausmif;om;/ oHCm /jynforl sm;udk a=umufvef@w}uD;jzifh
tkycf sKyfvmcJo h nfukd awG@&ayrnf? wdik ;f jynf. tzufzufu qd;k 0g;vmaom pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; ponfw@kd
udk vpfvsL±_um ppftm%mwnf+raJ &;udo k m wpdu k rf wfrwfvyk af qmifvmcJ=h uonf? Edik if aH &;wGiv f nf; 1990 a&G;aumuf
yGw
J iG f tEdik &f xm;aom trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf}uD;u t+rJwrf; awmif;qdak eonfh awG@qakH qGaEG;a&;/ awG@qakH qG;aEG;
a&;udv k nf; jiif;y,f+yD; enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd +ydKuGaJ tmif vkyaf qmifaecJ=h uonf?
ud, k t f rsKd ;om;tcsi;f csi;f awG@qakH qG;aEG;=u&rnfu h pd w P iG f ppftm%m±l;rsm;. acgi;f rmr_a=umifh urBmu h v k or*~tzG@J }u;D
u =um;0ifvmcJ&h onf? od@k aomfvnf; xda&mufonfh twdik ;f twm tajctae wcktxd a&mufrvmao;ay? 1990ckEpS f
uwnf;u ukvor*~ow H refrsm; jrefrmEdik if o H @kd vma&mufco hJ nfrmS (37)}udr&f cdS +hJ yDjzpfonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;aumifpD ESihf
taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufaygif; (30)ausmf csrSwfch+J yD; jzpfonf? vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDuvnf; xkwfjyefcsuf
(2)&yfxw k jf yefco hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; ppftm%m±l;rsm;. xif&mS ;xda&mufaom wH@k jyefvu kd af vsmr_rsm;um; r&Scd ahJ cs? Edik if H
a&;tusO;f om;rsm; wd;k wd;k vmjcif;ESihf acgi;f aqmiftcsKd @ rvGwaf jrmufvmao;jcif;wd@k u ukvor*~. jrefrmEdik if t H a&;
yg0ifaqmif&u G rf t _ ay: xda&mufrr_ &Sq d o kd nfh tcsuu f kd jyoaeayonf? ,ae@xd ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKy. f
jrefrmta&;ud, k pf m;vS,f *rfbm&Dvma&mufc+hJ y;D awG@qakH wmif;qdrk r_ sm; jyKvkycf ahJ omfvnf; NLD tygt0if twdu k f tcH
rsm;bufrS *rfbm&D. c&D;pOfrsm auseyfp&mr&Sd atmifjrifrr_ &S[ d k oH;k oyfc=hJ uonf? ppftm%m±_;wd@k uvnf; *rfbm&D
. a':atmifqef;pk=unftay:xm;&So d nfh uef@owfcsurf sm; avsmah y;a&;ESihf tjcm;Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;v$waf y;a&;/
a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf etzwd@k wdu k &f u kd af qG;aEG;a&;/ jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ajz&Si;f ay;&efEiS hf trsKd ;om;pD;yGma&;zd&k rf
wckwnfaxmifay;&ef/ *rfbm&D. ud, k pf m;vS,f &efuek +f rdK@Y xm;&Sad &;/ tajccHOay'a&;qG&J mwGif jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;
tm;vH;k oabmxm;yg0ifa&;/ vmrnfh 'DZifbmY ukvor*~twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfu, kd w f ikd f jrefrmEdik if v H ma&muf&ef jrefrmEdik f
iHa&;jy\em tajz&Sma&;ponfh awmif;qdck surf sm;udk twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf vma&mufa&;rSvI JG useo f nft h csurf sm;udjk iif;
y,fc=hJ uonf?
rnfo@kd yifjzpfapumrl *rfbm&D. jrefrmEdik if cH &D;pOfEiS yhf wfouf+yD; tpD&ifcpH mudk pufwbmF(3)&ufae@u taxGaxGnD
vmcHOuUXxH wifjych&J m OuUXu “ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH qH;k jzwfcsuu f ay;xm;wJh vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf wdik ;f jrefrmEdik if rH mS
trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;ESihf vl@tcGiahf &;udk av;pm;vdu k ef ma&;wd@k wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f vmapzd@k appyfay;
r_awGukd ukvor*~tzG@J 0ifEikd if (H 192)Edik if u H qufvuf vkyaf qmifomG ;r,f”[k ajym=um;vdu k o f nf? *rfbm&D. jrefrmEdik f
iHc&DpOfY t}uHjyKcJo h nfh tcsurf sm;tay: wd;k wufcikd rf mr_ &&Sad p&eftwGuf ukvor*~txl; t}uHay; yk*Kd~ vf*rfbm&DEiS hf
eD;uyfpmG qufvuf aqmif&u G o
f mG ;&ef jrefrmtpd;k &udk tmay;a=umif;vnf; OuUXu ajym=um;vdu k o f nf? ukvor*~.
oabmxm;&Si;f aeay+yD? *rfbm&D. }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G rf t _ ay: rnfo@kd yif a0zefajym=um;r_awG &Sad pumr_ pdwyf supf &m/
pdwrf auseyfp&m xda&mufr_ enf;yg;onfh vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f om *rfbm&Dw@kd av#muf=uayOD;rnf? rnfr#=um OD;rnfrod?
jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;awGom ppftm%m±l;wd@k . vkycf siw f ikd ;f vky/f &dik ;f csiw
f ikd ;f &kid ;f onf'h %fawGukd cH=uOD;rnf/ awmfveS f
a&;&Jabmftaygi;f wd@k 'Dru kd a&pDbufawmfom;wd@k t"du aqmif&u G =f u&rnfrh mS ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd +yD; ud, k Ef ikd if t
H a&;udk
pGr;f pGr;f wrH vkyaf qmif=u&efom jzpfonf? ud, k t hf a&;udk ud, k u f wkd ikd f }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G ±f rkH wS yg; tjcm;r&S?d
pnf;vH;k =u? nD!w G =f u?
tm[m&0dik ;f awmfom;rsm;?
