There are some minor discrepancies with the original marking scheme. This is due to the
corrections made to the original one. If there is anything inaccurate, please contact me. Some of the
questions (or part of) are outside syllabus so the marking scheme of those parts are NOT
PROVIDED.
(ii)
(iii) Out of syllabus.
(iv) Out of syllabus.
(b) (i)
or with a 5 membered ring, or FISHER PROJECTION
Note Any appropriate structure is correct which has the group for reducing and
90-AL-CHEM-I-1 http://www.geocities.com/chemwl
configuration of OH.
(ii) Hemiacetal groups [1/2m] account for reducing properties. This is because they exist in
equilibrium [1/2m] with the open chain form (aldehyde form) [1/2m]
The part of the structure having the hemiacetal MUST be shown in the answer. It must be
stated or shown that the non-reducing form IS NOT A HEMIACETAL. [1/2m]
(c)(i) Out of syllabus.
(ii)
OR via an acid chloride:
[Other Nylons (e.g. Nylon 6) are possible, important is salt + heatà amide, or acid chloride + heat
à amide]
2.(a)
[3m for correctly labeled diagram, reduce 1m for each WRONG / MISSING label, deduct
1/2m if Δplatinized‘ omitted]
Conditions 298 K / 25 °C [1/2m]
H2 gas at 1 atm. [1/2m]
[H+] = 1 M [1/2m]
How to maintain the stated conditions
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Thermostat / Water bath [1/2m]
Pressure gauge [1/2m]
Using a standard acid solution [1/2m]
(b)
˚ H– / kJ mol-1
(1) Cu(s) + S(s) + 2O2(g) à CuSO4(s) -773
(2) 5H2(g) + 2.5O2(g) à 5H2O(l) 5(-286)
(3) CuSO4(s) à CuSO4(aq) -66
.
(4) CuSO4(aq) + 5H2O(l) à CuSO4 5H2O(s) -8
From (1) + (2) + (3) + (4)
Cu(s) + S(s) + 5H2(g) + 4.5O2(g) à CuSO4.5H2O(s)
˚ H–f = -773 + 5(-286) + (-66) … 8 = 2277 kJ mol-1
[2m for correct working (cycle / equations / expression)
1m for correct answer (sign, value & unit) , -1/2m for wrong unit]
(c) Metal having the hexagonal close packing has the ababO arrangement for atoms in different
layers. [1m]
Metal having the face-centred cubic close packing has the abcO arrangement for atoms in
different layers [1m]
Both arrangements have the same packing efficiency (or atoms in both close packing
arrangements all have the coordination number of 12) [1m]
(d)(i) Rate = k[A][B]2
(ii)
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3.(a) * CO32- and HCO3- hydrolyze to a different extent. [1/2m]
* In a solution of Na2CO3, the equilibrium
CO32- + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + OH-
* Resulting in a pH sufficiently high (or [H +] sufficiently low)
Such that [1/2m]
* the equilibrium In + H+ ⇔ InH+
red colourless
shifts to left and a pink / red colour is exhibited [1/2m]
*In a solution of NaHCO3, whose pH is also above 7, [H +] is sufficiently high for the
equilibrium to shift to the right. [1/2m]
(b)(i) A white ppt. Of Al(OH)3 is formed. [1m]
(ii) No ppt. Or less white ppt. of Al(OH)3 is observed. [1m]
In the presence of an excess of ammnonia chloride, [NH4+] is high and the equilibrium
position of the following reaction [1/2m]
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇔ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Lies to the left so that [OH-] is low and [1m] the equilibrium position of Al(OH)3 ⇔ Al3+(aq)
+ 3OH-(aq) shift to right. [1/2m]
(c) 2F2(g) + 2OH-(aq) à OF2(aq) + F-(aq) + H2O(l) [1m]
Cl2(g) + 2OH-(aq) à OCl-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) [1m]
OR 3Cl2(g) + 6OH-(aq) à BrO3-(aq) + 5Br-(aq) + 3H2O(l)
2Br2(l) + 6OH-(aq) à BrO3-(aq) + 5Br-(aq) + 3H2O(l) [1m]
(d) Catalytic property: e.g. the use of a nickel catalyst [1m] in the hydrogenation of oils to make
margarine.
Complex ion formation: e.g. [Ni(H 2O)6]2+, [Ni(NH3)6]2+ [1m]
Accept also Δcolours‘ (e.g. [Ni(H2O)]2+ is green), Δparamagnetism‘, or other properties can be
illustrated, e.g. variable oxidation states: Ni 2O3, NiO, NiO2 etc.
(e) (i) The copper foil dissolves to give a blue solution [1/2m] and brown fumes are evolved.
[1/2m]
3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq) à 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)
2NO(g) + O2(g) à 2NO2(g) [1/2m + 1/2m]
(ii) The surface of the sodium becomes dull/less shinny/more white [1/2m]
4Na(s) + O2(g) à 2Na2O(s) [1m]
The piece of sodium melts and burns with a yellow flame. [1m]
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) à 2Na+ + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g) [1m]
2H2(g) + O2(g) à 2H2O(l) [1m]
(f) The protective layer Al2O3 is destroyed when the piece of Al is dipped in a solution of HgCl 2.
