-----12 Laplace' Introduction to the

Transform
Assessment Problems
e(3t + e-(3t

AP 12.1 [a] cosh,8t =

Therefore,
£{ cosh ,8t} =
=

v:
2
0-

[e(s-(3)t + e-(s-(3)t]dt
1 00

! [e-(S-(3)t
2 -(8 -,8)

+ e-(s+(3)t
-(8 +,8)
8

00

="2
[b] sinh,8t
=

1( 1

0-

s - ,8 + s +,8

1)

0-

= 82 - ,82

e(3t _ e-(3t

Therefore,
£{sinh,8t}
=
=

~J:
2

[e-(s-(3)t - e-(s+(3)t] dt

! [ e-(s-(3)t loo _! [ e-(s+(3)t loo

="2
AP 12.2 (a] Let J(t) = te-at:
F(8) = £{te-at}

1( 1
=(

- (8 -,8)

0-

s - ,8 - 8 +,8

1)

2
=

- (8 +,8)

0-

(82 - ,82)

,8

8+a

)2

Now,

£{tJ(t)}

= _ dF(8)

d8

12-1

12-2

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

d[ 1

So, [b] Let

£{t.te f(t)
=

-at

}=-d8

(8+a)2

(8 + a)3

e-at sinhj3t,

then 13

£{f(t)}
£ { --;It [c] Let F (8)

F(8) = (8+a )2 - 132

=

df(t)}

8F(8) - f(O

8(13) (8 + a)2 _ 132- 0

138 (8 + a)2 _ 132

f(t) = coswt. Then

(82 + w2)

and

--

dF(8)
ds

~----::-:-7-

_(s2

w2) w2 2)2

(S2 + w2)2

Therefore AP 12.3

.L:{tcoswt} = --dS

dF(8)

s2 =(2
8

+w

F
(8) = (s

+ 1)(8 + 2)(8 + 3)

6s2 + 268 + 26

Kl 8+1

+ 8+2 + 8+3

K2

K3

Kl =

6 - 26 + 26 (1)(2) = 3;

K = 24 - 52 + 26 = 2 2 (-1)(1)

K3 = 54 - 78 + 26 (-2)(-1) Therefore AP 12.4 Fs=

=1
+ 2e-2t + e-3t]
=

f(t) = [3e-t
2

u(t)

()

(S+3)(8+4)(s+5)

78

+ 63s + 134

s+3

Kl

K2 8+4

s+5

K3

K = 63 - 189 - 134 = 4' 1 1(2) , K3 = 175 - 315 + 134 = -3 (-2)(-1)

K = 112 - 252 + 134 2 (-1)(1)

=6

f(t) ~ [4e-3t + 6e-4t

3e-5t]u(t)

Problems AP 12.5

12-3

Fs _

10(s2 + 119) ( ) - (s + 5)(S2 + lOs + 169)

Sl,2

= -5 ± J25

- 169= -5

± j12
K2 + ----..:"---s + 5 + j12

K1 K2 F( s ) = -+ s + 5 s + 5 - j12 K = 10(25+ 119) = 10

1

25 - 50 + 169

K = 10[(-5 + j12)2 + 119] = '417 = 4 17/900 2 (j12) (j24) J. 'Therefore J(t) = [lOe-5t
= [lOe-5t

+ 8.33e-5t
-

cos(12t + 90°)]u(t)

8.33e-5t sin 12t] u(t)

AP 12.6 F(s)

= 4s
1

+7s+1 s(s + 1)2

Ko
S

(s + 1)2

K1

+
S

K2

+1

Ko = (1)2 = 1; K2 =

K1 = 4 -7+ 1 = 2 -1

.!!_

[4S2 + 78 + 1] = s(8s + 7) - (;s2 + 7s + 1) ds s 8=-1 S 1

I
8=-1

=1+2=3
Therefore AP 12.7 J(t) = [1 + 2te-t

+ 3e-t]

u(t)

F(s) _

40 _ 40 - (82+ 4s + 5)2 (s + 2 - j1)2(s + 2 + j1)2

K1 - (s+2-j1)2

K2 (s+2-j1)

+ (s+2+j1)2

K;

+
K1 = (j~2

K* 2 (s+2+j1)
=

-10 = 10/180° and

Ki = -10

Problems

12-5

}~

8F(8)

}!...~

[S3(4 + (7/s) + (l/S)2]] 83[1 + (l/s))2

=4

.'. /(0+) = 4

~~sF(s)
.'. f(oo)=l

= ~~

[4S2 + 7s + (s + 1)2

1] 1
=

}it~SF(8)

= }!...~

40s ] s4[1 + (4/8) + (5/82))2

=0

.'. f(oo)=O

12-6

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

Problems
P12.1 [a] J(t) = 120 + 30t J(t) = 120 - 30t J(t) = -360+ J(t) = 0 J(t)
=

-4s:::;t:::;0 0:::; t :::;8s 8s:::; t:::; 12s

30t
elsewhere

(120 + 30t) [(u(t + 4) - u(t)] + (120 - 30t)[u(t) - u(t - 8)) +( -360 + 30t)[u(t - 8) - u(t - 12)]

[b] J(t) = 50sin~t[u(t)

=

- u(t - 4)]

(50 sin ~t)u( t) - (50 sin ~t)u( t - 4) (30 - 3t)t[u(t) - u(t - 10)]

[e] J(t)
P 12.2

[a] (50 + 2.5t)[u(t + 20) - u(t)) + (50 - 5t)[u(t) - u(t - 10)]

=

(2.5t + 50)u(t + 20) - 2.5tu(t) + (5t - 50)u(t - 10)