4
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
“oGm;&mvrf;”
acwftqufquf ay:wl*D 'wfcsf vJ
awmfveS cf &hJ w,f?
a[m æ tck
vGwv f yfa&;}uD;&vd@k
jynfaxmifp}k uD; wd;k wufatmifvyk rf ,f}uHao;
tom;xJu avmufxu G w f hJ
rdpm> bDv;l ppftm%m&Si±f ;_ awGa=umifh
urBmrSm jrefrm&,fv@kd xGe;f vif;ajymifwhJ
Ak'o< moema&mifvJ
ysupf ;D arS;rSed o
f mG ;cJ+h yD?
r,Hrk &Sed @J æ
umv0dbuf aemufy;kd wufv@kd
t0dZm… tjrifrmS ;eJ@ bk&m;ykx;kd awGzsuw f hJ
rdpm> orm; iZifumvdk
bk&m;om;awmfawGowfwhJ
tm%m,pfr;l ppfbv D ;l wd@k vJ
taES;eJ@tjref tJ'v D rf;udk cH&vdrrf ,f?
toifjh yifpa‹kd v;
pmwufpmtH qGJvnf;oHeJ@
tkef;armif;acgufoH acG;tloHwdk@/
‘qGr;f awmfAsKŒd ’ qdw
k hJ csupf l toH
r=um;&wm wESpf=umygayghvm;
vGrf;&w,fav;?
oHCmxkawGu jynfom,mapa&;
&nfoefum arwWmawGeJ@
nDnmpGm xºuG
pufwifbmtjzpf&,fu
&ifemp&m topfjzpf=u
aqG;&w,fav;?
pDwef;umºuGcsDcJhwJh yckuULoHCmxkudk
w±kwfjzL tazrSwfwJh
t,kwfwrm vlwpku
±dkufESufum zrf;umqD;vdk@
a&$0ga&mif oHCmv_dif;}uD; v_yfum[D;cJh+yD
tm;&w,fav;?
aevdkvvdk omoemhajrudk
tusOf;wefatmifvkyfwJh rdp>maumifawG æ
‘onf;cHwm Ak'<0g'qdkayr,fh
twdkif;xuf vGefvm+yDyJ’
wGef;vSefum òzdumvJSpkd‹
0kdif;0ef;r,fav;?
omoemtwGuf/ jrefrmjynftwGuf
r=umcifvmr,fh wdkufyGJrSm
oif ygvmzdk‹ta&;
wkdufwGef;um tm;ay;csifw,f
toifhjyifpdk@av;?
july aumif;
6
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
“0dOmOfrsm;. pufwifbmv”
*sdK;jzLiSufwaumif vef@zsyfysHajy;
oHvGifcufuav; aºu&pfcJh
wudk,fvHk; aoG;awGvl;um
vlom;rsm;pGmu u}udK;twdkif;
idkvm=uw,f ?
qwfueJ wkefcgoGm;wJhurBm}uD;&,f
rsuf&nfjrpfudk &yfwef@vdkufawmh
tpmay;yg
a&ay;yg
t0wfay;yg
atmufqD*sifay;yg
toufcsrf;omay;yg
t&Sufcsrf;omay;yg
ta&;w}uD; tEl;t!$wf
cl;qGwfvdkwJh
'Drdkua&pDyef;
wjcrf;yJ&& ay;yg
aocsmw,f
vl@0dOmOfqdk tjzLyJjzpfjzpf
trJyJ jzpfjzpf
vGyfvyfcGifhudk qmavmifw,f ?
ausmfuu
kd kd
(A u o rsm;tzG@J csKyf)
zdk&rf*sme,frS ul;,laz: jyygonf?
7
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
nD!w
$ rf o
+ nftm;
ol&aJ umif;awG
azmifzsucf =hJ uw,f ?
usKyfw@kd æ
awmfveS af &;orm;awGa&m
ud,
k thf usKd ;twGuf jyefvnf pGe@f vw
$ zf @kd
trsm;tusKd ;twGuf jyefvnf pGe@f pm;zd@k
tqifoif+h yv D m; ?
arSmufusoGm;cJhwJh pufwifbm&J@
naecif;wck[m
atmf*vDqefp&m
pufwifbm&J@ naecif;wck igwdk@&J@ tem*wfawGtay:rSm
yufyufpufpuf arSmufusoGm;yHkrsm; igwdk@&J@ rsdK;qufawGtay:rSm
a&'D,x kd u
J rdpm> wd@k &@J ewfq;kd xd;k oHawG igwdk@&J@ EdkifiHawmftay:rSm
vrf;rsm;ay:udk uyfa&m*gqdk;wckvdk tjrpfwG,faecsdefrSm
ESvHk;om;awGxJudk igwdk@wawG&J@ nD!Gwfa&;qdkwmuvnf;
zdwpf ifviG u
hf svmonft h xd æ? rsufrjrif ykÀm;ajcmufa,muf qifprf;ovdkrsdK;
· tdyaf &;r0ao;wJh 0uf00}uD;vdk
urBmra=u aw;oH[m 'D,dkif [dkxdk; udk,fusdK;enf;p&mcsnf;omy æ?
arSmufusoGm;wJh naecif;xJrSm
awmufawmufyyeJ@ tv#HwnD;nD; &Jabmfw@kd a& æ
“vuf c sif ; csd w f x m;=u” tqHk;owfwdkufyGJxJrSm
“a=umcsif ; uyf x m;=u” *rfbm&Dudk arhxm;vdkuf
“t&H _ ; ray;bl ; uG ” bef;uD;rGef;udk arhxm;vdkuf
“vrf ; awG y d w f x m;=u” jynfytultnDawG arhxm;vdkuf
“opf y if a wG vS J x m;=u” oifwdk@&@J jyif;jywJh pdwfqENudkom
“oyd w f p cef ; awG u d k tcd k i f t rm umuG , f = u” ,Hk=unfcsuf av;ay:wif+yD;ypfvdkufprf;yg /
“&&if & r&&if c s” arSmufusoGm;wJh
'g[m æ i&Jyu G o f H aoG;ysuo f rH [kwf pufwifbmnaecif;xJrSm
ausmif;om; jynfol &[ef;&Sifvlwdk@&J@
&J&ifw
h hJ wdu
k yf aJG c:oHjzpfw,f æ?
&J&ifoh ufZJG vGwfajrmufjcif;aw;oHeJ@
ordkif;opfudkzGifhvSpf=ur,f æ?
