9

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

&RQWLLQ D
VHPQLILFDWLYH
GHVFRSHULUHD

s a crului,

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OXPL

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s p irit ul

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om enes c

L

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s urp rins
 FD UHDO

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GH

s e n s ".
(Mi r c e a El i a d e )

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SHUVLVWHQWH RDPHQLL UHFXUJ OD ILORVRILH VDX OD UHOLJLH vQ F XWDUHD

unor tehnici de salvare. Nu este vorba de un refugiu oarecare, ci

GH XUJHQ D >UH@GREkQGLULL HFKLOLEUXOXL H[LVWHQ LDO SULQ VLWXDUHD L

judecarea omului ca ntreg - L SRVHVRU DO XQXL VHQV URVW DO

YLH LL - vQ XQWUXO XQHL YL]LXQL JOREDOH GHVSUH VLQH L OXPH 3ULQ
XUPDUHFUHGLQ HOHUHOLJLRDVHQXSRWILH[SOLFDWH -DDFXPSURSXQH
un ateism plat - SULQ LJQRUDQ  L IULF  3RUQLP GH OD SUHPLVD F 
religiile nu satisfac numai - L QX vQ SULPXO UkQG - R WUHEXLQ  GH
FXQRDWHUHLSULQXUPDUHvPSRWULYDUHOLJLHLQXSRWILLQYRFDWHOD
PRGXO VHULRV GHVFRSHULULOH WLLQ LILFH 'DF  H[LVW  XQ

conflict,

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L RPXOXL L SH GH DOW  SDUWH R LQWHUSUHWDUH ILORVRILF  DWHLVW  D
FXQRWLQ HORU WLLQ LILFH 'HFL RSR]L LD SRVLELO  VH DIO  vQO XQWUXO

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI
ILORVRI ULL vQWUH SULQFLSLL LQWHUSUHWDWLYH FUHGLQ H RS LXQL YDORULFH
L DWLWXGLQL SRODUH 'H DOWIHO UHOLJLD vQV L RIHU  SUHPLVH GH
LQWHUSUHWDUHDVHPQLILFD LLORUWLLQ HLFRQWHPSRUDQH

Nu ne propunem discutarea -
SRVLELOLW

LL

XQHL

ILORVRILL

vQ FHHD FH XUPHD] 

UHOLJLRDVH

vQ

- a
ul riguros al

VHQV

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UHOLJLHL
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GLQ

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ILORVRILFH

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GH

LLQL LDOH

5HOLJLDSULYLW

FDILORVRIDUH

/D IHO FD L ILORVRILD UHOLJLD HVWH R PDQLIHVWDUH VSLULWXDO 

IRDUWHFRPSOH[ FDUHSULQDULHSUREOHPDWLF LILQDOLW

LDFRSHU R

JDP  ODUJ  GH LQWHURJD LL L WUHEXLQ H XPDQH 5HOLJLLOH VXQW GH
IDSWvQFHUF ULGHILORVRIDUHDVXSUDOXPLLLRPXOXLvQFKHJDWHvQV 
GXS  DOWH ULJRUL GHFkW FHOH DOH ILORVRILHL

propriu-zise. Aceste
FRQFHS LLVXQWvQWHPHLDWHSHGLVWLQF LDVDFUX-profan.
6DFUDOL]DUHD HVWH DWLWXGLQHD SULQ FDUH VH DFRUG  FUHGLW

SVLKRORJLF QHFRQGL LRQDW XQRU UHDOLW

L FRQVLGHUDWH FD DEVROXWH

QWRWGHDXQD H[LVWHQ D XPDQ  FRQFUHW  LQGLYLGXDO  L FROHFWLY 

IXQF LRQHD]  L HYROXHD]  QXPDL vQ UDSRUW FX XQ RUL]RQW VLPEROLF
YDORUL VHPQLILFD LL QRUPH vQ HOHVXUL FDUH HVWH DEVROXW RULJLQDU
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de reperele sacre

