Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

Unit 4 Skeletal System (Ch. 6)

Slides 1-4 I. Bone Basics A. Functions of the Skeletal System 1. Support weight bearing (bone), flexible (cartilage), holds bones together (ligament) 2. Protection skull, vertebrae, rib cage 3. Movement tendons, muscles, joints, smooth cartilage, ligaments 4. Storage minerals (calcium & phosphorus) and fat (energy) 5. Blood cell production bone marrow forms blood cells and platelets Slides 5-9 B. Composition of the Skeletal System (Connective Tissue) 1. bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments 2. ECM: collagen (glue + producing), proteoglycans (protein + polysaccharide), other organic molecules, water, minerals a. Tendon/ligament ECM - collagen (tough) b. Cartilage (gristle) ECM collagen + proteoglycans (tough, smooth, & resilient) c. Bone ECM collagen & minerals (hydroxyapatite CaPO4) for weight bearing strength; like rebar in concrete Slides 10-11 C. Types of Bone (based on shape) 1. Long bones longer than wide, limb bones Slide 12 2. Short bones length = width; wrist & ankle Slide 13 3. Flat bones thin & flat; skull bones, ribs, scapulae, sternum 14 4. Irregular bones shapes dont fit in other categories; vertebrae, facial bones Slide 15 Slides 16-18 Slide 19 D. Anatomical Terminology of Bones 1. diaphysis (growing between) central shaft 2. epiphysis (growing upon) ends of bone 3. articular cartilage (joint) covers epiphyses
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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

4. epiphyseal plate (growth plate) made of cartilage; between epiphysis and diaphysis; growing long bone 5. epiphyseal line bone replaces cartilage when growth stops 6. medullary cavity in diaphysis; filled with marrow (soft tissue) a. yellow marrow mostly fat (higher in adults); in diaphysis b. red marrow produces blood cells (higher in youth); in spongy/cancellous bone; in adult axis bones and proximal epiphyses of limbs 7. periosteum (around bone) blood vessels, nerves; covers bones 8. endosteum (inside bone) line medullary cavity (connective tissue) Slides 20-22 Slides 23-24 9. osteoblasts (bone forming cells) in both periosteum and endosteum; bone formation, repair, and remodeling Slides 25-26 E. Bone Histology (study of bone tissue) 1. Compact Bone Slides 27-28 a. Compose the diaphysis of long bones and thinner surfaces of all other bones

Slide 29 b. Osteon/haversian system make up compact bone i. Lamellae (plate) thin sheets that make up bone, formed in concentric circles (like tree rings) ii. Lacunae (hollow) in between lamellae, hold osteocytes

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

iii. Osteocytes (bone cells) inside lacunae between lamellae iv. Canaliculi (little canal) provide communication between osteocytes via blood vessels v. Haversian/central canal hollow canal inside osteons housing blood vessels (nutrients, blood, waste removal), lymph, and nerve fibers Blood vessels also connected to the blood vessels in periosteum and endosteum Slides 30-31 Slides 25-26 2. Cancellous Bone (spongy) a. Epiphyses of long bones and interior of all bones b. Trabeculae (beam) thin bony spicules in sheets arranged perpendicular to major force to bone i. Get same strength and less weight as if were solid (I beam vs. solid beam) ii. Spaces filled with marrow & blood vessels iii. No blood vessels or Haversian canals in trabeculae Nutrients from blood vessels in marrow diffuse through canaliculi to osteocytes iv. Spiculues of trabeculae composed of osteons Slides 31-32 Slide 33 F. Ossification (bone + to make) in fetus 1. Synthesis of organic matrix (collagen + proteoglycans = osteoid) and hydroxyapatite crystals a. osteoblasts mineralized osteocytes (mature) b. all bone growth is a result of bone deposition a preexisting surface c. Constant remodeling Slide 34 2. Bone cells: a. Osteoblasts bone builder; make bone b. Osteoclasts bone dissolver, bone resorption; multinucleate c. Osteocytes bone maintainer; regulatory function Slide 35 3. Two types of ossification:

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

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a. Intramembranous ossification (between membranes)(Fig.6.5) i. Primarily in skull (frontals and parietals of cranial vault) and some shoulder girdle ii. For flat and irregular bone growth 36 iii. Ossification centers osteoblasts retreat making bone matrix by forming trabeculae (radiate out) fusion of ossification centers results in skull bones 37 b. Endochondral ossification Most common (basicranium, base of skull, rest of bodys bones) Bone forms from cartilage model 38 i. Perichondrium (around cartilage) surrounds cartilage model 39 ii. Step #1: Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) central chondrocytes increase in number, hypertrophy ( in size), & die forming lacunae which are calcified. Blood vessels in perichondrium accumulate causing formation of osteoblasts in perichondrium. 40 iii. Step #2: Osteoblasts form periosteum = bone collar. 41 iv. Step #3: Primary ossification center center of diaphysis where bone first appears Blood vessels invade calcified cartilage Osteoblasts invade spaces left by dying chondrocytes forming trabeculae (cancellous) Osteoclasts remove some calcified cartilage forming medullary cavity in center (fills with marrow) 42 v. Step #4: Secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses (same process as above)

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

Slide 43 4. Bone Growth a. Appositional growth deposition of bone lamellae onto existing bone or connective tissue (adding width) i. Osteoclasts remove bone endosteum while Fig. 6.7 osteoblasts add bone to periosteum, increasing bone diameter b. Adding length occurs at epiphyseal plate Chondrocytes increase in #, form lines, elongating bone Chondrocytes mature, hypertrophy, & die Cartilage matrix around chondrocytes calcifies.

