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Transients in Distribution Systems on Distributed Generation Energization


J. A. Garca-Prez, Student Member, IEEE, E. V. Morales-Irizarry, UPRM Graduate Student L. R. Orama-Exclusa, Member IEEE
Abstract-- In the last decade or so electrical systems worldwide
have experienced dramatic configuration changes. Distributed generation (DG) emerged as an option to deal with growth in the demand, advances in technology, sensitive loads, and new energy policies. In DG systems, alternative energy sources, such as wind turbines, photovoltaics, fuel cells, and other new technologies are integrated to the system near the loads, i.e., at the distribution level. The option of DG provides grid robustness and reliability. The major goals of this work are: (1) study transient effects when the DG is connected to the grid; and, (2) study the interaction of the DG with the distribution system. The Alternative Transients Program version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP/ATP) has been used as the transient simulation tool to accomplish the above goals. This work shows that the connection of DG always impacts the grid no matter at which voltage level it is connected. However, it is been noted that the impact is higher at lower voltages levels. Index Terms Distributed Generation, EMTP/ATP, Transients, Distribution System, Power Quality, Unbalance Voltage, IEEE 13 Node Test Feeders, Interconnection

provides grid robustness and reliability. The purpose of this work is to develop a transient simulation and analysis for distribution systems with DG to: (1) perform transient analysis when the DG is connected to the grid; and, (2) study the interaction of the DG with the distribution system. The three phases power distribution system used in this work was the IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder, [7].

III. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION There are many definitions for distributed generation (DG). Within this work DG is defined as any external energy source connected to the distribution system near to the load, and with a capacity below 10 MW at the point of common coupling (PCC), [8]. A. Advantages of the DG DG systems offer multiple advantages in the electric power system (EPS). Most notably: 1. modularity 2. may use renewable energy sources 3. peak power supply 4. spinning reserve supply 5. improve voltage profile 6. reduce the losses in the transmission and distributions systems 7. decrease demand from the grid 8. enhance reliability 9. may improve power quality 10. may reduce or eliminate emissions (environmentally friendly) B. Disadvantages of the DG Although many advantages exist, DG systems also have some disadvantages. Some of them may be caused by poor system planning. Most common disadvantages are: 1. re-design of protection system and schemes 2. the DG has to be synchronize to the system 3. high initial cost 4. islanding issues 5. when poorly planned it has a high $/kWh C. Requirements Some of the energy sources, either alternative or other sources produce direct current (dc) power while the electrical power system (EPS) uses alternate current (ac) power. A power electronic device (inverter) has to be used to

I. NOMENCLATURE DG EPS PCC EMTP ATP THDv THDc Distributed Generation Electrical Power System Point of Common Coupling Electromagnetic Transients Program Alternative Transients Program Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion Current Total Harmonic Distortion II. INTRODUCTION

N the last ten years electrical systems worldwide experienced dramatic configuration changes. Distributed generation (DG) has emerged as an option to deal with growth in the demand, advances in technology, sensitive loads, and new energy policies, [1-5]. DG systems using alternative energy sources, such as wind turbines, photovoltaics, fuel cells, and other new technologies are integrated to the system near the loads, i.e., at the distribution level. The option of DG

This work is part of the final report of the course INEL 6077: Surge Phenomenon of the University of Puerto Rico , Mayagez Campus, PR 00680 J. A. Garca-Prez is with University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus, P.R. 00680 (e-mail: jose.garcia@ieee.org). E. V. Morales-Irizarry is with University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus, P.R. 00680 (e-mail: veronica.morales@ece.uprm.edu). L. Orama-Exclusa is with University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus, P.R. 00680 (e-mail: lorama@ece.uprm.edu).