QX VH DFFHSW  vQGRLDOD L FRQWUDDUJXPHQWHOH HOH VXQW RELHFWH GH

GHYR LXQH

QHFRQGL LRQDW 

6DFUDOL]DUHD

DUH

VHQV

ODUJ

ILLQG

SUDFWLFDW  L vQ OHJ WXU  FX FRQ LQXWXUL ODLFH LGHDOL]DUHD XQRU
HYHQLPHQWH LVWRULFH SHUVRQDOLW

L YDORUL PLWL]DUHD DFWXDO  D XQRU

FUHDWRUL DPG 'H DFHHD QX RULFH VDFUDOL]DUH HVWH GH WLS
UHOLJLRV &HD UHOLJLRDV  DUH XQ DQXPH VSHFLILF FH FRQVW  vQ
FRQ LQXWXULOHLYDORUL] ULOHDSDUWHSHFDUHOHSURSXQH
5HOLJLLOH LQWURGXF R GHGXEODUH D OXPLL 3H GH DOW  SD

rte,

OXPHD GLYLQ   SRSXODW  FX SHUVRQDMH VHPQLILFD LL FDUH GHS HVF

UHDOLWDWHD QHPLMORFLW  SH GH DOW  SDUWH OXPHD LPHGLDW  SURIDQ 

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI
SUHFDU  VXE UDSRUW YDORULF D RPXOXL 1LYHOXO VDFUX FXSULQGH
WRWGHDXQD FHHD FH HVWH DXWHQWLF YDORURV FX DGHY UDW VHPQ
PRGHOXO DEVROXW D F UXL H[LVWHQ

ificativ,

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UHOLJLRV GHVHPQHD]  OXPHD GLYLQ  GLYLQLW

L FDUH DUH IXQF LL

FUHDWRDUH RULHQWDWLYH L GH VXSUDYHJKHUH FRQWLQX  vQ UDSRUW FX

OXPHDUHDO 6DFUXOHVWHvQXQHOHUHOLJLLGLQFRORGHOXPHDUHDO vQ
DIDUD DFHVWHLD HVWH WUDQVFHQGHQW  LDU vQ DOWH UHOLJLL VH VLWXHD]  vQ

straturile de adncime inaccesibile direct, imperceptibile, ale lumii

SURIDQH

Q

DPEHOH

FD]XUL

GLYLQLWDWHD

H

FDUDFWHUL]DW 

SULQ

KLHURIDQLH vQ VHQVXO F  VH vQWUXFKLSHD]  VH DUDW  VH IDFH YL]LELO 
SULQ DQXPLWH IHQRPHQH UHDOH SURFHVH QDWXUDOH I SWXUL LQGLYL]L
XPDQLVLWXD LLDPGFDUHVXQWVHPQHDOHGLYLQLW

LL+LHURIDQLD

QX H QLFLRGDW  WRWDO  (D FXSULQGH PDL PXOWH LQGLFLL ID HWH L

DU W UL SDU LDOH DOH GLYLQLW

LL 1LYHOXO VDFUXOXL UHOLJLRV GHYLQH

DFFHVLELO GRDU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DQXPLWRU ULWXDOXUL L WHKQLFL

VSLULWXDOH5HOLJLDVHGHRVHEHWHGHPDJLHLPLWRORJLH0DJLDHVWH
XQ XWLODM VSLULWXDO VSHFLILF VRFLHW

LORU DUKDLFH  L FX vQGHOXQJDW 

VXSUDYLH XLUHLVWRULF FDUHDUHFRQ LQXWXULGLQVXUVHIRDUWHGLIHULWH

L FX VHPQLILFD LL HWHURJHQH PDJLD HVWH VLQFUHWLF  SHQWUX F  HVWH
FDUDFWHUL]DW 

SULQWU

-o

fuziune

valorilor.

Prin

anumite

FRPSRQHQWHDOHVDOHHDYDHYROXDVSUHDUW vQP VXUDvQFDUHYRU

fi speFLDOL]DWH FRQ LQXWXULOH L IRUPHOH VSHFWDFXODUH FHUHPRQLDOH

De obicei, ritualurile imitative reproduc, sub forma unui spectacol
JUDWXLW SURFHVH DFWH RFXSD LL vQWU-R VXFFHVLXQH ORJLF  L
VHPQLILFDWLY  I U  FDDFHDVWD V DLE  RILQDOLWDWH SUDFWLF  XWLOLWDU 

Obiceiurile folclorice (cntece, dansuri, motive ornamentale etc.)

