Prinsip-prinsip Membilang

PKP 3118

the

stable-order rule. Counting words must be said only once, and in a consistent order. A child counts, "one, two, three, four, five, six, eight, seven..." each time he counts. he isn't completely correct, but he is consistent.

Stable-order

The

one-to-one rule. Each counting word must be paired with one, and only one, object. Many 4-year-olds will make such mistakes as skipping an object, but will catch similar mistakes when others make them.

The one-to-one

The

cardinal rule. The last counting word indicates "how many" of the collection. If you ask a child who is just learning to count how many items she just counted, she may recount! But with counting practice, children learn to abstract this rule, and they find that the last number word is not an attribute of the last object counted, but an attribute of the entire collection as a whole.

The Cardinal

Objects can be counted in any order. As in the train-engine example, a child can label objects with different numbers and the count will remain the same.

The order-irrelevance rule

Understanding

that the quantity of five large things is the same count as a quantity of five small things. Or the quantity is the same as a mixed group of five small, medium and large things,

The abstraction rule