[b] (5t + 45) [u(t + 9) - u(t + 6)] + 15[u(t + 6) - u(t + 3)] - 5t[u(t + 3) -- 1L(t- 3)] -15[u(t
= 5(t

- 3) - u(t - 6))

+ (5t

- 45) [u(t - 6) - u(t - 9)]

+ 9)u(t + 9) - 5(t + 6)u(t + 6) - 5(t + 3)u(t + 3) + 5(t - 3)u(t - 3)

+5(t - 6)u(t - 6) - 5(t - 9)u(t - 9) P 12.3

200 150 100

= -

50 0 -5 -50 -100 -150 -200 t (s) -15 -5 5 15 25

Problems P 12.4 [aJ

12~7

60 40 20

iE'

0 -20 -40 -60

I (s)

[bJ f(t)

= 30t[u(t)

- u(t - 2)]

+ 60[u(t

- 2) - u(t - 4)]

+60cos(~t

-1r)[u(t - 4) - u(t - 8)]

+(30t - 300) [u(t - 8) - u(t - 10)] P 12.5 [aJ A = (~) bh = (~) (2s) (~) [b) 0; P 12.6 - 1.0

[a] 1=

i:
_!__
21r

(e]

00

(t3 + 4)8(t) dt

.L: 4(t

+ 4)8(t

- 2) dt

[b) I

r.

=4

+ 4(8 + 4)

e8(t) dt

i:

= 52

t28(t

+ 2.5) dt + 0

= 02

+
00

(-2.5?

+ 0 = 6.25
(_!__)
21r
-+

P 12.7

f(t) =

1
-00

(3 + ~w) '1r8(w) . ejtw dw = (4 + )w)

-+ 00;

(3 + ~O1re-jtO) 4 +)0

= ~~

P 12.8

As E -+ 0 the amplitude of s, i.e.,

the duration

0; and the area is independent

A= P 12.9 F(s)

00 ] -00

1rS2
t:

+ t2

dt= 1 dt

• -t:

_e-st
2s

est:

e-st:
SS

1 F( s) = -lim

[sest:

28 t:-+O

+ se-st:] = -1. . - = 1 2s 1 28 1

12-8

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform dv = 8/(t - a) dt, du = f'(t) dt v = 8(t - a)

P 12.10 [a] Let

u = J(t),
Therefore

i:

J(t)8'(t - a) dt

J(t)8(t - a)

[00 t

i:

8(t - a)f'(t) dt

=0-

1'(0,)
=-

[b] C{8'(tn
P 12.11

10-

roo 8'(t)e-st
0'''
(t)

dt

[d(~-st)l
t=O

= - [-se-st]

=
t=O

4 -~3

-~ -~/2

~ 12

-4

Therefore

F(s)
=

4 _[ese:
sc:3

_ 2ese:/2

+ 2e-se:/2

_ e-se:]

C{ 8" (tn

e:-->O

lim F( s)

After applying L'Hopital's rule three times, we have

e-->O

u m -28
3

[se: se

8 8 - -e se:/2 - -e -se:/2 4 4

+ se -se:]

28 = - (38) 3 2

Therefore P 12.12 C {d7t~t)} Therefore

C{ 8" (t)} = S2
= snF(8)

- 8n-1J(0-)

- sn-2f'(0-)

-"',

P 12.13 [a] C{ t}

2";
8

therefore

L-

I'{

te

-at}

=(

8+0, )2

Problems
ejwt
=
_

12-9

[b] sinwt

Therefore

'2

e-jwt

. C smwt = ( -1 ) (1 { } j2 8 ---2
8

jw

+ jw

1)

= ( -1 ) (
j2

82

2jw

+ w2

[c] sin(wt + 0) Therefore

(sinwt cos 0 + coswt sin 0)

+w2

C{sin(wt + O)} = cosOC{sinwt} + sinO.c{coswt} -----2

8

wcosO

+ s sin f

[d] C{ t}

{'~Ote-st dt = e- (-8t _ 1) Jo 82 [e] J(t) = coshtcoshB + sinht sinh 0 From Assessment Problem 12.1(a) £{cosht} =
8 82 _

st

+w2
1

00
0

=0

- _!_(O - 1)
82

_!_
82

From Assessment Problem 12.1(b) C{sinht} =

82 ~

1
=

C{ cosh(t

+ O)}

cosh 0

[(82 ~ 1) 1 + sinh 0 [82 ~ 1]

P 12.14 [a] £{ te-at}

=

sinhB + 8[cosh 0] (82 - 1)

Joo te-(s+a)t dt
0-

=(

e-(s+a)t [

8+a

)2

-(s+a)t-1

] 00
0-

=0+

(8 + a)2
=

£{ -at} te

(8 + a)2
=

[b] t: {:t (te-at)u(t) }

C

{!

(te-at)u(t)}

(8: (8:

a)2 - 0 a)2

12-10

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform d [c] -(te-at) dt

J..,

_ate-at

+ e-at
=
-0

"{ -ate -at .

