Table of Contents

1 Introduction to Unix and Linux

1.1 Unix History
1.1.1

AT & T Bell Labs

Pada tahun 1969 Dennis Ritchie dan Ken Tompson menulis Unics (uniplexed Information and
Computing System) di Laboratorium Bell. Bersama dengan Douglas McIlroy mereka menciptakan
Unix. Unics menjalankan Multic Operating System untuk mainframe computers. Unics yang
selanjutnya berubah nama menjadi Unix ditulis ulang untuk menjalankan komputer mini seperti
DEC PDP -series. Pada tahun 1973 mereka memutuskan untuk menulis Unix dengan bahasa C,
untuk membuatnya menjadi portable di komputer lain. Sejak itu, Unix bisa digunakan di
Pemerintahan US, Kampus, dan Perusahaan, termasuk seluruh kode sumbernya telah tersedia. Yang
berarti setiap Programmer C bisa melakukan perubahan. Tahun 1978 sekitar 600 komputer telah
beroperasi menggunakan Unix.
Tabel 1.1 Periode Unix di masa permulaan
1969-1977

1978-1980

1981

BSD

4.2 BSD

Unix Time Sharing

1982
4.1 BSD
SUN OS 1.0

Unix Unix System III

1.1.2

The Unix Wars

Kebersamaan dan keterbukaan masih ada di dunia Unix sampai tahun 1977 dan menghilang di akhir
1980. Vendor berbeda dengan versi berbeda mencoba untuk membuat standar. SUN dan AT & T
bergabung dalam grup X/Open untuk menyatukan Unix. Vendor lain bergabung dengan Open
Software Foundation atau OSF. Persaingan ini tidak baik bagi perkembangan Unix, ditambah
munculnya OS baru seperti OS/2, Novell Netware, dan Microsoft Windows NT memiliki peluang
besar mengambil pasar server di awal 90 an. Tabel di bawah ini menunjukkan evolusi persatuan
Unix menjadi beberapa Unix di era 80-an.
Table 1.2 Periode Unix di era 80-an
1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

4.1 BSD

1988

1989

1991

4.3 BSD

SUN OS1.0
System V

SUNOS3.2

1992

BSD Net/2

4.3 BSD

NeXTSTEP
System Ver 4

System V
III + V

1990

Aix
HP-AUX

Solaris
UnixWare

1.1.3

University of California, Barkeley

Mahasiswa sangat senang karena diikutsertakan dalam pengembangan Unix di Laboratorium Bell,
tetapi tidak senang dengan licensi yang terbatas. Unix adalah sofware open Source tetapi masih
perlu membeli lisensinya. Selama tahun1980, mereka menulis ulang Unix Tools hingga sempurna
menjadi sistem operasi yang mirip Unix. Di tahun 1991 BSD (Barkeley Software Distributions)
sebagai bagian dari Unix sama sekali terpisah dari Bell Labs Unix. Net BSD, FreeBSD, dan
OpenBSD adalah tiga Sistem operasi mirip Unix yang berasal dari code sumber berbasis BSD Net/2
1991. Sun Solaris, MS Windows NT dan Apple Mac OS X semuanya menggunakan sumber kode
dari BSD. Table di bawah ini adalah sistem Operasi yang masih exist dimana sumber kodenya
berasal dari BSD 1978-1981.
Merge

Table 1.3 Current BSD Time Line

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

BSD
Net/2

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000-2008

Free BSD
Net BSD
Net BSD

Open BSD
NeXT STEP

Mas OS X
Solaris

1.1.4

GNU is not Unix

Unix masih menganut sistem licensi yang terbatas, oleh karena itu Richard Stallman berinisiatif
membangun GNU Project di tahun 1983 yang bertujuan membuat Free Software. Pengembangan
untuk membuat OS Unix Like pun dimulai, dengan tujuan untuk membuat OS yang sempurna,
terpisah dari dua lainnya. (BSD dan Bell Labs). Saat ini Compiler gcc yang dibuat GNU dan utilitas
lainnya(like Bash), banyak digunakan oleh hampir semua OS like Unix. Sedangkan kernel yang
dibuat GNU yaitu GNU/Hurd tidak selesai.

1.1.5

Linux

Pada saat GNU/Hurd gagal, justru kesuksesnan dialami kernel Linux yang dibuat oleh mahasiswa
yang baru lulus yaitu Linux Torvalds. Ia memulai membuat sistem operasinya sendiri di
komputernya yang berbasis intel 80386. Di bulan januari tahun 1992 Linus memutuskan untuk
merelease linuxnya di bawah lisensi GNU GPL. Berterima kasih pada keputusan ini, ribuan
developers kini bekerja pada kernel Linux.
Saat ini perusahaan besar seperti RedHat, Novell, IBM, Intel, SGI, Oracle, Montavista, Google, HP,
NetApp, Cisco, Fujitsu, Broadcom, dan lainnya secara aktif membayar para pengembang untuk
bekerja di pengembangan Linux Kernel. Menurut catatan Linux Foundation lebih dari 3700
pengembang individu yang berasal dari 200 perusahaan pengembang yang berbeda telah
berkontribusi di kernel pada periode 2005 dan 2008 . 1057 pengembang dari 186 perusahaan
berbeda memberikan kontribusi programnya untuk membuat Versi kernel 2.6.23 menjadi 2.6.24.