VXQW DVW ]L UHFHSWDWH QXPDL SULQ GLPHQVLXQHD ORU VSHFWDFXODU  HVWHWLF  vQV  LQL LDO DX IRVW ULWXDOXUL FX VHPQLILFD LH PDJLF 
DFHDVW  VHPQLILFD LH V

-a pierdut, rezultnd n receSWDUH

R DUW 

SRSXODU  3ULQ FRQ LQXWXULOH GH FXQRDWHUH HIHFWLY  D UHDOLW

LL SH

FDOHD H[SHULHQ HL VHOHFWLYH DQXPLWH ULWXDOXUL DQWUHQHD]  UDSRUWXUL

cauzale, logice, obiective, fiind de aceea, la baza originii istorice a

H[SHULPHQWXOXL WLLQ LILF GH SLOG  XQHOH ULWXDOXUL GH PHGLFLQ 
SRSXODU  2ULFH ULWXDO PDJLF HVWH HILFLHQW vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI
DQWUHQHD]  SURFHVH L WHKQLFL SVLKRORJLFH FRPSOH[H FDUH SRW IL

considerate ca prime ipostaze istorice-culturale ale experimentului

psihologic. E vorba de procese FD RE LQHUHD XQHL FRQFHQWU UL
DFXWHFXUH]XOWDWHEHQHILFHGHFODQDUHDDXWRVXJHVWLHLLLPSOLFDUHD
IHQRPHQHORU GH VXJHVWLH L VXJHVWLELOLWDWH IXQF LD DXWRUHJODWRDUH
SH FDUH SVLKLFXO R DUH vQ UDSRUW FX VLQH L FX VWUXFWXULOH ELRORJLFH
DPG 1XPDL DQXP

ite elemente din ritualul magic vor evolua

VSUH UHOLJLH UHVSHFWLY DFHOHD SULQ FDUH VXQW LQYRFDWH L LPSORUDWH

DQXPLWHIRU HVSLULWHHWFGLVWLQFWHGHUHDOLWDWHDXPDQ LQDWXUDO 
6SHFLDOL]DUHD DFHVWRU FRQ LQXWXUL GHPRQRORJLFH GHPRQLFH YRU

circumscrie
de magie.

UHOLJLR]LWDWHD FD WLS GH VSLULWXDOLWDWHVHQVLELO GHRVHELW 

0LWXULOH QX VXQW vQF  UHOLJLL GHFkW vQWU

-un sens foarte larg.

(OH SURSXQ H[SOLFD LL L LQWHUSUHW UL FX SULYLUH OD DQXPLWH GRPHQLL
L LSRVWD]H DOH H[LVWHQ HL vQ GLUHFW  OHJ WXU  FX UHDOLW
FXOWXUDO  D FROHFWLYLW

atea psiho-

LORU XPDQH DIODWH vQ ID]H FRQFUHWH GH

HYROX LH LVWRULF  /XPHD PLWLF  SURSXQH H[SOLFD LL L PRGHOH

H[HPSODUH DQXPLWRU WUHEXLQ H FRQFUHWH GH RUGLQ FROHFWLY 0LWXULOH
DX IXQF LRQDOLWDWH YDORULF  DX HILFLHQ

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care

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RS LXQL UHSHUH PRWLYD LL VHQVXUL L MXVWLILF UL YDORULFH SHQWUX
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H[LVW 

