2001 09-10

$5+,0('( V 1UVHSWHPEULHRFWRPEULH
35235,(7àé,$/(8125
&/$6('(75,81*+,85,

352)1,&2/$(3$3$&86/2%2=,$

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GDUUHVSHFWLYSHGDODVRFLDWSXQFWXOXLGHLQWHUVHF LHDOFHYLHQHORUGHUDQJN1RWD L
LOHIRORVLWHVXQWFHOHX]XDOHvQWUXQWULXQJKL$%&3HQWUXSXQFWXO0GLQLQWHULRUXO
WULXQJKLXOXL$%&UHDPLQWLPXUP WRDUHOHGHILQL LL
'HILQL LD6HQXPHúWHWULXQJKLSRGDUDVRFLDWSXQFWXOXL0WULXQJKLXOFXYkU
IXULOHSURLHF LLOHSXQFWXOXL0SHODWXULOHWULXQJKLXOXL$%&
'HILQL LD6HQXPHúWHWULXQJKLSHGDODVRFLDWSXQFWXOXL0WULXQJKLXOFXYkUIXULOH
SXQFWHOHGHLQWHUVHF LHDOHGUHSWHORU$0%0&0FXODWXULOH%&$&$%DOHWULXQJKLX
OXL$%&
'DF $$N%%N&&N$NF%&%NF$&&NF$%NF5VXQWFHYLHQHGH
%$ N  F 
N
UDQJ N =   úL DQDORDJHOH QRW P FX 0N SXQFWXO ORU GH LQWHUVHF LH FX
$N&  E 
σ$%&NUHVSHFWLY6$%&NDULDWULXQJKLXOXLSRGDUUHVSHFWLYSHGDODVRFLDWSXQFWXOXL
0N úL WULXQJKLXOXL $%& ÌQ>@ SJ VH GHPRQVWUHD] F
σ $%& (N ) = 6
(DE )N − + (EF )N − + (FD )N − LDUvQ>@

D N + EN + FN
( )
(DEF )N
6$%& (N ) = 6
(D N + EN )(EN + FN )(FN + D N ) XQGH6HVWHDULDWULXQJKLXOXL$%&
'HDVHPHQHDvQ>@VHGHPRQVWUHD] F IXQF LD6$%&5W6$%&N
DULDWULXQJKLXOXLSHGDODVRFLDWSXQFWXOXL0NHVWHSDU úLGHVFUHVF WRDUHSH>
UHVSHFWLYFUHVF WRDUHSH±@ÌQFRQWLQXDUHvQFD]XULOHvQFDUHQXH[LVW SHULFRO
GHFRQIX]LHYRPQRWDσ$%&N σNúL6$%&N 6N
)LH [ \ ] F úL α, β, γ F 5 6XQW DGHY UDWH XUP WRDUHOH
DILUPD LL
/HPD
'DF α±ββ±γPDWXQFLΣ[αΣ[γPΣ[βΣ[α+γ−β
'DF α±ββ±γPDWXQFLΣ[αΣ[γ>Σ[βΣ[α+γ−β

'(021675$ ,('XS HIHFWXDUHDFDOFXOHORUDYHP

Σ[αΣ[γ±Σ[βΣ[α+γ−β Σ[\γ[α±β ±\α±β[β±γ ±\β±γúLLPHGLDW VH
RE LQUHOD LLOHúL
&RQVHFLQ D 3HQWUX β RE LQHP GDF αγ > DYHP Σ[αΣ[γ P
≥ Σ[α+γ (LDUGDF αγPDYHPΣ[αΣ[γ> Σ[α+γ DGLF LQHJDOLW LOHOXL
&HEvúHY
&RQVHFLQ D)LHDEFFNSF>FXNS)DFHPvQ[ DE\
EF] FD α S β S± γ N±α ± ββ± γ S±N!úLRE LQHP
ΣDESΣDEN±≥ΣDES±ΣDEN
&RQVHFLQ D)LHDEFFNSF>FXNS>N)DFHPvQ
[ D\ E] F α N±SP γ S±N!úLRE LQHPΣDN±SΣDS±N>
>ΣDS±N)RORVLQGLQHJDOLWDWHDPHGLLORU ΣDS±NPDEFS±NLQHJDOLWDWHDGH
YLQH
ΣDS±NPDEFS±NΣDN±SXQGHNS>N