2 conversion dc-ac in order to interconnect the DG to the EPS. References [8-11] bring the requirements to appropriately connect a DG to the EPS. Those requirements follow: Integration with the Area EPS grounding The DG shall not cause overvoltage, and shall not disrupt the coordination of the ground fault protection on the Area EPS, [8]. Synchronization The DG shall not cause voltage fluctuation at the PCC greater then 5%, [8]. Inadvertent energization of the Area EPS The DG shall not energize the Area EPS when it is de-energized, [8]. Voltage disturbances The DG shall cease to energize the Area EPS within the clearing time as indicated, [8]. Frequency variation The DG shall cease to energize the Area EPS within the clearing time as indicated, [8]. Power Quality The DG shall cease the harmonic and dc current injection established. The DG shall not create objectionable flicker for other customers on the Area EPS, [8]. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) shall not exceed 5.0% of the fundamental in the PCC, Table 1.
TABLE 1: MAXIMUM HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION IN PERCENT OF
CURRENT

Fig. 1: IEEE 13 Node Test Feeders.

V. SIMULATION The Alternative Transients Program (ATP) is the simulation tool used in this work. It is a royalty free version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), [12]. These programs are considered the industry standard used for simulations of electrical systems transients. EMTP/ATP is used for digital simulation of transient phenomena of electromagnetic and electromechanical nature. ATP can also calculates variables of power electronics systems as a function of time. The initial conditions can be specified by the user or can be determined automatically by the program as a steady state solution before the transient simulation actually begins. The trapezoidal rule of integration is used to solve the differential equations of the system components in the time domain. A. Steady State Condition Figure 2 shows the schematic circuit of the IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder applied in EMTP/ATP. The DG system was simulated as an AC source with equivalent impedance and connected in two different buses. The selected buses are Bus 634 and Bus 680.

Individual Harmonic Order h (odd harmonics) h < 11 11 h < 17 17 h < 23 23 h < 35 35 h Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Percent (%) 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0

Islanding For an unintentional island in which the DG energizes a portion of the Area EPS through the PCC, the DG interconnection system shall detect the island and cease to energize the Area EPS within two seconds of the formation of an island, [8]. IV. IEEE 13 NODE TEST FEEDER

The system for the simulations must has characteristics that bring the conditions needed to realize a realistic analysis of the DG interconnection. For the impact of the DG to be quantifiable in the feeder, the DG capacity must be a considerable percentage of the total feeder load. The IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder system was selected to illustrate this interconnection Test Feeder, Figure 1, [7]. Figure 2 shows the ATPDraw schematic of the circuit with no DG connected. The original configuration of the feeder had a capacity of 5 MVA, the DG unit to be installed provided an additional 10 MVA. The installation of this unit should have a substantial impact on the system. This system has different voltage levels, 115 kV, 4.16 kV, and 480 V. Our objective is to simulate a DG connected to an industrial consumers bus (4.16 KV) and to a small commercial consumers bus (480 V).

Fig. 2: ATPDraw Schematic Circuit.

3 Figures 3 and 4 show the voltages and currents in the Bus 634 without a DG connected, respectively. We may describe this as a normal scenario or the benchmark for the study; which describe a secondary distribution system with a normal unbalance, as reflected by the current signal.
400 [V] 250
-2000 4000 [V] 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000

100

-3000 -4000 5 15 25 v:680B 35 v:680C 45 55 [ms] 65 (file bus13chvsinDG.pl4; x-var t) v:680A

-50

-200

Fig. 5: Voltage in the Bus 680 without a DG connection, the first positive peak is the phase B, ABC sequence..
6 [mA]

-350

-500 10 20 30 40 50 (file bus13chvsinDG.pl4; x-var t) v:634A v:634C v:634B

60

70

[ms]

80
2

Fig. 3: Voltage in the Bus 634 without a DG connection, the first positive peak is the phase C, ABC sequence.
500 [A] 375 250 125 0 -125 -250 -375 -500 0.04

-2

-4

-6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 c:671A -601A 80 [ms] 90 (file bus13chvsinDG.pl4; x-var t) c:671C -601C c:671B -601B

Fig. 6: Current in the Bus 680 without a DG connection, the first positive peak is the phase A, ABC sequence..