GLIHUHQ H

FHD

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ILLQG

VDFU 

VXQW

UDSRUWXUL

GH

FRPXQLFDUH L UHVHPQLILFDUH vQ DPEHOH VHQVXUL /XPHD PLWXOXL

H[SULP  QHYRLD XPDQ  GH RULHQWDUH L IXQGDPHQWDUH YDORULF  D
OXPLL YLH LL L DFWHORU XPDQH 'HDFHHD VHPQLILFD LLOH PLWLFH VXQW
GLUHFW OHJDWH GH H[SHULHQ D JUXSXULORU VRFLDOH L H[SULP  vQ IRUPH
LGHDOL]DWHDWLWXGLQLLYDORUL] ULFRQFUHWH
5HOLJLLOH RSHUHD]  R QHW  VHSDUDUH SkQ  OD GHGXEODUH D
FHORUGRX QLYHOXULGHH[LVWHQ

FHODOVDFUXOXLLFHODOSURIDQ

ului.

/XPHD GLYLQ  HVWH SRVWXODW  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FUHGLQ HL &UHGLQ D

HVWH XQ IHQRPHQ SVLKRORJLF LQGLVSHQVDELO YLH LL XPDQH (D FRQVW 
vQ

IL[DUHD

DIHFWLY 

D

DQXPLWRU

FXQRWLQ H

WH]H

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI
MXGHF

LSUHMXGHF

L H[SOLFD LL YDORUL VLPEROXUL 3ULQ DFHDVWD VH

ob LQH VHQWLPHQWXO GH VHFXULWDWH LQWHULRDU

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vQ UDSRUW FX YLD D L OXPHD &UHGLQ D OD QLYHOXO YLH LL FRWLGLHQH
IXQF LRQHD]  vQ IRUPD DFRUG ULL GH FUHGLW L vQFUHGHUH I U 
YHULILFDUH 'H DFHHD FKLDU WLLQ D L ILORVRILD VXQW SUDFWL

cate sub

IRUP GHFUHGLQ HvQWUXFkWVXQWSUHOXDWHDQXPLWHFHUWLWXGLQLI U D

IL WHVWDWH $FHVWH FUHGLQ H VXQW vQV  GHVFKLVH OD H[SHULHQ



&UHGLQ DGHWLSUHOLJLRVHVWHFHDSULQFDUHVHSRVWXOHD] H[LVWHQ DL

H[SHULHQ D GLYLQLW

LL L D OXPLL GLYLQH &UHGH L QX FHUFHWD

WUHEXLHLQWHUSUHWDWvQVHQVXOF HVWHQHFHVDUV DFFHS LLV FUH]LvQ

H[LVWHQ D GLYLQLW

LL vQWUXFkW DFWXO UD LRQDO DO FXQRDWHULL L

H[SOLFD LHL HVWHLQVXILFLHQW L QHFRQFOXGHQWvQ UDSRUW FXDEVROXWXO

este nevoie, deci, ca dincoloGHDUJXPHQWHOHUD LRQDOHV

DWDDPHQW DIHFWLY ID

H[LVWHXQ

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HVWH DQLKLODW  FL GRDU FRPSOHWDW  FX SODQXO VHQVLELOLW

LL GHFUHWXO

DIHFWLY DUHvQ DFHVWFD]VHPQLILFD LL YDORULFH&UHGLQ D UHOLJLRDV 

vQ IXQF LH GH JUDGXO GH HODERUDUH GH FRQ LQXWXULOH VSLULWXDOH SH
FDUH OH SRVWXOHD]  L PRGXULOH HIHFWLYH GH PDQLIHVWDUH SRDWH DYHD
GLIHULWH JUDGH GH LQWHQVLWDWH /D XQ SRO HVWH FUHGLQ D FH XWLOL]HD] 
VHPQLILFD LL L H[SHULHQ H ODLFH ILLQG GH DFHHD QDLY  L UREXVW 
WROHUDQW  L HILFLHQW  VXE UDSRUW DGDSWDWLY vQ YLD D FRWLGLDQ  'H