+ e -at}

(8+a)2 (8 + a)2
8

1 + (8+0,)

-0,

(8+a)2

8+a + (8+a)2

-;------c:-:;:-

••

J..,

" { d ( -at)} dt te
=

CHECKS
ae-a(t-e:)e-st dt
e:" = F(8)

P 12.15 [a] C,{j'(t)}

. -e:

Ie: e-

st

2c

dt

1=e
8

~(ese:
28c a

_ e-se:) _ (_a_)
8

+a

limF(8) = 1- -- =-e:-->O 8+a 8+a [b] C,{ e-at} = _1_ 8+a

Therefore P 12.16 £{e-at f(t)} P 12.17 [a] C, {

£{f'(t)}

8F(8) - f(O-) dt =
1

_8 __

8+a

_8_

8+a

fo~ [e-at f(t)]e-st

=
8

fo~ f(t)e-(s+a)t

dt = F(8 + a)

Jo-

e-ax dX} = F(8)

=~ 1

8(8+a)

[b] C, [c]

{fo~ y dy}
Ie-at} { -;;,- -;;:
t

(812) = 813
e-at

.0-

e-axdx = - -a

C,

= -;;, -;

1[1

+a

1]

8(8

1 a) +

.0-

lo

ydy =~;

t2 2
8W

P 12.18 [a]

c {dSinwt
(it

u(t)} =
=

82

+ w2
8 2

sin(O) = cos(O) =

82

8W

+ w2
8 2

[b] C, {

[c]

C, {

d:~:2)u(t) } 83 (8~) - 82(0) - 8(0) - 2(0)

=

d cos wt } u(t) dt

+ w2

+ w2

1 = --

_w2 2 82 + w

=2

Problems d sin wt dt = (coswt) . w,

d cos wt --=

12-11

[d]

{ £wcoswt

}=

s +w

ws

dt

-wsinwt
=-

£{ -w sin wt}
--

2 S

w2 +w

d3(t2)
dt3

= 28(t)·

'

£{28(t)}

=2

P 12.19 [a] f(t) = 4t[u(t) - u(t - 4)] +(32 - 4t)[u(t - 4) - u(t - 12)]
+(4t - 64)[u(t - 12) - u(t -16))
= 4tu(t) - 8(t - 4)u(t -

4)

+8(t - 12)u(t - 12) - 4(t - 16)u(t - 16)

F(s)
[b]

4[1 - 2e-4s
=
fO(

+ 2e-12s
.«2

e-16s]

t
4

f:l

13

!16

t(s)

-4 -

f'(t)

4[u(t) - u(t - 4)] - 4[u(t - 4) - u(t - 12)] +4[u(t - 12) - u(t - 16)]

= 4u(t) - 8u(t -

4) + 8u(t - 12) - 4u(t - 16)

_

L:{f'(t)}

4[1 - 2e-4s + 2e-12s ~-------=s

e-16s]

12-12 [c]

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

£" (t) 40(t) 80(t-12)

tea)

-80(t-4)

-40(t-16)

f"(t) = 48(t) - S8(t - 4) + S8(t - 12) - 48(t - 16) 'c{f"(t)}

P 12.20 [a]
t

= 4[1 -

2e-4s

+ 2e-12s _

e-16s]

lo 0-

t2 xdx = 2
=-

,c {t2} 2

IJoo
0-

t2e-st dt

2 1 -st = 2" [ ~s3 (s2t - 283 (2)1 1

s3

+ 2st + 2) 0- 1
00

c {fo~ xdx}
[b] ,C {

s13 1/ S2 = ~
8

.10-

r x dX}

,C{ t} =
8

83

CHECKS P 12.21 [a]

,C{ -20e-5(t-2)u(t

_ 2)} = -20e(8 + 5)
as

2s

[b] First rewrite

f (t)

f(t) = (St - S)u(t - 1) + (24 - St - St + S)u(t - 2) +(St - 40 - 24 + St)u(t - 4) - (St - 40)u(t - 5)

=

S(t - l)u(t - 1) - 16(t - 2)u(t - 2) +16(t - 4)u(t - 4) - S(t - 5)u(t - 5)

Problems
P 12.22 C{f(at)} Let and
=

12-13

fo~

f(at)e-st

dt u = 0when

u = at, u = 00

du = adt, when

t = 0-

t = 00

Therefore

C{f(at)}

==

0-

oof(u)e-(u/a)s-

du a

= -F(s/a)

P 12.23 [a] I,(t) = e-at sinwt;

[b] fr(t)

e-atcoswt;

F()
IS

s+a (s+a)2+w2

F(s) _ Fl(S) _ S+a s - s[(s+a)2+w2]

[c] ~[e-at sinwt]

dt . Therefore

= we-at coswt - «e:" sinwt

w(s+a) -wa F(s) = ( )2 2 s+a +w _o.e-at coswt

2

= (s+a
+ we-at
2

ws
)2

+w

lo0-

e-ax coswx dx =

sinwt

+a

a +w

Therefore 1 F (s)2+w2 -a - s[(s P 12.24 [a] dF(s) = ds ds Therefore

2 [b] d F(s) 2

[-o.(s+a) (s+a)2+w2

w + (s+a)2+w2

a] +s

+ a)2 + w2]
10=_

s+a

.!i [ [00 f(t)e-st

C{tf(t)}
=

10-

[00 tf(t)e-st

dt

dF(s) --a:;dt;

ds

looo
0-

t2 f(t)e-st

12~14

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

[c] .e{t 5 }

= .e{t 4t} = (-1) 4 -d 4 ds

.

(1) s2

=-.

120 s6 (S2 + {P)2

.e{tsm,Bt}

(-1)

ds

d(

(3) s2 + {32

2{3s

.e{ te~t cosh t}: From Assessment Problem 12.1(a), s F(s) = .e{cosht} = -2-8 -1

dF
d8

(82 -

(82 - 1)2
--

1)1- 8(28) dF
ds
=
8 2

Therefore Thus

-:--::--:-=-

+1

(82 - 1)2

.e{tcosht}
=t

+1 (82 _ 1)2
8 2

.e{e tcosht}

(8+1)2+1 = [(8 + 1)2 -IF

82+28+2 82(8 + 2)2

= J:

P 12.25 [a] J~ F(u)du = J~

=

[J:f(t)e-ut oo
8

dt] du

[J~ f(t)e-ut dU]dt

t
1J,

J000- f(t)J

e-ut dudt

= Joo

0-

f(t) [e-

00
1 8

-t

] dt

therefore.e

t sin {3t}

= }8

roo [ (u22{3u ] du + (32)2

=
00;

