Chapter 1: The Musical Traditions of Africa -northern half is related to arab world. north sudan maghreb east africa.

oriental modal music -southern is dominated by settler populations -music is ethnic-bound. over 700 languages in africa -pygmies and Bushmen of Kalahari Desert are hunters and gatherers -west africa ghana, mali, songhai, and kanem-bornu flourished one after the other -forest states: yoruba, benin, dahomey, ashanti -19th century established borders that ignored composition of indigenous peoples -cultural interaction -western sudan to lake chad, lute and harp-lute instruments and monodic singing predominate -east horn (somalia and ethiopia) egypt, mediterranean, and arabia -eastern africa, arabs, creation of swahili -island of malagassey, malayan, indonesian, and african interaction -sudanic belt of west africa, interacted with islamic north africa -arabic instruments, aerophones and drums -some were forced to abandon their own musical traditions, others were not -arabic types provided models for production of local equivalents -arabs took gang drum -medieval european instruments came from asia -arab and african music both existed for every occasion in life -african unity is a big issue -african drum music was considered pagan by christians. ethiopians were forbidden to use it in religious practices -pop music: highlife of west africa, kwella of south africa -new surge of traditionalism in new contexts