Jerebu
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Jerebu merupakan fenomena atmosfera yang berlaku apabila debu, asap dan zarah pencemaran lain mengaburi kejelasan langit. Fenomena ini biasanya terjadi jika zarah debu dan asap berkumpul pada hari yang kering. Zarah-zarah kecil ini berkumpul di paras rendah atmosfera dan akan mengaburi pandangan dan mungkin menyebabkan masalah pernafasan. Jerebu tebal juga dikenali sebagai asbut. Antara sumber utama jerebu ialah kebakaran hutan, kebakaran gambut, pembakaran terbuka serta asap perindustrian dan kenderaan. Dilihat dari jauh (seperi dari kapal terbang), jerebu biasanya kelihatan sedikit keperangan. Namun dari dekat, ia berwarna putih seperti asap.
Jadual kandungan
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Masalah kesihatan
Jerebu boleh menyebabkan masalah kesihatan terutamanya kepada:
Kanak-kanak
Iritasi kerongkong dan batuk-batuk Kesukaran bernafas atau hidung tersumbat Iritasi di mata serta mata yang merah Kulit terasa gatal
Antara perkara yang boleh dilakukan untuk mengelak masalah-masalah di atas ialah:
Jangan keluar rumah serta tutup semua pintu dan tingkap Pakai topeng muka yang mempunyai penuras jika terpaksa keluar Kurangkan pengunaan kenderaan terutama motosikal Sentiasa basuh bahagian yang terdedah; mandi Minum air selalu Sediakan ubat jika anda mempunyai penyakit pernafasan
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PULAU HABA
http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa121500a.htm
The buildings, concrete, asphalt, and the human and industrial activity of urban areas have caused cities to maintain higher temperatures than their surrounding countryside. This increased heat is known as an urban heat island. The buildings, concrete, asphalt, and the human and industrial activity of urban areas have caused cities to maintain higher temperatures than their surrounding countryside. This increased heat is known as an urban heat island. The air in an
urban heat island can be as much as 20F (11C) higher than rural areas surrounding the city. The increased heat of our cities increases discomfort for everyone, requires an increase in the amount of energy used for cooling purposes, and increases pollution. Each city's urban heat island varies based on the city structure and thus the range of temperatures within the island vary as well. Parks and greenbelts reduce temperatures while the Central Business District (CBD), commerical areas, and even suburban housing tracts are areas of warmer temperatures. Every house, building, and road changes the microclimate around it, contributing to the urban heat islands of our cities.
Graphic courtesy of LLBL Heat Island Group Los Angeles has been very much affected by its urban heat island. The city has seen its average temperature rise approximately 1F every decade since the beginning of its super-urban growth since the World War II era. Other cities have seen increases of 0.2-0.8F each decade. Various environmental and governmental agencies are working to decrease the temperatures of urban heat islands. This can be accomplished in several ways; most prominent are switching dark surfaces to light reflective surfaces and by planting trees. Dark surfaces, such as black roofs on buildings, absorb much more heat than light surfaces, which reflect sunlight. Black surfaces can be up to 70F (21C) hotter than light surfaces and that excess heat is transferred to the building itself, creating an increased need for cooling. By switching to light colored roofs, buildings can use 40% less energy. Planting trees not only helps to shade cities from incoming solar radiation, they also increase evapotranspiration, which decreases the air temperature. Trees can reduce energy costs by 10-20%. The concrete and asphalt of our cities increases runoff, which decreases the evaporation rate and thus also increases temperature. Increased heat enhances photochemical reactions, which increases the particles in the air and thus contributes to the formation of smog and clouds. London receives approximately 270 fewer hours of sunlight than the surrounding countryside due to clouds and smog. Urban heat islands also increase precipitation in cities and areas downwind of cities.
Our stone-like cities only slowly loose heat at night, thus causing the greatest temperature differences between city and countryside to take place at night. Some suggest that urban heat islands are the true culprit for global warming. Most of our temperature gauges have been located near cities so the cities which grew up around the thermometers have recorded an increase in average temperatures worldwide. However, such data is corrected by atmospheric scientists studying global warming.
b) Perubahan iklim -Perubahan arah angin dan arus menyebabkan bencana alam seperti ribut dan taufan.
-Kejadian iklim ekstrim di mana kemarau dan banjir berlaku dengan tidak diduga seperti di Africa. Ini mengurangkan penghasilan hutan dan pertanian. -Perubahan taburan hujan dan sumber air yang menyukarkan kebolehdapatan air tawar. Ini membawa masalah kepada pertanian dan penghutanan.
c) Kesihatan manusia terganggu -Perubahan suhu boleh menyebabkan 'heatwave' di beberapa tempat dan penduduk kawasan terutamanya penduduk tua boleh mengalami 'heatstroke'. -Kekurangan air tawar dan kejadian banjir boleh menyebabkan air yang digunakan tercemar dan seterusnya mengakibatkan penyakit seperti cirit-birit.
-Pemindahan zon-zon iklim dan gerakan air laut serta kejadian banjir boleh menjejaskan kegiatan menangkap ikan dan haiwan akuatik lain. -Bencana alam seperti ribut dan kemarau juga mengakibatkan gangguan bekalan elektrik. -Penduduk yang tinggal di kawasan tanah di pinggir laut kadang kala perlu ditempatkan di kawasan lain kerana banjir.