0.06

0.08

0.10 c:6000B -634B

0.12 c:6000C -634C

[s]

0.14

(file bus13chvsinDG.pl4; x-var t) c:6000A -634A

These plots show the steady state conditions of the system before the DG connection, and the initial conditions for the different cases studied. It is important to recall that both systems present an unbalance condition. B. Switch Operation To quantify and appreciate the impact of the DG connection in the EPS, it must be connected at t > 0 to observe the transient phenomena involved. To control the connection of the DG in milliseconds, three voltage-controlled switches were used, and set at ~15ms. Figure 7 shows the voltage across the switch phase A during the operation. The voltage across the switch is the DG voltage before they are closed at 15ms, afterwards the voltage is zero.

Fig. 4: Current in the Bus 634 without a DG connection, the first peak positive is the phase B, ABC sequence.

Figures 5 and 6 show the voltages and currents in the Bus 680 without a DG, respectively. Also a normal scenario or benchmark for the bus. The conditions are similar but at different voltage level, primary distribution system with normal unbalance.

4
4000 [V] 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 0.00

400 [V] 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300


0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

[s]

(file bus13chvfinal2.pl4; x-var t) v:X0009A-X0190A

-400 0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.18
v:X0134C

0.19

0.20 [s] 0.21

(file bus13chvfinal.pl4; x-var t) v:X0134A

v:X0134B

Fig. 7: Voltage in the switch during the DG connection.

Fig. 9: Voltage in the Bus 634 with a DG connected in Bus 634, the first peak positive is the phase A, ABC sequence.
MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 6/30/2004
File bus13chvfinal.pl4 Variable v:134A [peak] Initial Time: 0.2833 Final Time: 0.3
400 [V]

The current through the switches is zero before the connection of the DG and increases to 40A peak after the switching operation. Figure 8 shows the current in phase A during the DG connection at 15ms.
40 [A] 30 20 10 0

250

100

-50 0 200 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

-10 -20 -30 -40 0.00


-150 0 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

[s]

0.30

Fig. 10: Harmonic Magnitude and Harmonic Phases for voltage in the Bus 634 with a DG connected in Bus 634

(file bus13chvfinal2.pl4; x-var t) c:X0009A-X0190A

Fig. 8: Current in the switch during the DG connection


500 [A]

VI. RESULTS The DG was connected at two voltage levels: 480 V (Bus 634) and 4.16 kV (Bus 680). The energy injected in the different buses was 10 MVA using a Thevenin equivalent circuit. Also, the DG will be injecting currents at the 5th and 7th harmonic, which represent common harmonics that power electronics devices (like inverters) produce at interconnection points. EMTP/ATP computes the THD of the signals, it was the parameter to be compare and to measure the impact of the DG in the EPS. A. Case 1: DG connected in the 634 node at 480V The DG was connected at 15 ms; each phase has a voltage control switch. Figures 9 and 11 show the voltages and the currents in the Bus 634 during the DG connection.

375 250 125 0 -125 -250 -375 -500 0.11

0.13

0.15

0.17 c:X0134B-634B

0.19 c:X0134C-634C

[s]

0.21

(file bus13chvfinal.pl4; x-var t) c:X0134A-634A

Fig. 11: Current in the Bus 634 with a DG connected, the first peak positive is the phase C, ABC sequence.

5
MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 6/30/2004
File bus13chvfinal.pl4 Variable c:134A -634A [peak] Initial Time: 0.2833 Final Time: 0.3
400 [A] 250 1500 100 500

MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 6/30/2004


File bus13chvfinal.pl4 Variable v:632A [peak] Initial Time: 0.2833 Final Time: 0.3
3500 [V] 2500

-50 0 40 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

-500 0 100 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

0 0 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

0 0 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

Fig. 12: Harmonic Magnitude and Harmonic Phases for current in the Bus 634 with a DG connected

Fig. 14: Harmonic Magnitude and Harmonic Phases for voltage in the Bus 632 with a DG connected in Bus 634
70.0 [A] 52.5 35.0 17.5 0.0 -17.5 -35.0 -52.5