Let W = u2 + {32,then W = 82 + {32when u = 8, and W = 00 when u also dw = 2u du, thus

.e{tsin{3t}_{3r
t

OO

}82+(32

[dW]_{3(-l)I
w2
-

OO _

-z;

82+(32 -

82

+ {32

{3

Problems

12-15

P 12.26 ig(t)

= 5 cos 10tu(t);
' LC = 64;
1 1 ~ =40

1 -=40'

RC

Therefore

v=
(s2

+ 40s + 64)(s2 + 100)

dvo dt
=

(40)(5)s2

200S2 (S2 + 40s + 64)(s2

+ 100)

Vo - Vdc P 12.27 [a] R

1r + L io Vod x + C
t

.0 Vdc

Vo + R L

.0

i· Vodx + RC dvt dO
Vdc

[b] Va + RLVa + RCSVo =

S

(1/ RC)Vdc Va(s) = S2 + (1/ RC)s + (1/ LC)

[e]

io =

L io vodx

Va Io(s) = sL = s[s2
P 12.28 [a] Ide = L io Vodx
1

+ (11RC)s + (1/ LC)]

Vo dvo dt

(1/ RCL)Vde

I'

+ R +C
R

[b] Ide
s

Va(S) sL

+ Va(S) + sCVo(S)
Ide/C S2 + (lIRC)s + (l/LC)

. .. [e] io
=

Va(S)
C d Vo dt

sIde .'. Io(s) = sCVa ( s) = s2 + (l/RC)s + (l/LC)

P 12.29 [a] L io
1

r
dt

VI

dr

VI -

V2

= ig

and C dV2

+ V2 _
R

VI

=0

12-16

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform VI [b] sL +Vi-V2_I R V2 R Vi or

+ SOTT V2-

(R + sL)Vi(s) -VI(S)
Solving,

- sLV2(s) = RLsIg(s)
=0

+ (ROs + l)V2(s)
sIg(s)

V2(s) = 0[s2
P 12.30 [a] For t 2:: 0+:

+ (R/L)s + (l/LO)]

Vo
R

+ 0 dt

dvo

. +~o = 0

R dt
or
2

L di;

+ LO

~io. dt2

+ ~o = 0
1. [
=

d2io

dt2

+ Rodi

1 di;

+ LO~o

0
=

[b] s Io(s) - SIde - 0

I o( s) [S2 +

;0

1 + RO

1 sIo(s) - Ide] + LOIo(s)

s + L~] = Ide (s +

1/RO)

Idc[S + (1/ RO)] i.;s) = [s2 + (1/ RO)s + (1/ LO)]

P 12.31 [a] For t 2:: 0+:

Rio
~

+ Ldi + Vo = 0

di;

. - Odvo 0dt

or

d2vo dt2

+L

Rdvo dt

+ LO Vo = 0

Problems
2

12-17

[b] 8 Vo(S) - 8Vdc - 0

+ R [SVo (8) L
=

Vdc] + LC Vo(8) = 0

Vo(8)

[82 + ~ S + L~]

Vdc(S

+ R/L)

Vdc[S + (R/L)] Vo(S) = [82 + (R/ L)8 + (1/ LC)]

P 12.32 [a] 300 = 60i1

+ 25 d'h + 10-(i2 t &

.u

d"

~ i1)

+ 5-d t (i1 -

di i2) - 10~

&

d 0= 5 dt (i2 - i1)

+ 10 ;: + 40i2
+ 5&
d t
di2

Simplifying the above equations gives: . di1 300 = 60~1 + 10&

di1 di2 0= 40i2 +5- +5-

dt

300 [b] = (108

8

+ 60)h(8) + 5812(8) + (58 + 40)h(8)

0= 5811(8)

[c] Solving the equations in (b), 1(8) _ 60(s+8) 1 - 8(8 + 4) (8 + 24) -60 I (8) - -;---...,-,-----.,-

- (8

+ 4) (s + 24) + 100) + 1.67);

82 + 100 = (8 - j10)(8

20082 P 12.33 V(8) = (32 + 408 + 64)(82 32 + 408

+ 64 =

(3 + 38.33)(s

+ jl0)

Therefore

V(3) =

2 2008 (3 + 38.33)(8 + 1.67)(8 - jlO)(8

+ j10) + 8 + j10
K;

- 8 + 1.67

Kl

+ 3 + 38.33 + 8 + 100)
I

K2

K3
j10

«, =

2 2003 (s + 38.33)(82

= 0 15
8=-1.67 .

12-18

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

K2 =

2 2008 \ = -5 11 (8 + 1.67)(82 + 100) s=-38.33 . (8 + 1.67)(8 + 38.33)(8 + j10)

200S2

K3 =

I
s=jlO

2.491 - 5.14°

Therefore v(t) = [4.98cos(lOt - 5.14°)

+ 0.15e-1.67t -

5. 11e-38.33t]u(t) V

1 P 12.34 (a] LC

109 4 (0.8)(100) = 1250 x 10

1 106 RC - (10)(100) = 1000 70,000 Vo(s) = (s2 + 1000s + 1250 X 104) 81,2= -500 ± V25 x 104 - 1250 X 104 = -500 ± j3500 rad/s
V (s) _
o -

(s

+ 500 K

70,000
j3500)(s j3500

+ 500 + j3500)
K*

-s

+ 500 -

+ s + 500 + j3500

K ~ 70,000 = 10/ _ 90° (j7000)

Vo(8) = s

+ 500 -

10/- 90° 10/90° j3500 + s + 500+13500

vo(t) = [20e-50Ot cos(3500t - 900)]u(t) V = [20e-500t sin 3500t]u(t) V

87,500 [b] 10(s) = 8(S + 500 - j3500)(8 + 500 + j3500)