obicei, acest tip de credibilitate nu e dezinteresat, ci are mereu

ILQDOLW

L SUDFWLFH L LPSOLFD LL LPHGLDWH SHQWUX YLD D LQGLYLGXOXL

raportul cu divinitatea, direct sau indirect, apare ca un soi de

FRQWUDFW 0DL PXOW I U  D DQXOD SUREOHPHOH FRQFUHWH DOH YLH LL
LQWHUHVH VFRSXUL GLYLQLWDWHD H LQYRFDW  PDL DOHV vQ VLWXD LL
SUREOHPDWLFH L vQ UDSRUW FX DQXPLWH LQWHURJD LL FDUH SHQWUX ILLQ D
XPDQ  VXQW L SDU LQGLVROXELOH SUREOHPD LQ

finitului, scurtimea

YLH LL MXVWL LD PRUDO  HWF /D FHO ODOW SRO VH VLWXHD]  R FUHGLQ

LQWHQV  IL[DW  QXPDL SH FRQ LQXWXULOH LGHDWLFH L YDORULFH DOH

FRQFHS LHL UHOLJLRDVH R FUHGLQ

 vQ VWDUH SXU  F UHLD GH FHOH PDL

PXOWH RUL L VH DWDHD]  VW UL GH WLS PLVWLF L H[WHULRUL] UL FH
VXVSHQG GLDORJXO
5HOLJLDU VSXQGHXQRUWUHEXLQ HXPDQHIRDUWHFRPSOH[H

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

nevoi de ordin gnoseologic - FXQRDWHUHD UHDOLW

LL GLQFROR GH

DSDUHQ HOH VDOH UHOLJLLOHRIHU  LPDJLQL JOREDOH LXQLWDWHDOH OXPLL

SULQFLSLLLWHPHLXULDOHH[LVWHQ HLXPDQHLXQLYHUVDOHQHYRLGH
RUGLQ VSLULWXDO L SVLKRORJLF QHYRLD GH LGHDO GH FRPSHQVDUH
SVLKRORJLF 

GH

SXULILFDUH

LQWHULRDU 

DPG

0DULOH

UHOLJLL

SURSXQSURLHFWHGHXPDQLWDWHDXWHQWLF /XPHDGLYLQ HvQ]HVWUDW 

cu atULEXWH L FDOLW

L RPHQHWL LGHDOL]DWH /XPHD GLYLQ  HVWH R

IRUP  VSLULWXDO  SULQ FDUH RPXO VH FXQRDWH SH VLQH vQVXL L vL
SURSXQH UHSHUH GH DXWRSHUIHF LRQDUH HWDORDQH DEVROXWH FH DX
PHQLUHD GH D SURSXOVD H[SHULHQ D SURIDQ  D RPXOXL $FWXO
FUHGLQ HLHFHO SULQFDUHVH LQVWDXUHD]  XQ SURFHVGH DXWRPRGHODUH
SVLKRVSLULWXDO LPRUDO DRPXOXL/XPHDGLYLQ SURSXQHGHFLL
FRQ LQH PRGHOH GH YLD

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VSHFLILFHFRQGL LHLXPDQHvQUDSRUWFXXQLYHUVXO6XQWDLFLUHSHUH

axioloJLFH L FULWHULL YDORULFH 0DL PXOW HVWH RIHULW

 R PRWLYD LH

WHPHLQLF  DFWHORU XPDQH 'H DFHHD UHOLJLD D DYXW L DUH R IRU

VLPEROLF  FH V D GRYHGLW HILFLHQW  LVWRULF L IHUPHQW GH PDUH

FUHD LHVSLULWXDO /XPHDGLYLQ HVWHLRLQVWDQ

PRUDO vQVHQV

ul

F  SURSXQH DQXPLWH WLSXUL GH FRQGXLW  H[FOXGH DOWHOH vPSDUWH

UHFRPSHQVH L SHGHSVH ILLQG XQ VRL GH IUkQ  PRUDO  5HOLJLLOH
SURSXQvQDFHODLWLPSVROX LLODRVHULHGHGRULQ HXPDQHLOX]RULL
QHPXULUHD GH SLOG  6FXUWLPHD YLH LL LQGLYLGXDOH FDUH