)LHDEFFNSF>FXNS≤N$WXQFLDYHP
/HPD
LQHJDOLWDWHDΣDSΣDEN±PΣDNΣDES±
'(021675$ ,('XS HIHFWXDUHDFDOFXOHORURE LQHP
ΣDSΣDEN±±ΣDNΣDES± ΣDEN±DSN±ESNDS±N±ES±N
DEFN±ΣDS±N±DEFS±NΣDN±S
&XPD ±E DS±N±ES±NPSHQWUXF SNS±NPúLIRORVLQGVHRE
SN SN
LQH
6WXGLHP vQ FRQWLQXDUH PRQRWRQLD IXQF LHL σ$%& 5 W σ$%&N DULD
WULXQJKLXOXLSRGDUDVRFLDWSXQFWXOXL0N
)XQF LDσDEFHVWHGHVFUHVF WRDUHSH>
3URSR]L LD ([LVW XQWULXQJKL$%&SHQWUXFDUHIXQF LDσDEFQXHVWHPR
QRWRQ SH±@
'(021675$ ,('HPRQVWU PF IXQF LD σ$%& σHVWHFUHVF WRDUHSHRULFH
LQWHUYDOGHIRUPD>QQ@QF1úLDWXQFLUH]XOW LPHGLDWF IXQF LD σHVWHGHV
FUHVF WRDUHSH>)LHQF1úLNSF>QQ@FXNS
$YHPS>QNN$WXQFL
σ(N )− σ(S )
∑ D S ∑ D N = ∑ D S (∑DE ) − ∑ D N ∑(DE ) =
N− S−
6
( )( ) ( ) ( )
= ∑ D + ∑(DE ) ⋅ ∑(DE ) − ∑ D + ∑(DE ) ⋅ ∑(DE ) =
( ) ( )
S S N− N N S−
= ∑D )∑(DE) − ∑D )∑(DE) + ((∑(DE ) )∑(DE ) − ∑(DE ) ∑(DE )

( ) )
S N − N S− S N − N S−
( (

úL IRORVLQG úL RE LQHP σN P σS 'HFL IXQF LD σ HVWH GHVFUHVF WRDUH SH
>QQ@QF1úLDWXQFLHDHVWHGHVFUHVF WRDUHSH>ÌQFD]SDUWLFXODURE LQHP
σ ≥ σ ≥ σDGLF RRUGLQHvQWUHDULLOHWULXQJKLXULORUSRGDUHDVRFLDWHFHQWUX
OXLGHJUHXWDWHFHQWUXOXLFHUFXOXLvQVFULVúLSXQFWXOXLOXL/HPRLQHSXQFWXOGHLQ
WHUVHF LHDOVLPHGLDQHORU
 ∑(DE )N −  ∑ D S
( )
σ(N ) 
$YHP  )LH D E F DWXQFL
σ(S ) 
=
S N
( )
 ∑(DE ) −
 ∑D

 
σ(− ) σ(− )
> úL < GHFL σ± σ±! σDGLF σ$%& QXHVWH
σ() σ(− )
= =
PRQRWRQ SH±@

3HQWUX RULFH WULXQJKL $%& úL SHQWUX RULFH N F >@ DYHP
6$%&NPσ$%&N
([LVW NF±SHQWUXFDUHH[LVW XQWULXQJKL$%&DVWIHO
3URSR]L LD vQFkW6$%&Nσ$%&NúLXQDOWWULXQJKL$%&DVWIHOvQFkW6$%&N!
σ$%&N
([LVW NFSHQWUXFDUHH[LVW XQWULXQJKL$%&DVWIHO
vQFkW6$%&Nσ$%&NúLXQDOWWULXQJKL$%&DVWIHOvQFkW6$%&N!
σ$%&N
DEF
'(021675$ ,(&XP6 DWXQFL
5
6(N ) ( )
(DEF )N ∑ D N = 5
( ) ∑DN

σ(N ) 6  ∑(DE )N −  ∏ D N + E N  ∑(DE ) − N  ∏ D N + E N
=
 
( ) 
( ) 
3HQWUX NF>@ DYHP (∑ D N )∑ D − N ≤ ∑ D GLQ úL DWXQFL

6(N ) (∑DN )
= 5
σ(N ) (∑ D )∏(D N + E N )

  ∑ D N + E N 

( ) N
&XP ∑ D =  ∑ D N + E N  =
( 
) ( ) ∏ D N + E N DP IROR
( )