(· uAsmq&mwdkufarmif;. ‘ukvm;xdkifpdkufysdK;a&;’uAsmrS pmom;)
9
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
rD;awmiftefzwf
-igrnHhbl;a[h
igrnHb h ;l a[h æ vd@k
aºuG;a=umfaewJholawG rsm;vGef;tm;}uD;wmeJ@ -opPmazgufawGudkawmh
(a[m'D) todkuft+rHK}uD;wckvHk;uawmh cE WDp ae@jyefwdk;awG ay;xm;=ua[h
nHh+yD;oxuf nHh’nHhvm? aoG;xGufoH,dka0pkavmufeJ@ ('if;wdk@&JŒ)
av#mufvJcsufawGudk
-&ifemp&myJ jynfhpHkcGifhvufrSwfrxdk;rd=uapeJ@?
ol&Jaumif;awGrsm;oavmuf
'DDwdkif;jynf}uD; acsmufxJ c%’c%usae&? -tzdESdyfcHtdyfrufawGudk
taumiftxnfaz:r,fqdkwJh
-&ifeifhp&mawG aumif}uD;}uD;awGawmh
udk,fhtrsKd;om;tcsif;’csif;us acgif;+rD;}uD;}uD;awG+cHK
vlpGrf;aumif; a±$a&miftdyfruf}uD;}uD;awG a,mif,rf;
vlrsKd;jcm;awGeJ@usawmh vufoD;vufarmif;}uD;}uD;awG wef;’wef;+yD;
olzek ;f pm; ? bkef;awmfbGJ@}uD;}uD;awG
ukef;ukef;atmf?
-trSm;awGudktrSm;eJ@ajcxdk;
ajcwaygifusKd;pum;vHk; -acsmufxJuwdkif;jynf}uD;
0g;vHk;acgif;xJomwJh ‘v’ tusnf;wef&mpk
toHk;rusjcif;awG rHrDvkyf trm±GwfawG pkbl;}uD;eJ@tjynfh?
ðzwfxkwfowfawG tarGay;
taºuG;rsm;wJh tem*gwf cufausmf
jzwfn‡yfuyfawG atmf}uD;[pfus,f? 17/ 01/ 01
10
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
“ tdk æ olvm;
jyKwfusoGm;ol@ b,fvuf
nmvufESifhudkifum
rD; +rdefa&,Sufa& vd_ufpm;
&_;oGyfoGm;+yDyJ
rsufESmv$Jvdkufawmh
avmif a& æ a&
tavmif;trSwf okn olraoao;
jyif wa,mufjymusoGm;jyef+yD ighaoG;udkaomufyg ?
a!SmfeH@
“ we*FaEGrsm;rS paersm;
udef;*%ef;rsm; &l;oGyfr_ jymus
atmifhrxm;eJ@
rukocsif=uygeJ@
&J&&J =_ u
ausmufwkH;atmufrS urBmajr}uD;onfvnf;
a&at;at;wpufonf eD&aJ eay+yD ?
toufqDrsm;a0hae&J@
tdyfrufvrf;cGJrSm
vdkufch=J u æ vdkufch=J u ighuAsmrsm; }uJjzef@
[dk æ acsmufurf;yg;atmufrSm yef@oultaºupuav;rsm; aysmf=uygap
tHhzG,fy ewfwdkif;jynf ,rf;eH@ / rsu&f nf
qDOaxmywf ya'omwJh aoG;
yg;uGufom;&J@rsufvHk; +yHK;jzpfatmif +yHK;yg? ZGefvarG;uav;wa,muf
ighausmay:u av#mufoGm;yg ?
oifjzL;zsmwcsyf
,yfawmifwckeJ@ b,folvJ
ckcH=uolawG b,folawGvJ[if
e,fajrr&Sd touf&Sifaeao;olrsm;
vGifwD;acgifrSm oGm;pdk@ æ?
vufoD;vufarmif;wef;
a'goeJ@ uef;aeol azmfa0;
b,folb,f0grcGJwwf
(opf&Guftaorsm;ay:rS &ufpufaom*Dw
zwfraeawmhyg
uAsmpmtkyfrS/ 1974 pufwifbm?)
11
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
"m;ayguform;
[kwfceJ rD;awGrSdwfoGm;w,f
&SJceJ toHawG +idrfusoGm;w,f
zswfceJ qvkdufrD;armif;awG xkd;vkdufw,f
Zmwfpif&J@ tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm
puf0kdif;ykH opfom;csyfwckaxmifvsuf [mceJ [ifceJ
a&S@rSm vlwa,muf y&dwfowfawG tmarÈdwfoHtqkH;rSm
rsufESmukd t0wfeufpnf;vkd@ w&kHvkH; wajzmif;ajzmif;vufckyfoHrsm;?
(aemufcHwD;vkH;rsm;)
yef;ukH;vmpGyfolwOD;u ar;w,f
'kwf æ cifAsm; "m;rSefrSm ra=umufbl;vm;wJh
'kwf æ aocsmcJhw,f
'kwf 'g enf;ynmwckyJ
"m;awGu wpif;+yD;wpif; b,fwkef;urS oHo,rjzpfcJhygbl;?
ysm;aumifvkd w0D0DysHoef; "m;aygufwm usaemfhtaz
cE<mukd,f&@J ab;/ txuf t0wfeufpnf;ay;wm usaemfhom;
atmuf/ 0J/ ,m tEHS@xkd;pkduf taztem;,lvkd@ usaemf
"m;ayguform;jzpfwJhtcg
usaemfhae&mrSm usaemfhom;aygh
rpkd;&drfygeJ@rdwfaqG æ? ?
csrf;+idr;f at;
12
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
“nD!w
G f=u”
jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f moHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGUJ BuD;udk
arG;zGm;jcif;
to#i=f obmo
aom pmoifwu kd rf sm; awmf)/ OD;t*ôo (ygVu d m&D q&mawmf)/
u jyefvnf vufrcHo OD;^m%0Ho(ar'deDq&mawmf)/ OD;ok
jzifh tjcm; pmoifwu kd f r*FvmvuFm& (wdydÉur[m*E<m&Hk
rsm;od@k ajymif;a&$ow D if; q&mawmf)/ a&$bek ;f yGiq hf &mawmf wd@k .