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

Osteoclasts remove cartilage matrix, osteoblasts replace chondrocytes. Osteoblasts form bone (deposit lamellae on surface of calcified cartilage) on diaphysis side of plate. Slide 44 5. Bone Remodeling a. Deposit new bone & remove bone i. osteoclasts remove existing bone, osteoblasts add bone cancellous compact (conversion) ii. medullary cavity increases in size as bone diameter increases to avoid heavy bones b. Occurs in all bone c. Functions: i. Changes in bone shape ii. Adjustment to stress iii. Bone repair Slide 45 iv. Blood calcium regulation & storage (removal & deposition via hormone control) Slide 44 6. Bone Repair when a bone is broken Slide 46 a. clot formation from vessel damage b. callus formation begins 2-3 days after injury. Blood vessels and fibrous network of connective tissue invade clot between bone fragments, filling gap c. callus ossification complete after 4-6 weeks. Osteoblasts form cancellous bone (bone must be immobile). d. bone remodeling several months. Cancellous compact + cancellous (can result in stronger bone). Show x-rays Fig. 6.8

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

Slide 47 G. Bone and Calcium Homeostasis 1. bone stores calcium; deposition and removal of Ca2+ to maintain appropriate blood calcium levels a. needed for nervous & muscle system function b. Ca2+ deposited during bone building (osteoblasts), if blood [Ca2+] c. Ca2+ removed when bone broken down (osteoclasts via enzymes), if blood [Ca2+] 2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - s blood [Ca2+] by g osteoclasts activity (break down bone) a. Also Ca resorption from urine in kidney b. Stimulates vitamin D formation by kidneys needed for intestinal Ca2+ absorption c. PTH stimulated by blood [Ca2+] d. Secreted from parathyroid gland (on kidneys) 3. Calcitonin - s blood [Ca2+] by g osteoclasts activity (stores Ca2+) a. Calcitonin stimulated by blood [Ca2+] Fig. 6.9 b. Secreted from thyroid gland Slide 48 H. Skeletal Disorders 1. Growth & Developmental a. Giantism abnormally increased size, excessive Endochondral growth @ epiphyseal plates b. Dwarfism person is abnormally small, improper growth @ epiphyseal plates c. Osteogenesis imperfecta (bone + production + imperfect) genetic disorders causing brittle bones with insufficient collagen; easily fractured, especially in fetus; poor healing/misalignment d. Rickets (to twist) bone growth retardation due to Ca, P, or vitamin D deficiency (sunlight or dietary); bones soft/weak, can twist and/or break 2. Bacterial infection

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

a. Osteomyelitis bone marrow inflammation, can be caused by Stapholococcus (type of bacterium) through wounds or tuberculosis 3. Bone tumors 4. Decalcification a. Osteomalacia (bone softness) due to calcium depletion from bones i. Pregnancy or Adult Rickets from vitamin D deficiency b. Osteoporosis (bone-pore-condition) general reduction in bone quality Slide 49 I. Bone Fractures 1. open/compound skin perforated by bone 2. closed/simple skin not perforated 3. complete two bone fragments are separate 4. incomplete two bone fragments are not separated a. greenstick partly broken and partly bent 5. comminuted - > 2 fragments 6. impacted 1 fragment pushed into cancellous portion of another fragment 7. linear parallel to long axis of bone 8. transverse perpendicular to long axis 9. oblique/spiral at an angle other than perpendicular

Note: joint immobilization during mid-late bone healing results in 3x decrease in strength o Muscles lose mass (atrophy) o Bone not subject to the stresses that helps it form Solution = walking cast

Slide 50 J. Bone Features common terms 1. 206 bones in human body (varies between people & age)

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Skeletal System

2004-2005 Lecture Notes

2. Major features: a. body/shaft main portion b. head enlarged (often rounded) end c. neck constricted end between head and body d. condyle (knuckle) smooth rounded end of bone forming an articulation with another bone e. facet small, flattened articular surface f. crest prominent ridge g. process projection h. tubercle/tuberosity lump; often sites of muscle attachment, can change in size with muscle usage i. trochanter large tuberosity found only on the proximal femur j. epicondyle enlargement near or above a condyle Slide 51 3. Openings or Depressions: a. foramen/foramina (to pierce) holes in bones for nerves or blood vessels b. canal/meatus (passage) tunnel through bone c. fissure cleft d. sinus cavity e. fossa depression

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