The DG voltage has Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THDv) of 1.781%, Figure 10. The voltage and the current in the load connected in the PCC do not exhibit large disturbances with the DG connection. The preview PCC voltage and current graphics (Figures 5 and 6) are similar to the voltage and current graphics when the DG is not connected, except for a small spike in the voltage, caused by DG injected harmonics. Figure 13 shows the voltage in the Bus 632. The current injected to the system is shown in Figure 15.
4000 [V] 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000

-70.0 0.10

0.13

0.16

0.19

0.22

[s]

0.25

(file bus13chvfinal.pl4; x-var t) c:632A -X0130A

Fig. 15: Current injected to the system by a DG connected in Bus 634


MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 6/30/2004
File bus13chvfinal.pl4 Variable c:632A -X0130A [peak] Initial Time: 0.2833 Final Time: 0.3
65 [A] 51 37 23

-3000
9

-4000 0.11

0.13

0.15 v:X0130B

0.17 v:X0130C

0.19

[s]

0.21

-5 0 90 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

(file bus13chvfinal.pl4; x-var t) v:X0130A

Fig. 13: Voltage in the Bus 632 with a DG connected in Bus 634, the first peak positive is the phase C, ABC sequence.

-90 0 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

Fig. 16: Harmonic Magnitude and Harmonic Phases for current injected to the system by a DG connected in Bus 634

The DG notably injects harmonics to the EPS. The voltage in the Bus 632 has a THDv equal to 1.413%, small distortion, but the current magnitude increase and it has a THDc equal to 11.066%. In the substation (Bus 650) the harmonic distortion is less than the load branch, only 3.757%. The THDc of the Bus 634 is equal to 4.23%, which is consider acceptable. But if in the Bus 634 the THDc is

6 calculated from the 1st to 11th harmonic, Figure 16, it is equal to 4.14%, the DG can not be connected because exceed the Individual Harmonic Order Percent permit in IEEE Std. 15472003, refer to Table 1. B. Case 2: DG connected in the 680 node at 4.16KV The same DG (same power an harmonic order) was connected to the Bus 680 with a different voltage magnitude. Figures 17 and 19 show the voltages and the currents in the Bus 680, respectively.
7000 [V] 5250 3500 1750 0 -1750 -3500 -5250 -7000 0.11
20

50.0 [A] 37.5 25.0 12.5 0.0 -12.5 -25.0 -37.5 -50.0 0.17

0.18

0.19

0.20

0.21
c:680B -X0195B

0.22

0.23

[s]

0.24

(file bus13chvfinal2.pl4; x-var t) c:680A -X0195A

c:680C -X0195C

Fig. 19: Current in the Bus 680 with a DG connected in Bus 680, the first peak positive is the phase A, ABC sequence.
MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 6/30/2004
File bus13chvfinal2.pl4 Variable c:680A -X0196A [peak] Initial Time: 0.2833 Final Time: 0.3
40 [A] 30

10

0.12

0.13

0.14
v:DGB

0.15
v:DGC

0.16

0.17

0.18 [s] 0.19


0 0 50 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

(file bus13chvfinal2.pl4; x-var t) v:DGA

Fig. 17: Voltage in the Bus 680 with a DG connected in Bus 680, the first peak positive is the phase C, ABC sequence.
MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 6/30/2004
File bus13chvfinal2.pl4 Variable v:DGA [peak] Initial Time: 0.2833 Final Time: 0.3
6000 [V] 4600 3200 1800 400 -1000 0 150 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12 -90

6 harmonic order

10

12

Fig. 20: Harmonic Magnitude and Harmonic Phases for the current in the Bus 680 with a DG connected in Bus 680

Figure 17 shows the harmonic distortion of the voltage injected to the system by the DG, THDv = 4.66%. The THDc injected was equal to 8.77%, Figure 19. The distortion appreciated at the node 650, Figure 21, was a THDc = 3.241% and a THDv = 1.759%, Figure 22. The magnitude of the current is higher and it causes more impact.
250.0 [A] 187.5

-100 0 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

Fig. 18: Harmonic Magnitude and Harmonic Phases for voltage in the Bus 680 with a DG connected in Bus 680

125.0 62.5 0.0 -62.5 -125.0 -187.5 -250.0 0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17
c:XS1B -650B

0.18
c:XS1C -650C

[s]

0.19

(file bus13chvfinal2.pl4; x-var t) c:XS1A -650A

Fig. 21: Distortion of the current of the Bus 650, the first peak positive is the phase B, ABC sequence.