K1
= --;-

+ s + 500 -

K2 j3500

+ s + 500 + j3500

K2

K=

87,500 ~ 7 rnA 1250 x 104

K2 = (-500

+ j3500) (j7000)

87,500

L· °A 3.5171.87 rn

io(t) = [7 + 7e-500t cos (3500t

+ 171.87°)]u(t) rnA

Problems
1_ 10 _ 104 P 12.35 [a] RC (4 x 103)(25) 109 6 LC - (2.5)(25) = 16 x 10
1
9

12-19

Vr (s) _
o S

+ 10,000s + 16 X

40

10

Ide

106

40 X 106Ide - -------------(s + 2000)(s + 8000)

120,000 ~----~-----(s + 2000)(s + 8000)

S

+ 2000 + s + 8000
K
2

Kl

K2

K
1

120,000 = 20· 6000 '

120,000 -6000

-20

Vc,(s) = s vo(t)
=

+ 2000
3 10-

20

+ 8000

20

[20e-2000t - 20e-8000t]u(t) V

[ ] I () b 0s = (s

+ 2000)(s + 8000) + 2000 + s + 8000

X

Kl

K2

K = -(3
1

3 10- )(2000) = -10-3 6000

=4
X

K = (3
2

3 10- )(-8000) -6000

10-3

I (s) o -

-10-3 s

+ 2000 +--s + 8000

4 X 10-3

io(t) = (4e-8ooOt - e-2ooOt)u(t) rnA

[c] io(O) = 4 - 1 = 3 rnA Yes. The initial inductor current is zero by hypothesis, the initial resistor current is zero because the initial capacitor voltage is zero by hypothesis. Thus at t = a the source current appears in the capacitor.

12-20

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

106. 1
6

1 P 12.36 - = 2

C
2

'

LC = 4 x 10 ;
30,000

- = 5000'

R L

'

_ 0.015 Ig8

v; (s) _
S2 S1

+ 5000s + 4 X
S2

106

= -1000;

= -4000

112(s) = (s

30,000 1000)(s + 4000) 10

----

10

8 + 1000

s + 4000

P 12.37 RC = 10,000; I (8) =

o

LC = 16 x 10

O.l(s + 10,000) 82 + 10,0008 + 16 X 106

S2

S1

= -2000;

= -8000

0.1(8 + 10,000) 10(s) = (s + 2000)(8 + 8000) K

1

K1 8 + 2000

K2

+ 8 + 8000

0.1(8000) = 0.133 6000

K = 0.1(2000) = -0033 2 -6000 . I (8) _

o -

0.133 0.033 + 2000 - s + 8000

-

io(t) = [133.33e-2OOOt
R P 12.38 L = 5000; 1

33.33e-800Ot]u(t)
6

rnA

LC = 4 x 10

15(8 + 5000) o( ) - 82 + 5000s + 4 X 106 8_

-

812 = -2500 ± v'6.25 x 106 ,

106

Problems
=

12-21

Sl

-1000 radjs; _
-

S2

-4000 radj s

v, (s)
o

(s

+ 1000)(s + 4000)
=
20V. '

15(s

+ 5000)

-s

+ 1000 + s + 4000

K1

K2

K
1

15(4000) 3000

K - 15(1000) - - V 2-3000 5

Vo(s) vo(t)

+ 1000

20

5 s + 4000

[20e-100Ot- 5e-400Ot]u(t) V

P 12.39 [a] I1(S) = K1

S

+
S

K2

+4

+ 24
K_
2-

K3

(60)(8) K1 = (4)(24) = 5; K3 = (-24)(-20) 5

(60)( -16)

(60)(4) __
(-4)(20) 3

=
3

-2

II (s) = ( -; - s

+4

-s

+ 24

2)

i1(t) = (5 - 3e-4t - 2e-24t)u(t) A

I ()
2S

K1
S

+ 4 + s + 24

K2

K =-=-3· 1 20 '

-60

h(s)
i2(t)

= =

( s -3 +

+ s + 24
A

3)

-60 K2=-=3 -20

(3e-24t - 3e-4t)u(t)

[b] i1(00) = 5A; [c] Yes, at t = 00 i1 300

=-

60

5A

Since i1 is a dc current at t = 00 there is no voltage induced in the 10 H inductor; hence, i2 = o. Also note that il (0) = 0 and i2(0) = O. Thus our solutions satisfy the condition of no initial energy stored in the circuit.

12-22

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

K = 18 - 66 + 54 = 3. 1 (1)(2) , K3 = 162 - 198 + 54 = 9 (-2)( -1)

K
2

72 - 132 + 54 (-1)(1)

.". f(t) = [3e-t [b] F( 8) --+--+--+-3

+ 6e-2t + ge-3t]u(t)
K3 8+3 K4 8+5

_ K1 8

K2 8+2
2

K1 = 88 + 898 + 3118 + 300 (8 + 2)(8 + 3)(8 + 5) K2 = 88 + 898 + 3118 + 300 8(8 + 3)(8 + 5) K3
3 2

I
8=0

10

I
8=-2

=5

88 +898 + 3118 + 300 8(8 + 2)(8 + 5)

3 2

I
8=-3

-8

K4 = 88 + 898 + 3118 + 300 8(8 + 2)(8 + 3)

I
8=-5

=1

f(t) = [10 + 5e-2t

8e-3t

+ e-5t]u(t)