oH;k cJ}h u&onf?pma&;ol OD;aqmifrj_ zifh atmufjrefrmjynf &[ef;
ud, k w f ikd vf nf;wmarG+rKd @ ysKd or*~ OuUX OD;yndE/N tcrf;tem;rª;
-pma&;olonf &efuek jf rdK@v,f e,f/ usKd uUqv H rf;/ eEN OD;y¾0Ho(OD;jynfausm)f wd@k u wm0ef
r[modrfawmf}uD; y&d,wWdpmoif 0efygVd wuUov kd af usmif;od@k ajymif;a&$@ ,lum 1990-ck atmufwb kd mv 3-
wdkufYpmayoif}um; avhvmaepOf oDwif;oH;k cJ&h onf? 1990- &Spaf v;vH;k &uf/ 1352-ck oDwif;u|wfvjynfh
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rsm;pGmwd@k toufcsr;f om&m& cJ}h uyg a}umifh rpd;k &dr q f &mawmf}uD;rsm; jzpf onf? pma&;ol ud, k w f ikd v f nf; axmif
onf? xdt k a&;awmfyu kH mvwGif pm onfh OD;&mZ"rRmbd0o H / OD; aum0d'gbd '%f 8-ESpf csrw S f cHc&hJ +y;D 1994-ckEpS w f iG f
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cJh&aoma=umifh pmoifom; oHCm jynf oHCmh omr*~t D zG@J csKyfrS 1990- xd k @ aemuf y d k i f ; wG i f tusOf ;
awmfrsm;vnf; rdrw d @kd Zmwdo@kd jyefºucG hJ pufwifbmvwGif rE aW v;+rKd @Y e-0- axmifrsm;rS jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvm
=u&onf? 1988 pufwifbmv 18- w ppftpd;k &udk 0denf;awmf eSihf ywWed aom &[ef;ysKd rsm; or*~tzG@J 0if oHCm
&uf ppftm%modr;f +y;D aemuf txuf uUKZ…e (oydwaf rSmuf) uH aqmifyJG jyK rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;eSiq hf ufo, G u f m
jrefrmjynfoC H mhomr*~/D atmufjref rm vkycf }hJ uygonf? ppftpd;k & qef@usiaf &; vkyif ef;rsm;udk
jynf &[ef;ysKd rsm;or*~w@kd ukd jyefvnf rE Wav;+rdK@oHCmawmfrsm;. v#Kd @0uS pf mG vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? wzuf
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14
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
&Sm;r_w@kd wiG f twlwuG yl;aygi;f aqmif cJ}h uonf? 2006-ckepS f ESpOf ;D ydik ;f wGif e- [ef;ysdKor*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh4if;/ ae@
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aom ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; v#Kd @ &ef COoifwef; PD oifwef;rsm;wuf &[ef;ysKd or*~tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESi4hf if;/ nydik ;f
0Supf mG ulnaD xmufyrhH r_ sm; jyKvkyaf y; a&muf&ef oHCmawmfrsm;udk pma&;olrl S wGif jzL;jrKd @&[ef;ysKd or*~ tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf
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h nf? vrf;n$eaf y;cJo h nf? 2006-ckepS f puf 4if; awG@qkH nSEd i_d ;f jyD; jzL;jrdK@Yyif ntdyf
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v 9-&ufwiG f pwkwt W }udrf urBmAh 'k < awmfveS af &;}uD;udk touf0if vmap owif;udk rD', D mrsm;rS wqif=h um;cJ&h
bmomxdyo f ;D nDvmcH}uD; usi;f y&ef onfh yifraoG;a=um[k ac:qdEk idk af om onf? pufwifbmv 6-&ufae@wiG f
}uKd ;pm;aecsed w f iG —
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&Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k yd@k aqmifjcif;/ Cmawmfrsm;ESiahf qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;udk t&Sed f ESif h awG@ qHak qG;aEG;cJjh yD; wjrdK@0if wjrdK@
&[ef ; oH C mawmf r sm;tm; t[kejf zifjh yKvkycf o hJ nf? =o*kwv f 7- xGuf c&D;qufcyhJ gonf? pufwif bmv
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ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rS uyfaom qGr;f udk tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS q&m yif ppfuikd ;f pnf;a0;yGo J @kd csucf si;f ºuG
rpm;ojzifh wdydwÉu r[m*E<m&Hk awmfrsm;eSifh oHk;&ufwdkif nSdedSKif;aqG; a&mufcjhJ y;D qH;k jzwfcsu, f u l m rE aW v;
ausmif;wku d (f urBmat;)rS &[ef; w aEG;jyD; ppfuikd ;f tpnf;ta0; usi;f yedKif od@k jyef}uGcyhJ gonf? pufwifbmv 9-
yg;ESihf omra% 25-yg;udzk rf;qD;um &efEiS hf oHCmhtpktzG@J }u;D zG@J pnf;Edik &f efpD &uf ae@wiG v f jkH cHKa&;t& ta&;ay: t
axmif'%f 18-ESppf D csrw S cf jhJ cif;/ pOfco hJ nf? =o*kwv f 10-&ufae@wiG f pnf;ta0;wpf&yfukd usi;f yum
paom ppftpdk;&u bmom txufjrefrmjynf tpnf;ta0;qHk; 1? jrefrmedKifiv H ;kH qdik &f m&[ef;ysKd or*~
a&;qdik &f m zdeydS rf r_ sm; jyKvkycf yhJ ukH u kd rBm jzwfcsurf sm;udk &efuek jf rKd @&dS tzG@J tpnf; rsm;tzG@J csKyf?
u odeKd ifap&ef—Burma : A Land toD;oD;rSwm0ef&o dS rl sm;eSihf aqG;aEG; 2? jrefrmedKifiv H ;kH qdik &f moH Cmhomr*~D
where Buddhist Monks Are Dis nSed KdS if;cJoh nf? &[ef;ysKd or*~(&efuek )f rS tzG@J csKyf?
robed and Detained in –ungeons OD;*rB&D udk oD;oef@ awG@qjkH y;D tzG@J tpnf; 3? &[ef;ysKd or*~(&efuek )f ?