  ≥
   
 
6(N ) 5
VLW LQHJDOLWDWHD PHGLLORU DYHP )RORVLQG LQHJDOLWDWHD FXQRVFXW
σ(N ) ∑ D
≥
ΣD>5RE LQHP6NPσNSHQWUXRULFHNF>@

6(− )
)LH N ± DWXQFL
(DEF ) (∑ DE ) 3HQWUX D E F
σ(− ) 6 ∑ D ⋅ ∏(D + E ) ( )
=
6(− ) 6(− )

RE LQHP < LDUSHQWUXD E F RE LQHP >
σ(− ) σ(− )
= =
)LH N DWXQFL

6() (DEF ) ∑ D ( )
3HQWUX D E F
σ() 6 (∑ DE )⋅ ∏ D + E ( )
=
6() 6()

RE LQHP < LDUSHQWUXD E F RE LQHP >
σ() σ()
= =

)LHNSQF56XQWDGHY UDWHXUP WRDUHOHDILUPD LL
3URSR]L LD 'DF S±QQ±NPDWXQFL6S6N>6Q6SN±Q
'DF S±QQ±N>DWXQFL6S6NP6Q6SN±Q
6(S ) 6(N ) D Q + EQ D S+N −Q + ES+N −Q

( )( )
'(021675$ ,($YHP
6(Q ) 6(S + N − Q ) D S + ES D N + EN
( )( )
=∏
'DF S±QQ±NPDWXQFL

(D S + ES )(D N + EN )− (D Q + EQ )(D S+ N −Q + ES+ N −Q )= D SEN + D N ES −
− D Q E S + N − Q − D S + N − Q E Q = (DE )N (D S − Q − E S − Q )(D Q − N − E Q − N )≥
úL LPHGLDW DYHP ∏(D S + E S ) (D N + E N ) ≥ ∏(D Q + E Q ) (D S + N − Q + E S + N − Q )
DGLF 6S6N>6Q6SN±Q$QDORJVHGHPRQVWUHD] LQHJDOLWDWHD
2EVHUYD LH 'DF Q S ±N DWXQFL GHYLQH 6N 6±N > 6 úL FXP
6N 6±NSHQWUXRULFHNF5
'DF N S!QPDWXQFLGHYLQH6S6>6Q6S±QúLFXP6S±
Q>6RE LQHP6S>6QDGLF IXQF LD6HVWHGHVFUHVF WRDUHSH>$P
RE LQXWRDOW GHPRQVWUD LHvQDIDUDGHFHDGLQ>@SHQWUXPRQRWRQLDIXQF LHL6
'DF DEFNSF5λF>@DWXQFLDYHP
/HPD
D N + − S
+E N + − S
(
≤ DN + EN ) (D S
+ ES ) −

'(021675$ ,()LHIXQF LDJ5W5J[ OQD E &XPD E[J[
[ [ [
DE[OQD±OQEPUH]XOW F IXQF LDJHVWHFRQYH[ SH5DGLF SHQWUXRULFH

λF>@úLNSF5DYHPJλN±λS>λJN±λJSúLIRORVLQGPRQR
WRQLD IXQF LHL ORJDULWPLFH UH]XOW LPHGLDW LQHJDOLWDWHD 6H SRDWH GD úL R DOW
GHPRQVWUD LHSHQWUXLQHJDOLWDWHD3HQWUXλF^`VHYHULILF GLUHFWLDUSHQWUX
λFvQLQHJDOLWDWHDOXL+|OGHU


[] + \W ≤ [ + \ ) (] +W ) [ \ ] W > U W > + = IDFHP

U T
( U U T T
U T

U= T= [ = D λN \ = E λN ] = D (− λ )S W = E (− λ )S úLRE LQHPLQHJDOLWD
λ − λ
WHD
)XQF LD 6$%& 5 W 6$%&N DULD WULXQJKLXOXL SHGDO
DVRFLDW SXQFWXOXL 0N HVWH ORJDULWPLF FRQFDY SH 5 DGLF SHQWUX
3URSR]L LD RULFHλF>@úLNSF5DYHP
6$%&λN±λSP6$%&Nλ6$%&S±λ
VDXOQ6$%&λN±λSPλOQ6$%&N±λOQ6$%&S
'(021675$ ,( &XP 6(λN + ( − λ )S ) = 6

(DEF )(λN + (− λ )S )
∏ D (λN + (− λ )S ) + E (λN + (− λ )S )
( ) úL
(6(N ))λ ⋅ (6(S ))− λ = 6 (DEF)(λN + (− λ )S ) IRORVLQGVHRE LQH
− λ
∏ D N + E N
( ) (D S
+ ES )
λ