[1m]
When withdrawn from the solution, the fresh surface of Al reacts highly exothermically [1m]
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with O2 (air) to form white Al2O3 powder. [1m]
(b)(i) Add alcoholic FeCl3 solution. [1/2m] A colour change to red or blue denotes presence of (X).
[1/2m]
(ii) Add NaNO2 and dil. HCl to Y at 5°C [1/2m] followed by β-naphthol (naphthalen-2-ol). An
orange ppt. denotes presence of a primary aromatic amine (Y).
(iii) Out of syllabus.
(c)
5.(a)
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l Place the iron wire in a tube, add dilute sulphuric acid to completely cover the wire [1m]
l Heat the tube to complete the reaction, taking precaution to exclude air by, e.g. pass in N 2
or CO2. [1m]
l Leave the concentrated solution to cool in the absence of air (pass in N 2). [1m]
l Decant quickly and dry crystals with filter paper. [1m]
Note: Alternative plausible steps are acceptable.
(b)
l Weigh, accurately ( to at least 2 decimal places) a portion of the sample. [1/2m + 1/2m]
l Dissolve the weighed sample in dil. H 2SO4. [1/2m]
l Make up the solution to a standard volume [1/2m] in a volumetric flask. [1/2m]
l Pipette 25 ml of the Fe(II) solution into a flask. [1/2m]
l Titrate with the standardized KMnO4 solution from the burette. [1/2m] Swirling the flask
to ensure thorough mixing. [1/2m]
l Titrate slowly near the end point. Stop at the first permanent pink colouration. [1m]
l Record the volume of KMnO 4 used, reading the bottom of the meniscus. [1/2m]
l Repeat the titration to obtain consistent results. [1/2m]
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1. Expressing ∆H as ∆U + P∆V and explaining [OUT]
2. Additional practical methods for determining ∆H.
3. State clearly the experimental precautions.
4. Additional examples of applications of using Hess‘s law / Born-Haber cycle to determine
∆H indirectly.
5. Definition & description of Hess‘s law. (if separate from point 4)
6. Calculation details using Hess‘s law.
7. Additional examples of applications of thermochemical data
2. Out of syllabus.
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3. Chemical Knowledge [normal 10m to outstanding 12m]
At some point the type of compounds involved should be clarified:
With R = Ph à Phenols
With R = CnH2n+1 à Alcohol (R3COH is tertiary, R2CHOH is secondary & RCH 2OH is
primary) [1/2m]
in an introduction, but not necessarily. Since Chemistry involves PREPARATION and
REACTION, these are expected as major sub-headings.
PREPARATION
PHENOL: [max. 1.5m] [OUT]
ALCOHOL:
By SUBSTITUTION: [max. 2.5m]
e.g. RCH2Cl + OH- à RCH2OH + Cl-
NaNO2 + HCl
RCH2NH2 RCH2OH + N2
By ADDITION:
H2SO4(l) H2O(l)
By REDUCTION:
Ketones : sec. alcohols
Aldehydes : primary alcohol
Methods / reagents : LiAlH4, Na + C2H5OH
Each complete method carries a mark … do not mark secondary and primary as TWO. ONE
MARK should be awarded for at least 4 unrelated facts, e.g. reagents, products.
OTHER METHODS also exists, but are generally less attractive (less mark), e.g. hydrolysis of
ester.
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ROH + R‘COCl or (R‘CO)2O à R‘COOR
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Ease of dehydration: 3°>2°>1°
Reagents: Heat (about 400°C, Al2O3 cat.)
Heat ( > 150°C, H2SO4(l) cat.)
2. How to
- distinguish between phenol and alcohol: neutral FeCl3(aq) colour for phenols.
- Separate phenol and alcohol: solvent extraction with NaOH(aq) and water.
3. How to distinguish among 3°,2° and 1° alcohol : Oxidation of alcohol or Lucas test
4. Physical chemical properties: strength of acid (phenols).
Note: ONE mark is for a very complete reaction … may include some mechanisms, a
comparison, or in fact 2 reactions (reduction or both aldehyde and ketones for
examples)
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PRESENTATION [4m]
(v) Scripts with very little useful material can‘t hope to get the full 4 marks, therefore award
proportionately …
Sugeest: For C.K. 8- 10 awards up to 4m
6-7 max. is 3m
4-5 max is 2m, etc.
(vi) Diagrams / schemes: [1m] Note: This is not a neatness mark.
(vii) Quality of English: This is not a spelling test so do not penalize the odd spelling error, but
if particularly bad, or if meaning is lost, then penalize. [2m] Award marks for clear
unambiguous precise explanations or statements.
(viii) Continuity: Answer should be in ESSAY form, not short bits of answers. [1m] Check if
there is an introduction or Δthread‘ to take interest.
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