[laom pmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0um Edik if w H wckrmS yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G of ifah =umif; 4? oHCmh'w l tzG@J ?h
umod@k wifjyEdik cf o hJ nf? xkv d yk af qmif &Sif;jyum t}udrf}udrf aqG;aE$;jzpfcJh 5? jynfe,fEiS w hf ikd ;f toD;oD;&Sd oHCmh
csufa=umifh EkdifiHwum Ak'<bmom onf? pufwifbmv 1-&ufae@wiG f t or*~tzG@J 0if- tm;vH;k wd@k rS oHCmxk
tzG@J tpnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u 0dik ;f zG@J tpnf;toD;oD;ESihf wdik yf ifaqG;aEG; +y;D wpf&yfv;kH .qENukd ud, k pf m;jyKum jref
0ef; uef@uu G =f uonfh twGuf pwkwW qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csum 2-&ufae@ wGif rmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;
t}urd u f kd jzKw+f y;D urBmAh 'k b < mom xdyf OD;*rD&B ESihf tao;pdyf xyfrn H EdS i_d ;f cJo
h nf? pktzG@J }uD;udk zG@J pnf;cJyh g onf? ,if;od@k
oD;nDvmcH[k t&Suaf jyusi;f ycJ&h onf? atmuf jrefrmjynf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; zG@J pnf;+yD;aemuf yckuLU ta&;udpt P yg
2005-ckESpfwGif tm%m&Sif jzpfaom OD;*rBD&u 4-&ufae@ wGif t0if tjcm;awmif;qdo k ifo h nfh tcsuf
tpd;k &tm; vlxv k KS yf&mS ;r_ toGijf zifh c&D;xGu+f yD; pma&;olu 5-&ufae@ rS rsm;udk a&G;cs,jf yD;-
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15
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
1? e-t-z ppf t pd k ; &rS ief;pOfrsm;udktzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;odk@ udv k rS sKd ;aemif/ udak tmifol wd@k uvnf;
yckuUL oHCmawmfrsm;tm; aus qufvuf n$e}f um;cJyh gonf? jrefrm tultnDrsm;ay;cJo h vdk teKynm &Sif
at;cGifhv$wfonftxd 0efcsawmif; ed K if i H v H k ; qd k i f & m oH C mh w yf a ygif ; pk rsm;jzpf}uaom udak usmo f /l udZk m*em/
yef & ef / tzG@J }uD;. wnfae&mudv k nf; jrefrm udak tmifa0;(uAsmq&m)/ a':oef;jrifh
2? vuf & S d j rif h w uf a eaom edKiif v H ;kH qdik &f m &[ef;ysKd or**~rsm; tzG@J atmif(pma&;q&mr) wd@k tzG@J rv S nf;yl;
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3?a':atmif q ef ; pk } unf owfrw S cf o hJ nf? pGmyg0ifvmjy;D vlxv k KS yf &Sm;r_toGiu f kd
tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm; e-t-z ppftpd;k &u awmif; ul;ajymif;cJyh gw,f?
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awmif;qdk a=ujimcJyh gonf? rE Wav;jrdK@wGif wm0ef,l&efavsmuf jrefrmedKifiv H ;kH qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk
jrefrmedKifiHvHk;qdkif&moHCmh xm;&onf? t zG@J =uD;rSjynfov l x l o k @kd wdu k w f eG ;f edKS ;
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3? OD;awZ /4? OD;*rBD& —wd@k jzpf}ujyD;/ qH;k rbd@k oHCmxk nDnw G af &;udk aqmif tzG@J rS udak X;=uG,/f udx k eG ;f jrifah tmif
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16
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
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ouf v k H a umif ; =uap” ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f / ocif atmifqef;/ q&m jrefrmhEikd if aH &;ordik ;f udk jyef vSef
“aoG ; rxG u f a om awmfO;D OwWr tp&Sw d hJ yk*Kd~ vaf usmwf kd th avhvmwJt h cg 0dik tf rfbaD t (YMBA)
ppfyGJ}uD;udkqifE$J=u” a=umif; a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkypf mwrf; ac: Ak'b < momuvsm%,k 0 toif;/
“udk,fh&nfrSef;csuf awG &Sm;yg;vmwm awG@ae&w,f? w aemif *sDpDbDat (GCBA) ac:
atmif j rif c sif & if u,fawmh 'DvdktmZmenfyk*~dKvf}uD; jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;&J@ }udK;yrf;tm;
aemuf r wG e f @ =ueJ @ ?”- awG&@J tawG;tjrif a[majym a&;om; xkwrf a_ wGukd csev f yS xf m;vd@k r&ygb;l ?
‘q&mawmf OD ; OwW r ’- csufawG[m "rR"dÏmef usavh&Sdwm jrefrmtoif;csKy}f u;D wd;k wuf us,jf yef@
q&mawmf ysv H eG af wmfrcl hJ wm a=umift h rSew f &m;udk ESpo f ufaxmuf vmatmif oHCmawmfawG oHCmh
,ck pufwifbm (9) &ufq&kd if (69)ESpf cHolwdk@twGuf vrf;n$efcsufawGjzpf or*~D tzG@J awG &J@ axmufct H m;ay;r_u
jynf h + yD j zpf y gw,f ? jref r mwd k @ wwfv@kd ygy?J t"duae&muyg0ifygw,f? tJ'v D kd oH
aus;Zl;rarhtyfwhJ Edik if t hH mZmenfawG &[ef;tmZmenf}uD; ‘q&m CmawmfawG a&S@wef;rS wufwufºuG
xJrmS ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ vnf; tyg awmf OD;OwWr ay:xGe;f cJw h hJ acwf[m ºuG wdik ;f usKd ;jynfusKd ;aqmif vmatmif
t0ifjzpfygw,f? jrefrmh vGwv f yf a&; jAdwo d #uvkd ekd aD cwfjzpfygw,f? ESpu f m tOD;qk;H Edik if aH &;todtjrif rsupf zd iG hf
AdrmR efukd yEMucf scohJ l tmZmenf rsKd ;cspf vtm;jzifh wGupf pf&ifawmh ,ae@acwf ay;cJwh hJ yk*Kd~ vuf awmh q&mawmf OD;OwW
yk*Kd~ vfawGxrJ mS q&mawmf[m a&S@q;Hk eJ@ twefi,ftvSr;f a0;aeygw,f? 'g r ygy?J Ak'. < pmayusr;f *efawGe@J tnD
wef;rSyg0ifwhJ &[ef;tmZmenf}u;D jzpf ayr,fh &[ef;tmZmenf ‘q&mawmf w&m;eJ@arG@avsmaf e=uwJh oHCmawmf
ygw,f? 'Dae@ acwf vli,fawG trSew f OD;OwWr &J@ a[majym a&;om;csurf sm; wd@k taeeJ@ q&mawmf OD;OwWra[majym
17
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
wJh Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;a[m ajym vSnhf vnf+yD; Edik if w H umta&;t&m Edik if oH @kd 'kw, d t}urd o f mG ;jyefygw,f?