 

2EVHUYD LH ÌQ FD]XO SDUWLFXODU LQHJDOLWDWHD GHYLQH

λ=
N+S  N + S  ≥ 6(N )⋅ 6(S )LQHJDOLWDWHFHVHSRDWH

6  ≥ 6(N ) ⋅6(S ) DGLF 6 
   

N+S
RE LQHúLGLQSHQWUX Q =

)LH WULXQJKLXO $%& $WXQFL IXQF LD I 5 W IN
/HPD σ$%&N σ$%&±NHVWHFUHVF WRDUHSH±@úLGHVFUHVF WRDUH
SH>
'(021675$ ,()LHNSF±@FXNS$WXQFLDYHP
I (N ) = 6
∑ (DE )N − ∑ (DE )−N = 6 (DEF )N − ∑ D − N (DEF)−N ∑ D N 6
⋅
(DEF)
⋅ =
∑  D N  ∑  D − N   DN 
∑  ∑D
 −N 

       

'DF vQIDFHP[ D\ E] Fα Sβ Nγ ±S
 D N  ⋅ D − N
⋅
∑  ∑
 
α±β S ± N ! β ± γ N S ± > SHQWUX F N S > RE LQHP
 D S  ⋅  D − S  ≥  D N  ⋅  D − N  úL DWXQFL LPHGLDW DYHP IN > IS DGLF
∑  ∑  ∑  ∑ 
       

IXQF LDIHVWHFUHVF WRDUHSH±@&XPIN I±NLPHGLDWUH]XOW F IXQF LD

IHVWHGHVFUHVF WRDUHSH>
)LHWULXQJKLXORDUHFDUH$%&$WXQFLIXQF LD σ$%&QXHVWHORJD
3URSR]L LD
ULWPLFFRQYH[ SH5

'(021675$ ,(3UHVXSXQHPSULQDEVXUGF IXQF LD σHVWHORJDULWPLFFRQYH[
SH5σλN± λS>σNλσS±λSHQWUXRULFH λF>@úLNSF53HQ

WUX λ = úLS ±NRE LQHP σ() ≤ σ(N ) σ( − N ) DGLF σ () ≤ σ(N ) σ( − N )GHFL

≤IO>INSHQWUXRULFHNF5'DUGLQPRQRWRQLDIXQF LHLI/HPDDYHPIN>
≤IOSHQWUXRULFHNF5úLDWXQFLIN IOSHQWUXRULFHNF5úL$%&XQWULXQJKL
RDUHFDUHFHHDFHHVWHRFRQWUDGLF LH3ULQXUPDUHIXQF LD σQXHVWHORJDULWPLFFRQ
YH[ SH5
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ILWULXQJKLXO$%&"
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6$%&N>σ$%&NRULFDUHDUILWULXQJKLXO$%&"
(VWHIXQF LDσ$%&ORJDULWPLFFRQFDY SH5RULFDUHDUILWULXQJKLXO$%&"

%LEOLRJUDILH
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>@ 9*K9RG 7ULXQJKLXO±ULQJXOFXWUHLFRO XUL(G$OEDWURV

&$/&8/8/680(/258125
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$57+850$5,86323$
/LFHXO,QWHUQD LRQDOGH,QIRUPDWLF %XFXUHúWL

[S N
1HSURSXQHPV GHWHUPLQ PVXPDVHULHLGHSXWHUL ∑ [ SHQWUXS∈1úL[∈5
N ≥ N
[S
/HPD 6HULD ∑ N [
N ≥
N
HVWHFRQYHUJHQW SHQWUX∀[∈5

'(021675$ ,(
3HQWUX[ VHULDDUHVXPD]HURúLGHFLHVWHFRQYHUJHQWD
3HQWUX[≠YRPDUDWDPDLvQWkLFDVHULDHVWHDEVROXWFRQYHUJHQW GHXQGHYD
UH]XOWDF HVWHFRQYHUJHQW
[S N
6HULDGDW HVWHDEVROXWFRQYHUJHQW ⇔VHULD ∑ [ HVWHFRQYHUJHQW
N ≥ N
9RPDUDWD F DFHDVW XOWLP VHULHHVWHFRQYHUJHQW FXDMXWRUXOFULWHULXOXLUD
SRUWXOXL
(N + )S [
N +
S
N +  N + 
'HRDUHFH OLP = OLP   ⋅[⋅ = < UH]XOW F
N →∞ NS N N →∞  N N +
[