este o

VXUV GHUHIOHF LHWUDJLF HVWHDQXODW SULQLGHHDXQHLYLH LGHDSRL

5HOLJLLOH L PLWRORJLLOH VXQW GH RELFHL DQWLWUDJLFH SHQWUX F 
DQXOHD]  FRQYHUWHVF GHWXUQHD]  VDX UH VHPQLILF  WRDWH DFHOH

VLWXD LL FDUH JHQHUHD]  WU LULOH WUDJLFH &HO SX LQ LQWXLWLY ILLQ D
XPDQ HWHQWDW V FDXWHVHQVURVWWkOFvQ HOHVvQWRWFHHDFHLVH
vQWkPSO  &UHGLQ D UHOLJLRDV  DQXOHD]  KD]DUGXO GLQ OXPH L GLQ
YLD D LQGLYLGXDO  IDSW FH DUH HIHFWH UHFRQIRUWDQWH L FUHD] 
VHQWLPHQWXO GH VHFXULWDWH LQWHULRDU  )LLQ HOH GLYLQH VXQW SULQFLSLL
DOH RUGLQLL L ELQHOXL /RU OL VH RSXQ SULQFLSLLOH GHVWUXFWXUDQWH DOH
GH]RUGLQLL L KDRVXOXL /XPHD DUH R ILQDOLWDWH XQ VFRS XOWLP GH
QDWXU  GLYLQ  &XUVXO YLH LL LQGLYLGXDOH QX H VLPSO  vQVXPDUH GH
H[SHULHQ HFLDUHFRHUHQ

LQWHULRDU VXJHUDW SULQLGHHDGHGHVWLQ

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI
6XE

UDSRUW

SUDFWLF

L

VSLULWXDO

OXPHD

GLYLQ 

DUH

IXQF LL

FRPSHQVDWRULL 3ULQ DFWXO FUHGLQ HL VXQW LQYRFDWH SXWHUL DEVROXWH

H[DFW

DWXQFL

FkQG

SXWHUHD

XPDQ 

HVWH

QHSXWLQFLRDV 

&RPSHQVD LLOH GH RUGLQ VXIOHWHVF VXQW YL]LELOH vQ H[SHULHQ D

UHOLJLRDV  D XQRU VHFWH GHILFLWXODIHFWLY DO UDSRUWXULORU LQWHUXPDQH
GLQ OXPHD FRQWHSRUDQ  JHQHUHD]  H[SHULHQ H UHOLJLRDVH FDUH
SUDFWLF  XQ VRL GH SVLKRWHUDSLH GH PLFURJUXS VRFLDO 6XE UDSRUW
SVLKRORJLF FUHGLQ D UHOLJLRDV  DUH IXQF LL SXULILFDWRULL L FKLDU
FXUDWLYHWHUDSHXWLFHSHQWUXF DQWUHQHD] LGHFODQHD] SURFHVH

complexe de ordin psihic: sugestie, autosugestie, reechilibrarea

VW ULORU VXIOHWHWL IXQF LLOH DXWRUHJODWRULL DOH FRQFHQWU ULL HIHFWHOH
XQHL LQWHUSRO UL FH vQGHDPQ  OD FXQRDWHUH GH VLQH OXFLG  L OD
HIRUWXUL GH DXWRPRGHODUH 5HOLJLLOH VDWLVIDF L WUHEXLQ H XPDQH GH
RUGLQ HVWHWLF QX QXPDL SULQ ULWXDOXULOH SH FDUH OH SUDFWLF  FL PDL
DOHV SULQ PRGXO vQ FDUH VROX LRQHD]  WUHEXLQ HOH GH RUGLQ VXIOHWHVF

prin intermediul formulelor artistice.