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MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 6/30/2004
File bus13chvfinal2.pl4 Variable v:650A [peak] Initial Time: 0.2833 Final Time: 0.3
3500 [V] 2500

2) Underground Line Configuration Data:


Configuration Phasing 606 607 AN Cable 1/0 AA, TS Neutral None 1/0 Cu Space ID 515 520 A B C N 250,000 AA, CN

3) Line Segment Data:


1500

Node A 632 632 633 645 650 684


0 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

Node B 645 633 634 646 632 652 671 684 680 692 611 675

Length(ft.) 500 500 0 300 2000 800 2000 300 1000 0 300 500

Configuration 603 602 XFM-1 603 601 607 601 604 601 Switch 605 606

500

-500 0 70 2 4 6 harmonic order 8 10 12

632 671 671 671 684 692

Fig. 22: Harmonic Magnitude and Harmonic Phases for the current of the Bus 650

VII. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated the impact of a DG source in an unbalanced EPS. The connection of the DG source always has an impact on the EPS no matter at which voltage level it is connected. An appreciated difference is noted on the magnitudes of current and voltages. When the DG was connected to a 480 V Bus, the percent of the magnitude of the current distortion of the system was more than when the DG was connected to a 4.16 kV bus by 2.3%. The integration of a DG connection to the EPS may cause a re-design of the protection system, because the magnitude of the currents increases and the imbalance condition with distortion may cause neutral currents. It becomes an additional cost in the implementation of the DGs to the EPS. If the EPS is unbalanced the DG neither mitigate nor damage the unbalance condition, it only increases the magnitude of the currents in the circuits. An important aspect that was not mentioned here is the switching technology of the DG inverter. It was the reason to integrate the harmonic source in the simulations, to represent the power electronic used in the DG interconnection. The aspect of harmonic in the connection of DG in the EPS has to be one of the reasons to determinate the optimal PCC. To obtain a more realistic scenario is necessary to integrate the power electronic technology in the simulations. APPENDIX A. IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder parameters 1) Overhead Line Configuration Data:
Configuration Phasing 601 602 603 604 605 BACN CABN CBN ACN CN Phase ACSR 556,500 26/7 4/0 6/1 1/0 1/0 1/0 Neutral ACSR 4/0 6/1 4/0 6/1 1/0 1/0 1/0 Spacing ID 500 500 505 505 510

4) Transformer Data:
kVA Substation: 5,000 XFM -1 500 kV-high 115 - D kV-low 4.16 Gr. Y R-% X-% 1 1.1 8 2

4.16 Gr.W. 0.48 Gr.W.

5) Capacitor Data:
Node 675 611 Total 200 200 Ph-A kVAr 200 Ph-B kVAr 200 Ph-C kVAr 200 100 300

6) Regulator Data:
Regulator ID: Line Segment: Location: Phases: Connection: Monitoring Phase: Bandwidth: PT Ratio: Primary CT Rating: Compensator Settings: R - Setting: X - Setting: Voltage Level: 1 650 - 632 50 A - B -C 3-Ph,LG A-B-C 2.0 volts 20 700 Ph-A 3 9 122 Ph-B 3 9 122 Ph-C 3 9 122

7) Spot Load Data:


Node 634 645 646 652 Load Model Y-PQ Y-PQ D-Z Y-Z Ph-1 kW 160 0 0 128 Ph-1 kVAr 110 0 0 86 Ph-2 kW 120 170 230 0 Ph-2 kVAr 90 125 132 0 Ph-3 kW 120 0 0 0 Ph-3 kVAr 90 0 0 0