N
[S N
VHULD FX WHUPHQL SR]LWLYL ∑ [ HVWH FRQYHUJHQW úL GHFL VHULD GDW HVWH
N ≥ N
FRQYHUJHQW
[S N
1RW PFX 6 S [ VXPDVHULHL ∑ [
N ≥ N
[S
(YLGHQW 6 [ = H [ WHRUHPDOXL(XOHU
N
∑
N ≥

N N [N [ N − [M
6 [ [ = ∑ =[ ∑ =[ ∑ = [H [
N ≥ N N ≥ (N − ) N ≥ (N − ) M≥ M
∑

/HPD 6 S [ = H [ ⋅ 4 S [XQGHJU4 S = S
'(021675$ ,(
3ULQLQGXF LHGXS S ≥ QDWXUDO
3HQWUXS úLS UHOD LDVHYHULILF FRQIRUPFHORUGHPDLVXV
3UHVXSXQHPF 6O [ = H [ 4 O [ FX JU4 O = OSHQWUX∀O = S úLGHPRQVWU P
F 6 S + [ = H [ 4 S + [ XQGHJU4 S + = S +
6HREVHUYDF
6
S [ = ∑
N S N −
N[
NS
[ N − = ∑
[(N − ) + ]S [ N − =
N ≥ N N ≥ N − N ≥ (N − )
= ∑
[ N − S L L
S [ N −
L
∑ & S (N − ) = ∑ & S ∑ (N − )L =
N N
= ∑
N ≥ ( − ) L = L = N ≥ −
S [M L S
= ∑ & LS ∑ M = ∑ & LS 6L [
L = M≥ M L =
$VWIHO
S
6
S [ = ∑ & LS 6L [
L=
GHRDUHFH 6O [ = H [ 4 O [ ∀O = SVLJU4 O = O
'LQDFHDVW UHOD LHDYHP
S + S
6
S + [ = ∑ & LS +6L [ = 6 S + ([ ) + ∑ & LS +6L [ =LSRWH]DGHLQGXFWLH
L= L=

S S
= 6 S + [ + ∑ & LS +H [ 4 L [ = 6 S + ([ ) + H [ ∑ & LS +4 L [
L= L=
S
1RW P 5 [ = ∑ & LS +4 L [ XQGH JU4 L [ = L
L=
S S − S−
'HFL 5 [ = & S+4 S [ + ∑ & LS+4 L ([ ) = (S + )4 S ([ ) + ∑ & LS+4 L [
L = L =

$VWIHO JU5 [ = JU4 S [ = SJU4 L [ = L < S

$YHP
6
S + [ = 6S + [ + H [ 5 [ ⇔ 6
S + [H − [ − 6S + [H − [ = 5[ ⇔

⇔ >H − [ 6 S + [@
= 5[
'HDLFLRE LQHP
H − [ 6 S + [ = ∫ 5 [ G[ + & &ILLQGFRQVWDQWDUHDO
&XPJU5 S⇒SROLQRPXO 7 [ = ∫ 5 [ G[ DUHJUDGXOSJU7 S
$VWIHO H − [ 6 S + [ = 7 [ + & JU7 S
6HREVHUY vQV F 6S úLSROLQRPXO7[QXDUHWHUPHQOLEHUGHRDUHFH
GDF
S SD N N + S D
5 [ = ∑ D N [ N ⇒ 7 [ = ∫ 5 [ G[ = ∑ [ =[ ∑ N [N
N = N = N + N = N +
úLDVWIHO7 LDUJU7 S/XkQG[ vQUHOD LD H − [ 6 S+ [ = 7 [ + &
YDODELO SHQWUX∀[∈5RE LQHP 6 S + = 7 + & ⇒ & =
$VWIHO H − [ 6 S+ [ = 7 [ FXJU7 S
'HDLFLUH]XOW 6 S+ [ = H [ 7 [ FXJU7 S

&XDFHVWHDDPGHPRQVWUDWF SHQWUXRULFHS∈16S[ H[4S[
ÌQFHOHFHXUPHD] FDOFXO PSH4S[

S
 Q 
/HPD 4 S [ = ∑ ∑ −N &QN Q − N S [ Q
Q =  Q N = 
5$ ,(
'(021675$ ,(
'LQUHOD LDDYHP
4 S [ = H − [ 6S [ = ∑
(− [ )L 6 − [ L L MS M
S [ = [ ∑ [ =
L L ≥ L M≥ S
∑
L≥
 Q N S − Q − N Q Q
[ Q = ∑ [ ∑ − Q − N N S & N =