1.2 Lisensi
1.2.1

Proprietary

Beberapa turunan Unix seperti HP-AUX, IBM AIX dan SUN Solaris 9 didistribusikan dalam
bentuk Binary setelah dipesan. Anda tidak memiliki hak untuk menginstal atau menggunakan tanpa
membayar biaya lisensi. Anda tidak berhak mendistribusikannya atau menggandakan ke orang lain
dan tidak berhak melihat atau merubah kode sumbernya yang tertutup. Software ini biasanya
dilindungi oleh Hak cipta, patent, dan extensive sofware licensing.

1.2.2

BSD

Jenis lisensi BSD adalah tertutup bagi public domain.

1.2. Licensing .................................................................................................. 3

1.3. Current Distributions ............................................................................... 4
1.4. Certification .............................................................................................. 9
1.5. Discovering the classroom ..................................................................... 10
2. Getting help ..................................................................................................... 11
2.1. man pages .............................................................................................. 11
2.2. online help ............................................................................................. 13
3. Working with directories ............................................................................... 15
3.1. working with directories ........................................................................ 15
3.2. practice : working with directories ........................................................ 21
3.3. solution : working with directories ........................................................ 22
4. Working with files .......................................................................................... 24
4.1. working with files .................................................................................. 24
4.2. practice : working with files .................................................................. 30
4.3. solution : working with files .................................................................. 31
5. Working with filecontents .............................................................................. 33
5.1. file contents ............................................................................................ 33
5.2. practice : file contents ............................................................................ 37
5.3. solution : file contents ............................................................................ 38
6. The Linux file system tree ............................................................................. 39
6.1. file system tree ....................................................................................... 39
6.2. practice : file system tree ....................................................................... 51
6.3. solution : file system tree ....................................................................... 53
7. Introduction to the shell ................................................................................. 55
7.1. introduction to the shell ......................................................................... 55
7.2. practice: introduction to the shell .......................................................... 60
7.3. solution: introduction to the shell .......................................................... 61
8. Shell control operators ................................................................................... 63
8.1. control operators .................................................................................... 63
8.2. practice: control operators ..................................................................... 66
8.3. solution: control operators ..................................................................... 67
9. Shell variables ................................................................................................. 68
9.1. shell variables ........................................................................................ 68
9.2. practice: shell variables .......................................................................... 73
9.3. solution: shell variables ......................................................................... 74

10. Shell arguments ............................................................................................. 76

10.1. shell arguments .................................................................................... 76
10.2. practice: shell arguments ..................................................................... 79
10.3. solution: shell arguments ..................................................................... 80
11. Shell history ................................................................................................... 81
11.1. shell history .......................................................................................... 81
12. Shell globbing ................................................................................................ 84
12.1. file globbing ......................................................................................... 84
12.2. practice : shell globbing, options and history ...................................... 87
iii
Linux Fundamentals
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
12.3. solution: shell globbing, options and history ....................................... 89
Shell I/O redirection ..................................................................................... 91
13.1. shell i/o redirection .............................................................................. 91
13.2. practice : i/o redirection ....................................................................... 95
13.3. solution : i/o redirection ....................................................................... 96
Pipes and filters ............................................................................................. 97
14.1. pipes ..................................................................................................... 97
14.2. filters .................................................................................................... 98
14.3. some pipeline examples ..................................................................... 105
14.4. practice : pipes and filters .................................................................. 107
14.5. solution : pipes and filters .................................................................. 108
Basic Unix tools ........................................................................................... 110
15.1. common tools ..................................................................................... 110
15.2. compression tools ............................................................................... 113
15.3. practice : basic Unix tools .................................................................. 115
15.4. solution : basic Unix tools ................................................................. 116
Introduction to vi ........................................................................................ 118
16.1. about vi(m) ......................................................................................... 118
16.2. introduction to using vi(m) ................................................................ 118
16.3. practice : vi(m) ................................................................................... 125
16.4. solution : vi(m) ................................................................................... 126
Understanding scripts ................................................................................. 127
17.1. introduction to scripting ..................................................................... 127
17.2. practice : introduction to scripting ..................................................... 130
17.3. solution : introduction to scripting ..................................................... 131
17.4. scripting tests and loops ..................................................................... 132
17.5. practice : scripting tests and loops ..................................................... 135
17.6. solution : scripting tests and loops ..................................................... 136
17.7. parameters and options ...................................................................... 138
17.8. practice : parameters and options ....................................................... 142
17.9. solution : parameters and options ...................................................... 143
17.10. more scripting .................................................................................. 144

17.11. practice : more scripting ................................................................... 147

17.12. solution : more scripting .................................................................. 148
Introduction to users .................................................................................. 150
18.1. identify yourself ................................................................................. 150
18.2. users ................................................................................................... 152
18.3. passwords ........................................................................................... 154
18.4. home directories ................................................................................. 159
18.5. user shell ............................................................................................ 160
18.6. switch users with su ........................................................................... 161
18.7. run a program as another user ........................................................... 162
18.8. practice: users ..................................................................................... 164
18.9. solution: users .................................................................................... 165
18.10. shell environment ............................................................................. 167
Introduction to groups ............................................................................... 170
19.1. about groups ....................................................................................... 170
19.2. groupadd ............................................................................................. 170