8
671 675 692 611 D-PQ Y-PQ D-I Y-I TOTAL 385 485 0 0 1158 220 190 0 0 606 385 68 0 0 973 220 60 0 0 627 385 290 170 170 1135 220 212 151 80 753 [15] Wood, A., Wollenberg, B., Power Generation, Operation, and Control, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. [16] Bollen, M., Understanding Power Quality Problems, IEEE Press, 2000. [17] Gu, Y.H.; Bollen, M.H.J.; Time-frequency and time-scale domain analysis of voltage disturbances, Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, Oct. 2000, Page(s): 1279 -1284. [18] Craig, L.M.; Davidson, M.; Jenkins, N.; Vaudin, A.; Integration of wind turbines on weak rural networks, Opportunities and Advances in International Electric Power Generation, International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 419), 18-20 March 1996, Page(s): 164 -167. [19] Galey, M.E.; Benefits of performing unbalanced voltage calculations, Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, Jan.Feb. 1988, Page(s): 15 -24. [20] Grainger, L.G.; Spencer, R.C.; Residual harmonics in voltage unbalanced power systems, Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 1993, Record of Conference Papers. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated. Industry Applications Society 40th Annual, 13-15 Sept. 1993, Page(s): 161 -166. [21] Mansir, Hassan; Distributed Generation Comparison of the American and European Interconnection Standards, The turbo Genset Company Ltd, London UK Available at: www.turbogenset.com/Downloads/DG1.pdf at September 30, 2003. [22] Heydt, G.T.; Jewell, W.T.; Pitfalls of electric power quality indices, Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, April 1998, Page(s): 570 -578. [23] Heydt, G.T., Electric Power Quality, Stars in Circle Publications, 1991. [24] Heydt, G.T., Power Quality Engineering, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 5-7. [25] Von Jouanne, A.; Banerjee, B.; Assessment of voltage unbalance, Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, Oct. 2001 Page(s): 782 -790. [26] Kennedy, B., Power Quality Primer, McGraw-Hill, 2000. [27] Kersting, W.H.; Causes and effects of unbalanced voltages serving an induction motor, Rural Electric Power Conference, 2000, 7-9 May 2000 Page(s): B3/1 -B3/8.. [28] Kroposki, B.; DeBlasio, R.; Technologies for the new millennium: photovoltaics as a distributed resource, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000. IEEE, Volume: 3, 16-20 July 2000, Page(s): 1798 -1801 vol. 3. [29] Marczewski, J.J.; Utility interconnection issues, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 1999. IEEE, Volume: 1, 18-22 July 1999, Page(s): 439 -444 vol.1. [30] Millanta, L.M., Forti, M.M.; A Classification of the Power Line Voltage Disturbances for an Exhaustive Description and Measurement, Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1989. IEEE 1989 National Symposium on, 23-25 May 1989, Page(s): 332 -336. [31] Murata, E.; Harada, E.; Automatic interconnecting system for photovoltaics and utility line, Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1994. INTELEC '94, 16th International, 30 Oct.-3 Nov. 1994, Page(s): 658 -664. [32] D. Rodrguez, E. ONeill-Carrillo, M. Concepcin, J. Garca-Prez, Impact of Distribution Generation in Electric Power Systems, Proceeding of the 34th North American Power Symposium, Tempe, AZ, October 2002. [33] A. Mndez-Goyco, V. Oliveras-Martnez, E. ONeill-Carrillo, J. GarcaPrez, D. Rodrguez, PV Systems in Electric Power Grids, Proceeding of the 34th North American Power Symposium, Tempe, AZ, October 2002. [34] J. Garca-Prez, M. Mendoza-Snchez, E. Olmeda, C. Ramos-Robles, E. ONeill-Carrillo, Monitoring, Modeling, and Solving Power Quality Events, Proceeding of the 34th North American Power Symposium, Tempe, AZ, October 2002. [35] Parihar, P.; Liu, E.; Identification, classification and correlation of monitored power quality events, Power Engineering Society 1999 Winter Meeting, IEEE, Volume: 1, 31 Jan.-4 Feb. 1999, Page(s): 437 441 vol.1. [36] Patel, M.R.., Wind and Solar Power Systems, CRC Press, 1999. [37] Santos Valois, P.V.; Vieira Tahan, C.M.; Kagan, N.; Arango, H.; Voltage unbalance in low voltage distribution networks, Electricity Distribution, 2001. Part 1: Contributions. CIRED. 16th International Conference and Exhibition on (IEE Conf. Publ No. 482), Volume: Summaries, 2001 Page(s): 155 -155.