[C] 81,2= -6 ± ~36 - 100 = -6 ± j8

1182 + 1728 + 700 F(8) = (8+2)(8+6-j8)(8+6+j8)
=

K1 K2 K2 8 + 2 + 8 + 6 - j8 + 8 + 6 + j8

K = 44 - 344 + 700 = 5 1 4 - 24 + 100 11(-6 + j8)2 + 172(-6 + j8) + 700 K2 = (-4 + j8)j16
= 3 - j4 =

5L -

53.13° cos(8t - 53.13°)]u(t)

f(t) = [5e-2t

+ lOe-6t

Problems [d] 81,2= -7 ± V49 - 625 = -7 ± j24 F(8) = 2 568 + 1128 + 5000 8(8 + 7 - j24)(8 + 7 + j24) K1

12-23

K2 K2 = ~ + 8 + 7 - j24 + 8 + 7 + j24 K =5000=8 1 625 K

2-

_ 56(-7 + j24)2 + 112(-7 + j24) + 5000 (-7 + j24)j48

= 24 + j7 = 25i16.26°
f(t) = [8 + 50e-7t cos(24t P 12.41

+ 16.26°)]u(t)

raJ

F(8) = K1 + K2 + K3 82 8 8 + 10 2 K1 = 8(8 - 58 + 50) 1 = s + 10 8=0 2 K2 = !!_ { 8(8 - 58 + 50)} ds 8+10 400 = 40 10 1 8=0 8=0

= 8(8 + 10)(28 - 5) - 8(82 - 58 + 50)(1) 1

(8 + 10)2 10(-40) - 8(50) = -8 100 2 K3 = 8(8 - 58 + 50) 1 = 8(100 + 50 + 50) = 16 2 8 8=-10 100

8 ()

= 40 _ ~
82 8

+
8

+ 10 +
K3 8+2

16

f(t) = [40t - 8 + 16e-1Ot]u(t)

[b] F(8) _ K1
8 K1

K2 (8+2)2 10.

10(4)

K2

'

10(12 - 8 + 4)

-2

-40

K3 =

2 10(38 + 48 + 4)} 1 ds 8 8=-2 2 = 10[(8)(68 + 4) ~2 (38 + 48 + 4)] 18=-2= 20

!!_ {

12-24

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform F (8) = --; - (8 + 2)2 + 8 + 2

f(t) = [10 - 40te-2t
[C] 81,2

10

40

20

+ 20e-2t]u(t)
-2

-2

± V4-5 =

± jl

K1 K2 K3 K; F (8) = - + - + + -----'-82 8 8 + 2 - jl 8 + 2 + jl 50 K1 = - = 10 5 3 2 K2 = .!!... {8 - 68 + 158 + 50} 1 ds 82 + 48 + 5 8=0 = (82 + 48 + 5)(382 - 128 + 15) - (83 - 682 + 158 + 50)(28 + 4) 1 (82 + 48 + 5)2 8=0 = 5(15) - 50(4) = -5 25 3 - 682 + 158 + 50 1 8 K3 = --::-:------:-2 8 (8 + 2 + j1) 8=-2+j1 (-2+j1)3=-2+jll; K3 = (-2+j1?=3-j4

-2 + j11 - 6(3 - j4) + 15(-2 + j1) + 50 (3 - j4)(j2)

= 3 + j4 = 5j53.13°
F8() =---+ 2
10 8 5 8 5153.13°5 _,-1=-=5=3.=13=° +8 + 2 - j1 8 + 2 + j1

f(t) = [lOt - 5 + lOe-2t COS(t+ 53.13°)]u(t) K1 K2 K3 [d] F(8) = (8+2)3 + (8+2)2 + 8+2 K1 = 8 K2 = 2K3 = 2

+ 68 +

518=_2= -3

.!!...{ 82 +
ds

68 + 5} 1 = 28 + 61 =2 8=-2 8=-2 K3 = 1 1

(28 + 6) 18=_2=2; 2

F(8) =
f(t) = -

-3 (8+2)3 3t2e-2t
2

+(8+2)2 +-8+2
+ 2te-2t + e-2t = [(2t - 1.5t2 + l)e-2t]u(t)

Problems

12-25

[e]

81,2

-1± vT=5
=

-1 ±j2

F( ) 8

K1 . K; K2 K; (8 + 1- j2)2 + (8 + 1 + j2)2 + 8 + 1- j2 + (8 + 1 + j2)

3 2 K = 168 + 728 + 2168 - 1281 1 (8 + 1 + j2)2

8=-1+j2

(-1 + j2)3
K
1-

= 11- j2;

(-1 -16

+ j2)2

-3 - j4

_ 176 - j32 - 216 - j288 - 216 + j432 - 128

24 - j7

25/-

16.26°

3 2 K2 = i_ { 168 + 728 + 2~6~ - 128/ } ds (8 + 1+ J2) 8=-1+j2 2 = (8 + 1 + }2?(488 -: 1;48 + 216) I (8 + 1+ J2) 8=-1+j2 _ (1683 + 7282 + 2168 - ~2~2(8 + 1 + }2) I (8 + 1+ J2) 8=-1+j2
-

(j4)2( -144 - j192 - 144 + j288 + 216) - (-384 + j112) (j8) (j4)4 256

= 2048 + j1536 = 8 + j6 = 10/36.87°

F( ) _ 25/- 16.26° 25/16.26° 10/36.87° 10/ - 36.87° 8 - (8 + 1 - }2)2 + (8 + 1 + }2)2 + 8 + 1 - }2 + 8 + 1 + }2
f(t) = [50te-t cos(2t - 16.26°) + 20e-t cos(2t + 36.87)]u(t)

P 12.42 [a] F(8) = 82+68+51

10 1082+858+95 1082+ 608 + 50 258 + 45 F(8) = 10 + 258 + 45 = 10 + K1 + K2 82 + 68 + 5 8+ 1 8+ 5

K 1 = 258 + 45 )
8

+5

=5

8=-1

K2 = 258 + 451
8

+1

= 20
8=-5

12-26

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to tbe Laplace Transform 5 s+l 20 + s+5