csuaf wG/ Edik if w H umtawG@t}uKH awG rsm;ud k avh v mqnf ; yl ; cJ h y gw,f ? *syefrmS q&mawmf[m ygVEd iS o hf uUÉ
udk csucf si;f em;0ifz@kd rvG,yf gb;l ? 'gay Oa&myY &Sad epOf 1905 ckEpS f ±k&mS ;*syef bmomygarmuQ tjzpf wm0efxrf;&Guf
r,fh aemifEpS t f wefi,f=umwJh tcg ppfjzpf&m *syefutEdik &f wJh owif;udk ygw,f? *syefa&muf w±kwfausmif;
q&mawmf OD;OwWr&J@ Edik if aH &;w&m;awG =um;wma=umifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ jref om;awGe@J jrefrmEdik if aH &;&mudpu P kd aqG;
[m pum;vk;H taeeJ@ rma=umaeay qefwhJ *syefEikd if t H a=umif;udk avhvm aEG;cJzh ;l w,fv@kd od&ygw,f? w±kwEf ikd if H
r,f/h vufawG@ tESpo f m&t& trsKd ; vdpk w d jf zpfvmygw,f? 1907 ckEpS rSm q udv k nf; oGm;a&mufvnfywfcyhJ gw,f?
bmom omoem twGuf wu,ft &mawmf *syefEikd if aH &mufygw,f? wdu k sKd w±kwt f rsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif a'guw f m
usKd ;&Sad =umif; odvmcsed rf mS oHCmawG Ak'b < mom wuUov kd rf mS ygVEd iS o hf uUÉ qGe, f ufqifEiS v hf nf; awG@qo Hk u d |r;f
xke@J xnfe@J yg0ifaxmufccH =hJ uygw,f? bmomqdkif&m ygarmuQtjzpf (4) cGi&hf &Scd yhJ gw,f? a'guw f m qGe, f ufqif
ordik ;f bmomudk pdw0f ifpm; +y;D ESpef ;D yg; aqmif&u G yf gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H ESifh tm&Sa'o vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm;
pmzwfavh&SdwJh vli,fawG uawmh tjyefc&D;rSm ud&k ;D ,m;/ refcsL;&D;,m;/ aqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? yxr urBmppf+yD;
‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ &J@ bG@J emrnfukd w±kw/f uarBm'D;,m;ESihf xdik ;f Edik if aH wGrmS umeD;rSm q&mawmf jrefrmEdik if @H jyefºuG
rvGrJ aoG rSwrf rd mS jzpfygw,f? txl;o 0ifa&mufcahJ o;w,fv@kd rSww f rf;&Syd g cJyh gw,f? tJ'D tcsed u f +yD; jrefrmvlxk
jzif h “u&uf a 'guf *uf a 'guf ” w,f? em;rsupf yd iG ahf pzd@k Edik if w H umrS &&Scd w hJ hJ
(Craddock, Get Out!) qdw k hJ aºu;G 1911 ck E S p f jref r mEd k i f i H j yef todynm A[kow k rsm;ESihf ,SOw f +JG yD;
a=umfoHudk owd&w,fqdk&if q&m a&mufwt hJ cg/ ‘0dik t f rfbaD t’udk pwif Edik if aH &; w&m;a[majymygawmhw,f?
awmfudk taotcsm rSwfrdrSmjzpfyg xlaxmifc=hJ uwJh OD;bab/ OD;armif}uD;/ q&mawmf&J@ a[majymcsufawG[m
w,f ? “u&uf a 'guf ” (Sir OD;b&if/ ol&, d owif;pm pwifwnf pum;vk;H ajymifajymif xdxrd rd &d v dS w S thJ
Reginald Henry Craddock) [m axmifc=hJ uwJh OD;buav;/ OD;vSaz tp wGuf w&m;yGw J ikd ;f wd;k rayguf atmif
tJ'Dacwfu jrefrmEdkifiH 'kwd,bk&if &Sw d hJ tJ'aD cwfu vli,f vlvwfawGe@J pnfum;w,fvdk@ odrSDolawGu rSwf
cHjzpfygw,f? t*Fvyd v f ufatmufu vGwf ajrmufz@kd wrf;wifcyhJ gw,f?
qef a &pyg;eJ @ o,H Z mw us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;r_ “jrefrmwdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k [m
rsKd ;pkaH ygºuG,v f w S hJ jrefrmEdik if rH mS wdik ;f awGvyk cf yhJ gw,f? q&mawmf OD;OwWr&J@ usd K ;EG H w ,f q d k w J h atmuf w ef ; us
oljynfom;wd@k pm;0wfaea&; cufcu J syf Edik if aH &;tjrifu jrefrmEdik if u H kd t*Fvyd f pdwrf sm;udk z,f&mS ;ypf=u&r,f? jrefrm
wnf; qif;&J'u k aQ &mufae=u&wm [m vuf atmufu vGwaf jrmufa&;jzpfyg wdik ;f ol jynfom;wd@k [mpGr;f &nfowWd
‘tpdk;&nH@zsif;vGef;vdk@ jzpfw,f’vdk@ w,f? vGwv f yfa&; r&ao;rDpyf=um; &Sad =umif;/ ynm&Sad =umif;eJ@ r[kwrf cH
1921 ckEpS f rwfv 23 &ufae@ a';'&J udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk udk,fhtrsdK;om;wdk@ pdw"f gwu f kd jy&r,f? 'Dvjkd yEdik &f if usKyf
+rdK@e,f qkuvyf&mG w&m;yGrJ mS ‘q&m ud, k w f ikd tf yk cf sKycf iG &hf a&;/ ‘[kr±R ;l ’&a&; wd@k ukd b,fou l rS apmfum;&J zdEydS &f J rSm
awmf OD;OwWr’u e,fcs@J tpd;k &udk a0zef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf=uzdk@ q&mawmfu r[kwaf wmhb;l ? b,fvt kd iftm;}uD;
a[majymcJyh gw,f? tJ'v D kd a0zefcv hJ @kd a&;om;a[majymygw,f? acwfynm +yD; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwt hJ pd;k &jzpfjzpf
+Adwo d #ppfyv k yd w f @kd &@J zrf;qD; tusO;f cs wwf vli,f vlvwfrsm;udv k nf; [kr±R ;l wdik ;f &if;om;taygi;f pnf;vk;H nDnmpGm
wm cHc&hJ w,f? jrefrmhEikd if aH &; ordik ;f rSm oabmw&m;udk em;0ifatmif aqG;aEG; eJ@weG ;f vSef Edik =f u&if wm&Sncf EH ikd rf ,f
‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ [m Edik if aH &;t& ajymqdyk gw,f? q&mawmf tdE, dM Edik if H r[kwyf gb;l ? ud, k &hf nfreS ;f csuf atmif
zrf;qD;axmifcsc&H wJh yxrOD;qk;H &[ef; rSm &Spd Ofu tdE, dN -jrefrm ESpEf ikd if v H yG f apcsi&f if aemufrwGe@f =ueJ@? a=umuf
tmZmenfjzpfygw,f? vyfa&; twGuf uGef*&ufygwDacgif; tm;ryd=k u eJ@? 'kuu Q kd y"gerxm; =ueJ@?
‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ [m Edik f aqmifawGe@J aqG;aEG;cJzh ;l wJt h jyif/ q&m [kr±R ;l wd@k vGwv f yfa&;wd@k qw kd m usKyf
iHwum A[kow k vnf; ES@H pyfygw,f? awmf ud, k w f ikd rf mS vnf; jrefrma'ocGJ wd@k &xdu k wf hJ urBmt h arGtESp}f uD;rsm;
1903 ckEpS rf mS tdE, dN Edik if rH S wqifh jyif uGe*f &ufygwt D zG@J 0if jzpfygw,f? jzpfw,f? AsL±du k a&pD 0g'orm;awGu
opf/ t*Fvef/ *smreD/ tD*spw f @kd o@kd c&D; 1912 ckEpS rf mS q&mawmf*syef b,favmufyJ aESmi@, f uS f aESmi@, f u S f
18
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
wu,f&atmifvyk Ef ikd w f hJ oabmrSef u|efEdkifiHjzpfae&if 'Dwdkif;jynfu vl “wd k i f ; &if ; om;qd k i f a wG r S m
[m wdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k vufxrJ mS om rsd K ;[mvnf ; u|ef v l r sd K ;/ 'D v l r sd K ; 0,f,t l m;ay;=u”
&Sw
d ,f?” udk;uG,fwJh bmom[mvnf; u|ef “'d@k vrl sKd ;awG nDnw G rf S vGwf
q&mawmf OD ; OwW r ud k a&S ; bmom u|ef o moemjzpf r ,f ? 'g vyfcsr;f omr,f”
a[mif;tawG;tac: t,ltq y,f a=umifh u|efbmom u|efomoem “[kr±R ;l ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; &
vSeo f /l trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f gwf wufºuG tjzpfu vGwfatmif oHCmawmf atmif awmif;qd}k udK;yrf;=u”
atmifv@H_ aqmfot l jzpf ol@acwfvx l k rsm; ausmif;wGif usdef;tdyfrae=u “u&ufa'guf *ufa'gu”f
u vufcx H m;cJyh gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H 0H bJ/ oHCor*~DtzGJ@rsm;zGJ@+yD; 'Dwdkif; (Craddock,Get Out!) qdw k hJ aºu;G
omEk trsKd ;om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ pwifaz: jynf'DvlrsdK;vGwfvyfatmif aqmif a=umfoaH wGe@J a[majymygw,f?
aqmifcw hJ hJ ‘*spD bD aD ttoif;}u;D ’&J@ Edik f &Guo f if=h uw,f”vd@k yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; 1924 ckEpS f &efuek f usK;H }uD;
iHa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ atmifjrifapa&;twGuf a[majymcJyh gw,f? vrf; eef;awmf±yk &f iS ±f w Hk &m;yGt J +y;D 'kwd
vnf; q&mawmfu txl;0g,r pdu k f q&mawmf&J@ 0g,rpdkufxkwf ,t}urd f tzrf;cH&jyefygw,f? t*Fvyd f
xkwfcJhygw,f? “u&ufa'guf *uf r_a=umifh 1921 ckEpS f Zlvikd f (1)&uf (2) tpdk;&udk t=unfndK ysufapatmif
a'gu”f (Craddock, Get Out!) qdk &ufwGif oHCor*~DtzGJ@aygif; (30) a[majyma=umif; jypfrx _ if&mS ;w,f qdk
wJh aºuG;a=umfoaH =umifh q&mawmfem ausmrf S ud, k pf m;vS,f awGwufa&muf +yD; tvky=f urf;ESihf axmif'%f (3) ESpf
rnf *k%o f wif; ydrk akd y:vGix f if&mS ; vm wJh tpnf;ta0;udk &efuek +f rKd @rmS usi;f y tjypfay;wm cH&jyefwmayg?h
ygw,f? q&mawmf&@J a[majymcsuf Edik cf w
hJ ,f? q&mawmf oHCmawmfawG/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&taeeJ@ q&m
awGa=umifh trsKd ;om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ ydrk kd *spD b D aD t toif;acgi;f aqmifawG tyg awmfukd axmifcsvu kd w f m[m rSm;,Gi;f
t&Sed &f vm+yD;/ vlxt k rsm; Edik if aH &; Ed;k t0if &[ef;&Siv f l y&dowfig;&mausmf wJhtqkH;tjzwfvdk@qdk&rSmygyJ? q&m
=um;vmygw,f? 0HomEk toif;awG wufa&mufw,f? zsmykcH ±dik /f a';'&J+rdK@ awmfO;D OwWr&J@ ±d;k om;r_/ ud, k u f sKd ;riJrh /_
vnf; trsm;tjym; ay:ayguv f m yg e,f/ qkuvyf&mG w&m;yGt J +yD; q&m wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlxt k usKd ;udo k m a&S;±_r_
w,f? awmf OD;OwWrudk Edik if aH &;w&m; a[mvd@k wd@k a=umifh q&mawmfukd pHerlem,l+yD;
‘ol & d , owif ; pm’uvnf ; qd+k y;D tdE, dN &mZowf}u;D yk'rf 124(u) oHCmawmf trsm;tjym; jrefrmtoif;
q&mawmf&J@ a[majymrdef@=um;csuf ESihf 153 (u) wd@k t& t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udk csKyf}uD; (GCBA) Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_
rsm;udk axmufcaH &;om;cJyh gw,f? q qef@usiw f u kd cf u
kd af [majymr_e@J axmif twGi;f wwyfwtm; yg0ifvm=uyg
&mawmf&@J tawG;tjrifopf aqmif;yg; '%ftjypfay;ygw,f? &[ef;&Siv f l jynf w,f? tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ uGezf &ifrh sm;rSm
awGuv kd nf; ol&, d owif;pmu wcef; oltrsm; rcHr&yfEikd f zdEydS w f hJ tpd;k &udk r oHCmawmfrsm;yg0if aqG;aEG;a[majym
wem;az: jyygw,f? Ak'o < moempnf ausreyfjzpf=uygw,f? q&mawmfukd vm ygawmhw,f? oHCmhor*~t D zG@J awG
yifw;kd wufapcsi&f if OD;pGmyxr u|ef axmifcsvu kd w f ma=umifh ‘*spD b D aD t’ vnf; us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pnf;vm
b0u vGwaf tmifvyk &f r,fv@kd q&m toif;}u;D udk vlxu k ydrk akd xmufcH tm; =uygw,f? Edik if t Hh a&;t&mudpaP wGrmS
awmfu rde@f =um;ygw,f? trsKd ; bmom ay;cJw h mawG@&ygw,f? oHCmhor*~t D zG@J awG wufwufºuºG uyG g
omoemtusKd ;twGuf ‘oHCor*~’D q&mawmf yxrt}ud r f 0ifaqmif &Guv f m=uygw,f?