)LORVRILD VSHFLDOL]DW  HVWH GH RELFHL FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQ
IRQGXO

V X

LQWHURJDWLY

PDL

DOHV

SULQ

PRGXO

vQ

FDUH

SUREOHPDWL]HD] VROX LLOHILLQGSURYL]RULLUHODWLYHLYDODELOHGRDU

vQ

DQXPLWH

VLVWHPH

GH

UHIHULQ



)LORVRIDUHD

UHOLJLRDV  HVWH

FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQDWHQ LDDFRUGDW VROX LLORUSHFDUHOHSURSXQHFD

fiind definitive, stabile, absolute. n filosofarea de acest tip,

WUHEXLHI FXW RGLVWLQF LHvQWUHSUREOHPHOHSHFDUHOHDERUGHD] L
SH GH DOW  SDUWH VROX LLOH DFHVWRU SUREOHPH 3UREOHPDWLFD JHQHUDO 
L

XPDQ  HVWH

DFHHDL

vQ

ILORVRILH

L

UHOLJLH

'LIHU 

vQV 

SURFHGXULOH LQWHUSUHWDWLYH LQVWUXPHQWHOH GH LQYHVWLJDUH WHRUHWLF 

PLMORDFHOH FRQFHSWXDOH L DUJXPHQWDWLYH SUHFXP L VROX LLOH

propuse. Religiile, de obicei

SRVWXOHD]  DFHVWH VROX LL L OH

FDQRQL]HD]  vQ VHQVXO F  FLUFXPVFULX ULJRUL QRUPH YDORUL VWLOXUL

GH YLD

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ILORVRIDUH

UHOLJLD

YL]HD] 

SUREOHPH

GH

RUGLQ

cosmogonic/cosmologic cu privire la originea, VWUXFWXUD HYROX LD

L ILQDOLWDWHD XQLYHUVXOXL SUREOHPH GH RUGLQ RQWRORJLF SULQ  FDUH
H[SOLF  QDWXUD H[LVWHQ HL L D RPXOXL IDFWRUL IXQGDPHQWDOL SULQ

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI
FDUH OXPHD DSDUH FD XQLWDU  SUREOHPH GH RUGLQ DQWURSRORJLF Q
DFHVW VHQV FRQFHS LLOH UHOLJLRDVH VXQW PRGHOH DOH FXQRDWHULL GH

sine a omului. Toate aceste tipuri de probleme filosofice sunt

VROX LRQDWH DVWIHO vQFkW DX R GLPHQVLXQH WHOHRORJLF  vQ VHQVXO F 
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unor scopuri ultime, la scara umDQ

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- refuznd religia

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dogmelor religioase - DSUHFLD]

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2. Mari religii
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sformate n

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nelimitat, sunt numite "sfinte". Sacrul cultural nu poate fi redus la

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sacrului cultural. Din punct de vedere psihologic, sacrul religios

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puterile, aptitudinile. Sacrul religios este postulat prin intermediul

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n anul 325, la Niceea, s-a luat atitudine mpotriva

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acum este formulat Crezul. n 381 (Constantinopole) se

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):

mpotriva nestorienilor - FDUH FRQVLGHUDX F  )HFLRDUD 0DULD ILLQG

-, se decide divinizarea
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doilea
conciliu ecumenic catolic (Vatican II); gestul este repetat de
ELVHULFD U V ULWHDQ  5XSWXUD - FDUH PDL SHUVLVW  vQF  vQWUH FDWROLFL
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cteva dintre acestea.
n ortodoxie, cele trei ipostasuri ale Sfintei Treimi
GH]Y OXLH vQ HJDO  P VXU  XQ 'XPQH]HX XQLF QX HVWH DFFHSWDW 
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monoteism foarte riguros (un Dumnezeu n trei ipostasuri). Lumea

HVWH FRQVLGHUDW  FD ILLQG SOLQ  GH 'XK FDUH VH DIO  GHRSRWULY  vQ
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Dumnezeu nu este nici...,nici...,nici..., nu este obiect al

intelectului, ci un Dumnezeu viu pe care l reYHOHD]  FUHGLQ D
U G FLQLOH WHRORJLHL QHJDWLYH VH DIO  OD )LORQ GLQ $OH[DQGULD L

Dionisie Areopagitul).
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imediata apropiere este

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LQVWUXPHQWHOH GLDOHFWLFLL L ORJLFLL WHRORJLD VSHFXODWLY  SUDWLFDW 

de catolicism este una din sursele filosofiei europene moderne. n

FDWROLFLVPVHSRVWXOHD] SRVLELOLWDWHDFXQRDWHULLOXL'XPQH]HX
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-a comprimat, acomodndu-se la