F(8) =10+ f(t) = 106(t)

+ (5e-t + 20e-5t]u(t)
5
5s2 + 40s + 25 582 + 20~ + 25 20s K; +-~8+ 2 - j s + 2+ j

[b]
F(8) = s2 + 4s + 51

F(8)=5+ K, = 20s

20s 2 + 48 + 5 =5+ 8

«,

+ 2 +)

.1
8=-2+j

= 10 + j20 = 22.36/63.43°

F(s) = 5 + 22.36/63.4~0 + 22.36/ - 63.. 3° 4 s+2-) s+2+) f(t) = 58(t) + 44.72e-2t cos(t + 63.43°)u(t) ~ F(s) = s

+ 20

~5 s2 + 258 + 150 s2 + 20s 58 + 150 58 + 100 50 50 50

F(s) = 8 + 5 + (s f(t) = 6'(t)

P 12.43 [a] F(s) = Kl
82

+ 20) = s + 5 + s + 20
K3

+ 58(t) + 50e-20tu(t)
s
8
1

+ K2 +

+ 1=

j2

+.
8

+ 1 + j2

K3

«, =

100(8 + 1) 82 + 28 + 5

20 [ 100 _ 100(8 + 1)(2s + 2)] 82 + 28 + 5 (S2 + 2s + 5)2 8=0 = -6

8=0

K2 = ~ [100(S + 1) ]_ ds 82 + 28 + 5
= 20 - 8 =

12
1

K3 =

2 8 (8

100($ + 1~

+ 1 + )2)

+ j8 = 10/126.87°

8=-1+j2

f(t) = [20t + 12 + 20e-t cos(2t

+ 126.87°)]u(t)

Problems

12-27

2082 «, K2 K3 b [] F (8) + + 1)2 +- 1 - (8 + 1)3 - (8 + 1)3 (8 8+ .'. 2082= K1 + K2(8 + 1) + K3(8 + 1? K1 = 208218=_1=20
After differentiating each side

K2 = 408 1 = -40 8=-1

After differentiating again

40 = 0+2K3; "
.

2082 20 40 20 = +-(8 + 1)3 (8 + 1)3 (s + 1)2 8 + 1

8

Test at

= 0:

20 - 40 + 20 = 0 OK 20t2e-t f(t) = , - 40te-t + 20e-t = (10t2 - 40t + 20)e-tu(t)

2.

o=

K1 K2 K3 K4 [c] F(8) = --:;- (8 + 1)3 + (8 + 1)2 + 8 + 1 + K1 = 40(8 + 2) 1 = 80 (8 + 1)3 8=0 K2 = 40(8 +2) 18=_1=-40 8 K3 = .!!__ [40(8 + 2)] = [40 _ 40(s + 2)] = -40 _ 40 = -80 ds 8 8 S2 8=-1 K4 = ~.!!__ [40 _ 40(s
2 ds
8 82

+ 2)]
=

= ~ [-40

82

_ 40 + 80(S+2)] S2 $3
-

8=-1 80e-tJu(t)

~(-40-40-80) 2

-.80

f(t)

[80- 20t2e-t

80te-t

[d] F(8) = 5(8+2)2 = Kl + K2 + K3 + K4 + K5 84 (S+ 1) 8 + 1 84 S3 82 8 K2

=

5(S+2)21 = 20 8+1 8=0

12-28

CHAPTER

12. Introduction

to the Laplace Transform

Differentiating each side gives

5 [(8 + 1)2(8 + 2) - (8 + 2)2] = Kt[483(8 + 1) - 84] (8 + 1)2 (8 + 1)2

58(8 + 2) _ K183 (38 + 4) K 2K 3K 2 8 (8+1)2 (8+1)2 + 3+ 4+ 58

K3 = 58(8+2)

(8 + 1)2

I
8=0

=0

Note that two more derivatives of the term involving Kl will drop out at 8 = O. Hence, 2K4 = 5d- ( 88+
d

[8(8 +1)2

2)]

8=0

- 6K58

8=0
1

2K4 = 5 {(8 + 1)2(28 + 2) - 8(8 + 2)2(8 + 1)} (8 + 1)4 -5

8=0

(
8

+1
8

) 2(8 + 1)2 - 28(8 + 2)

(1)4
8

I
8=0

= (5) (

2 + 1)31 8=0= 10

Now differentiate once more to get 6K5 _ .!!_ - ds

=

(8

+ 1)3

10

8=0

-30(8 + 1)21 (8 + 1)6 8=0 -30 (8 + 1)4

1

=
8=0

-30

K5= -5

5(8 + 2)2 84 (8 + 1)

_5_ + 20 + ~ + ~ _ ~ 8 + 1 84 83 82 8

5 20 5 5 = 8 + 1 + 84 + 82 - -;

Problems
Test at
8

12-29

= -2:

20 5 5 o = -5 + - + - + - = 0 16 4 2

OK

.'. f(t)

F( 8)
=

_5_ + 20 + ~ 8+1 84 82

_~
8

5e-t (5e5t

20t + - 3! + 5t -

+ ~t3 + 5t
K.