tzGJ@awGxlaxmifzdk@/ vGwfvyfa&;& axmifu jyefvw G v
f mawmh/ wjynfv;Hk q&mawmf OD;OwWr[m jref
atmif aqmif&u G =f uzd@k / OD;OwWr urde@f vSn+hf y;D Edik if aH &;w&m; a[mjyefygw,f? rmEdik if H 'kw, d bk&ifcH u&ufa'gu&f @J
=um;ygw,f? tJ'aD emuf Edik if t H ES@H rmS “t*Fvdyf ypPnf;udk oydwf ‘'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;pepf’udk qef@usif
oHCor*~t D zG@J awG ay:vm+y;D Edik if aH &; arSmuf=u” oljzpfygw,f? 0dik t f rfbaD t&J@ tqdu k kd
w&m;a[mwJh oHCmawmfawG wd;k yGm; “t*Fvdyf qdkifawGudk oydwf axmufc+H y;D ’[kr±R ;l ’ (Home Rule) &
vmygawmhw,f? arSmuf=u” &Sad &; awmif;qdak [m ajymygw,f? 'dik f
q&mawmf O D ; OwW r u “ ' D “wdik ;f &if;jzpf ypPn;f ud0k ,f,l tmcD tkycf sKyfa&;pepfrmS trwf (103)
wd k i f ; jynf ol w yg; vuf a tmuf c H tm;ay;=u” ae&m&mxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh a&G;
19
trSwfpOf-91 pufwifbm-14-2008
aumufcu H , kd pf m;vS,f (79)OD;om cGihf aus;vufu'umawG ol}uD;udk r yk*Kd~ vv f nf;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrm
jyKrSmjzpfygw,f? use(f 24) ae&mu bk a=umuf = ueJ @ ? ol } uD ; wif r u +rd K @ awGukd tapmqk;H Edik if aH &;rsupf zd iG ahf y;
&ifcHcef@ AsL±dku&ufawG jzpfygw,f? tk y f 0 ef a xmuf v nf ; a=umuf z d k @ r cJo
h w l @kd teuf q&mawmf[m a&S@q;Hk
jynfo@l u, kd pf m;vS,ef @J AsL±duk &uft vdkbl;? olwdk@xuf}uD;wJh bk&ifcHqdk wef; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
&m&Sad wGwzJG uf+y;D tkycf sKyw f hJ tkycf sKyaf &; wmvnf ; a=umuf p &m r&S d y gbl ; ? q&mawmf & J @ i,f p Of b 0ud k
pepfjzpfygw,f? Oya'jyKaumifpDrSm udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk udk,fhvlrsdK; tkyf rSww f rf;rSw&f mawGt& tb OD;jrESihf
Oya'=urf; tqdkwckwifwJhtcg a&G; csKyf&atmif bk&ifcHeJ@AsL±kd u&uf trd a':atmifausmo f l wd@k jzpfa=umif;
aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,fawGtaeeJ@ awG u d k E S i f x k w f = u&r,f ? ‘u&uf od&ygw,f? i,femrnf ‘ay:xGef;
rJtrsm;pk&+y;D tEdik &f ayr,fh bk&ifcH o a'gufxGufoGm;’vdk@ OwWru *sLA atmif’jzpfygw,f? &cdik jf ynfe,f/ ppf
abmrwlv#if (ADw)kd jzifh y,fcsc&H Edik yf g vDrSxyf+yD; trdef@ay;aew,f? ” awG+rdK@ ±ly&yfuu G Zf mwd/ (1879 ckEpS /f
w,f? 'Dae@acwf ‘etz’&J@ anmifEpS f q&mawmfOD;OwWreJ@ *sDpDbD 'DZifbm14)rSm zGm;jrifcJhygw,f? t
yifz@JG pnf;ykH twdik ;f ygy?J Advk cf sKyf}uD; w atacgif;aqmifawGu jrefrmEdkifiHol ouf (15) ESpt f &G,rf mS umvuwWm;rS
jzpfvJ orRwu oabmrwl&if bmrS Edik if oH m;awG&@J vGwv f yfciG u hf kd wdik ;f w wuUodkvf0ifcGifh q,fwef; atmifyg
vkyv f @kd r&wJo h abmygy?J yg;om;awGu csKyu f ikd f cs,v f , S af ewm w,f? 'g[m tJ'aD cwfu tpd;k & &mxl;
'ga=umifh 1922 Zlvdkif (15) vufrcHEdkif=uygbl;? 'ga=umifh tJ'D rufolwdk@tzdk@ +rdK@tkyf&mxl; &EdkifwJh
(16) *sLAvDa[m tpnf;ta0;rSm acwfu rw&m;ojzifh aumufcaH ewJ@ tcGifhtvrf;ygyJ? ‘q&mawmf’ [m
q&mawmf O D ; OwW r u “'d k i f t mcD vlceG zf suo f rd ;f ay;zd@k / v,f,majr tcGef 'DtcGit hf vrf;udk y,fcyhJ gw,f? yckuLU
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23
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