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'XPQH]HXQXPkQWXLHWHRPXOGHODGLVWDQ

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-se
cu acesta n ceea ce are autentic, devenind astfel un Dumnezeu
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vQWUXS ULL /RJRVXOXL GLYLQ WUHF DVXSUD RDPHQLORU QXPDL GDF 
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- FD RSHU

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DUH FHYD VDFUX vQ HO vQVXL 3H FDOHD FUHGLQ HL YRLQ D SURIDQ  D
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dumnezeiescului din om, fapt pentru care Isus este simbol;
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FKLSXO

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nu

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SHUVRQDOFUHGHF VHFXYLQHQFUHGLQ

FRQWHD] DOWDUXOLQWHULRU

deoarece Dumnezeu este pretutindeni prezent; omul trebuie doar

V VHSXULILFHSHQWUXDILXQUHFHSWDFRODOOXFU ULL'XKXlui Sfnt.

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QFDWROLFLVPOXPHDLRPXOVXQWH[FOXVLYSURIDQHOXPHD
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&DOHDFUHGLQ HLHVWH

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- care este
iremediabil profan. Din aceasta decurge mitul occidental al
VXSUDRPXOXL L UHJXOD FH LPSXQH FHOLEDWXO SUHR LORU Q RUWRGR[LH

VILQ HQLD HVWH vPSOLQLUHD RPHQHVFXOXL GHV YkULUHD OXL vQ OLPLWHOH

sale. Prin urmare, codul moral este foarte riguros n catolicism,

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LQGLYLGXDO HVWHJHVWLRQDW LQVWLWX LRQDO
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-magice ale ritualului prezente n

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in
n momentul confesiunii, suplinitor al Fiului Omului. Ideea de
SUHGHVWLQDUH QX MRDF  QLFL XQ URO vQ RUWRGR[LH PkQWXLUHD HVWH
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libertatea individuluLvQDOHJHUHDGUXPXOXLV

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revenirea la Biblie pentru a-i GHVFRSHUL VHQVXULOH LQL LDOH L
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-investi (capitaliza) spre a fi multiplicate,

ui Dumnezeu. Max Weber

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spiritul capitalist modern.

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monoteism exclusivist.

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cupluri categoriale: Brahman - Maya, Nirvana - Samsara .

Brahman este o divinitate iPSHUVRQDO DEVWUDFW VXIOHWLYRLQ D
universului, spiritul universal. Brahman este atotexistentul, o
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iluzia pentru pURSULDVDVDWLVIDF LH

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deosebire de conceptul european de "destin", karma exclude

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ternative
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VSUH

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prin ascetism, tehnici psiho-VRPDWLFHa.m.d.

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eliberarea din acest ciclu alienant pentru materia spiritual

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n termeni pozitivi - prin ceea ce este -, ci n termeni negativi prin ceea ce nu este; poate fi dHVFULV  GRDU FD RSXVXO DEVROXW DO
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dizolvndu-se n Brahman (absolutul cosmic). Astfel se atinge

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simulacre culturale ale absolutului.

Budismul s-D GHVS U LW SH

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U VSkQGLULL

L

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nguste (vehicol mic), s-D GH]YROWDW vQ VXGXO ,QGLHL vQ FRPXQLW
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area sau zeificarea lui Buddha,

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Mahayana, al Marelui vehicol

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-a dezvoltat o

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divinizare a figurii lui Budda. Printr-XQ SURFHV DVHP

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diferite.
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nenumitul, inexprimabilul. Dao este principiul spiritual al

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preponderent

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devine activ n ordinea lumii concrete. Cu ajutorul cuplului

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sunt principii inerte prin ele nsele; devin active numai atunci
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pot face previziuni. Modelul este compleWDWXQFLFkQGVHFRPELQ

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patru anotimpuri, puncte cardinale le corespund cele cinci culori,

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prin care Dao devine activ n ordinea lumii concrete pot fi

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conceput n Daoism ca principiu feminin, iar n confucianism ca

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