- 5)u(t)

P 12.44 f(t)

= £,-1 { =

8+a-J{J

8+a+j{J

K*

+ K*e-ate-jf}t = IKle-at[ejOejf}t + e-jOe-jf}t] = IKle-at[ej(f}t+O) + e-j(f}HO)]

K e-criejf}t
=

2lKle-at
=

cos({Jt

+ 0)

P 12.45 [a] £'{tnf(t)}

Let

(_l)n
1,

[dnF(8)] d8
n

f(t)

then

F(s) = ! s'

thus

dn F(s) = (-l)17n!
ds" S(17+1)

It follows that and

.c{t(r-1)} = (r - 1)!
sr
=

£,{t(r-I)e-at}

(r - 1)! (s+ay
=

Therefore

K £'{r-Ie-at} (r - 1)!
(s

(8 + ajr -

-.c {Ktr-Ie-at}

(r - 1)!

[b] f(t) = £,-1 {

+a

- j {Jjr

K* } (8 + a + j {JY

12-30

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

Therefore

f(t)

= =

(r _l)!e-ca-j!3)t
at

J(tr-l

+ (r _

J(*tr-l

1)!e-ca+j!3)t

1J(lr-1e- [ejfJej!3t + e-jfJe-j!3t]

(r - 1)!

2IKltr-le-atl
(1' - 1)!

cos(f3t

+ 0)
3

P 12.46 [a] lim 8V(8) = lim [

8->00 8->00

2008 84[1 + (40/8) + (64/82)][1

+ (100/82)]

1= 0

Therefore

v(O+)

=0
3

[b] Yes, all of the poles of V are in the left-half of the complex plane. Therefore, lim 8V(8) = lim [
8->0 8->0

2008 (82 + 408 + 64)(82

+ 100)

1= 0

Therefore P 12.47 [a]

v( (0) = 0

1883 + 6682 + 548 8F(8) = (8 + 1)(8 + 2)(8 + 3) lim8F(8)

8->0 8->00

=0,

:.

f(oo)=O

lim 8F(8) = 18,

[b] 8F(8) = 88

+ 8982 + 3118 + 300 (8 + 2)(82 + 88 + 15)

3

lim8F(8)=10;
8->0 8->00

f(oo) f(O+)

= 10

lim 8F(8) = 8,

=8

[]

F() 1183 + 17282 + 7008 8 8 = (8 + 2)(82 + 128 + 100)

8->0

lim s F'(s] =0,

lim 8F(8) = 11,

:.

f(oo)=O

8->00

2 [d] 8F(8) = 568 + 1128 + 5000 (82 + 148 + 625)

hm8F(8)
8->0 8->00

5000 = -2- = 8, 65

..

f(oo)

=8

lim SF(8) = 56,

f(O+) = 56

Problems

12-31

P 12.48 [a] sF(s) = 8(S2 - 5s + 50) 8(8 + 10) F(s) has a second-order pole at the origin so we cannot use the final value theorem.
8-HXl

lim sF(s) = 8,

[b] sF(s) = 10(3~:: limsF(s)

40 = -4

~;2+
=

4) f(oo) f(O+) = 30

8-+0

10,

= 10

8->00

lim sF(s) = 30,

=

[c] sF(s)

s3 - 6s

+ 15s s(s2+4s+5)

+ 50

F (s) has a second-order pole at the origin so we cannot use the final
value theorem.
8-+00

lim sF(s) = 1,
S3

[d] sF(s) =

+ 6s2 + 5s (s + 2)3
f(oo) :.
=0

lim sF(s) = 0,
8->0 8-->00

lim sF(s)

=
4

1,

f(O+) = 1 - 128s

[e] sF(s) = 16s

+ 72s3 + 216s2
(s2+2s+5)2 :.
.'.

8-->0

limsF(s) = 0,
lim sF(s) = 16,

f(oo)

=0

8->00

f(0+)=16

P 12.49 All of the F(s) functions referenced in this problem are improper rational functions, and thus the corresponding f(t) functions contain impulses (8(t)). Thus, neither the initial value theorem nor the final value theorem may be applied to these F (s) functions! P 12.50 sVo(s) =
S2

+ (1/ RC)s + (1/ LC)

sVdc/RC

8->00

lim sVo(s) = 0,

12-32

CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform

Vdc/RO) sIo(s) = S2 + (l/RO)s + (l/LO)

8l!!A s 0
8->00

li

I ( )_
s-

Vdc/

1/LO

RLO _ Vdc - R'

'1,

. ( 00 )
o

Vdc =R

lim slo(s) = 0,

P 12.51 sVo(s) = s2 + (1/ RO)s limsVo(s) = 0,

8->0

(Idc/O)s

+ (1/ LO)
=

.'.

vo(oo)

sIo(8) = s2 + (l/RO)s limslo(s)

= 0,

s2Idc

+ (l/LO)

8->0

.'.

io(oo) = 0

P 12.52 sIo(s) = S2 + (l/RO)s limslo(s)

8-->0

Idcs[s

+ (1/ RO)]
.'.

+ (l/LO)

= 0,

io(oo) = 0

P 12.53 (a] sF(s) =

100(s + 1) s(s2+2s+5)

F(s) has a second-order pole at the origin, so we cannot use the final value theorem here.
8-+00

lim sF(s)
=

0,

.'.

J(O+) = 0

[b] sF(s)
8-->0

20s3 (s + 1)3
=0, .'. f(oo)=O :.

limsF(s)
8-->00

lim sF(s)

20,

j(O+) = 20

Problems
(] C F()8
s ....... o

12-33

= 40(8
(

+ 2)
)3

8+1

lim8F(8)

= 80,

1(00) = 80 f(0+) =

s ....... oo

lim 8F(8) = 0,
=

(d] 8F(8)
s-+oo

58(8 + 2)2 = 5(8 + 2)2 84(8 + 1) 83(8 + 1)

lim 8F(8)

0,

:.

1(0+) = 0

The final value theorem cannot be applied here, as F( 8) violates that requirement that all poles lie in the left-half plane, with the exception of a single pole at the origin. This F (s) has four poles at the origin!