8) Distributed Load Data:


Node A Node B 632 671 Load Model Y-PQ Ph-1 Ph-1 Ph-2 Ph-2 Ph-3 Ph-3 kW 17 kVAr 10 kW 66 kVAr 38 kW 117 kVAr 68

VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Bienvenido Rodrguez-Medina, Doeg Rodrguez-Sanabria, and Carlos Ramos-Robles for their help on the original version of this document. IX. CITED REFERENCES
[1] Kling, W.L., Slootweg, J.G.; Impact of Distributed Generation on Power System Transient Stability, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE, Volume: 2, 21-25 July 2002 pp. 862-867 vol. 2. Daly, P.H., Morrison, J.; Understanding the Potential Benefits of Distributed Generation on Power Delivery, Rural Electric Power Conference, 2001, 29 April-1 May 2001 pp. A2/1 -A213. Delfino, B.; Modeling of the integration of distributed generation into the electrical system, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE, Volume: 1, 21-25 July 2002 pp(s): 170 -175 vol.1. Kojovic, L.A.; Willoughby, R.D.; Integration of distributed generation in a typical USA distribution system, Electricity Distribution, 2001. Part 1: Contributions. CIRED. 16th International Conference and Exhibition on (IEE Conf. Publ No. 482), Volume: 4, 18-21 June 2001 Page(s): 5 pp. vol.4. Ijumba, N.M.; Jimoh, A.A.; Nkabinde, M.; Influence of distribution generation on distribution network performance, AFRICON, 1999 IEEE Volume: 2, 28 Sept.-1 Oct. 1999 Page(s): 961 -964 vol.2. Greenwood, Allan, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, 2nd Ed., Wiley Interscience, 1991 Kersting, W.H.; Radial Distribution Test Feeders, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001 IEEE. Volume: 2, 28 Jan.-1 Feb. 2001 pp. 908-912 vol.2. IEEE Std. 1547-2003 Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power System, Standards Coordinating Committee 21 (Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage), June 2003. IEEE Std. 929-2000 IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation and Energy Storage, January 2000. IEEE Std. 1159-1995 IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 22 on Power Quality, June 1995. IEEE Std. 519-1992 IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, USA; April 1993. K.V. Leuven EMTP Center, Alternative Transients Program-Rule Book, Leuven EMTP Center, Belgium, 1987. IEEE Std. 1547-2003 Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power System, Standards Coordinating Committee 21 (Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage), June 2003. Rodrguez-Medina, B.; Santiago-Luna, M.; TP/EMTP Quick Guide, Electric Power Engineering Group, University of Puerto Rico Mayagez, Summer 2002.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] [7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12] [13]

[14]

X. BIOGRAPHIES
E. Vernica Morales-Irizarry received her BS degree in Theoretical Physics from University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez (UPRM). She is working towards an MSc in Electrical Engineering on the impact of land use on lightning frequency. The research is carried out at the Atmospheric Phenomena Laboratory at UPRM. Jos A. Garca-Prez was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico. He graduated from the Juan Antonio Corretjer High School of this town. Later began his studies in the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez, where obtain his B.S. degree of Electrical Engineering with concentration in Power in 2002. Today is a graduate student of the same institution and expects to obtain his M.S. degree in May 2005.

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