= ∑  ∑ Q
Q ≥  N = N Q − N Q ≥ Q N =
 

[Q Q N S N
∑ − Q − N & Q
Q
= ∑
Q ≥ N =

0DLGHSDUWHIRORVLPXUP WRDUHDOHP

)LH$% ≠ ∅ |$| S |%| QDVWIHOFDS ≥Q$WXQFLQXP UXO
/HPD Q
IXQF LLORUVXUMHFWLYHGHOD$OD%HVWH ∑ − Q − N
N =
N S
&QN

'(021675$ ,(
)RORVLPSULQFLSLXOLQFOXGHULLúLH[FOXGHULL
P −+ FDUG/ FDUG $ =
FDUG $ L  = ∑ −

L
 L =  /⊂^P` L∈/
 
Q
= ∑ FDUG$ L − ∑ FDUG$ L ∩ $ M + ∑ FDUG$ L ∩ $ M ∩ $ N + +
L = ≤L< M≤ P ≤< M< N ≤ P
P
+ − P − FDUG $ L 

 L = 
 
/X P % = {E E E Q }úL $ L = {I $ → % _ \ L ∉ ,P I }
&XPQXP UXOWXWXURUIXQF LLORU I $ → %HVWHQ S DWXQFLQXP UXOIXQF LLORU
 Q
VXUMHFWLYH I $ → %HVWHQ S − FDUG $ L 

 L = 
 
'HRDUHFHQXP UXOIXQF LLORUGHODRPXO LPHFXSHOHPHQWHODRPXO LPHFX
 M
QMHOHPHQWHHVWHSHGHRSDUWH  $ LO  LDUSHGHDOW SDUWHHVWHQMSúLFXPMLQ

 O = 
 
GLFLVHDOHJGLQFHLQvQ & QM PRGXULUH]XOW

M
M
∑ &DUG $ LO = & Q Q − M S
≤L <L <<L M ≤Q O =
Q
$VWIHOSHQWUXM RE LQHP ∑ FDUG$ L = &Q Q − S
L =
SHQWUXM RE LQHP ∑ FDUG $ ∩ $ = &
≤ L < M ≤ Q
L M

Q Q − S
««««««««««««««««««
 Q − 
SHQWUXM Q−RE LQHP ∑ FDUG $LO  = &QQ −S
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'0% WLQH X*LXUJLX
6ROX LH(VWHHYLGHQWF
[ ⋅ \] − \ ⋅ [] = ⇔ [ ⋅ (\ + ]) − \ ⋅ ([ + ]) = ⇔ ⋅ [ ⋅ \ + [ ⋅ \ − ⋅ [ ⋅ \ − \ ⋅ ] =

⇔ ] ⋅ ([ − \) =
'HRDUHFHHVWHQXP USULPGHFL][±\ XGRX SRVLELOLW L
D [±\ úL] VDX
E [±\ úL]
3ULQXUPDUH
D ] [ \DGLF
[
\
]
VDX
E ] [ \DGLF
[
\
]

3UREOHPD9,GLQQU
D
ùWLLQGF = úL DEF = DE + EF + FD + DIOD LF
E
SURI3UHGD7UDLDQ
D
6ROX LH'HRDUHFH = úLDEFLIUHDGLF >X
E
LD E
LLD E
LLLD E
L F = + F + F + XF FFX
XF ±
F ±

F ⇒ F = ⇒F

LL F = + F + F +
F FF
F ±

F ±⇒F ⇒F QXFRQYLQH

LLL F = + F + F +
F FF
F ±⇔F ±

F ⇔ F =

F
QXFRQYLQH
FFLIU

3UREOHPD9,,GLQQU

6 VHUH]ROYHVLVWHPXO  DE = DFG

( DE − = DGF
)
SURI,RDQúL5RPDQ D*KL &ROHJLXO3HGDJRJLFÄ*KùLQFDL³%ODM

6ROX LH'LQDGRXDHFXD LHRE LQHP DE − DE + = DGF

)RORVLQGIDSWXOF DE = DFG DYHP DFG − DE + = DGF ⇔
DE −
⇔ FG − GF = DE − ⇔ (F − G ) = DE − ⇒ F − G = ≥

úL DE − ⇔ D + E − ⇔ D + E − úLGHFLVHSRWDIODFLIUHOHDúLE


D E DE − F±G

'HRDUHFHFúLGVXQWFLIUHúLF±G!QXSXWHPDYHDF±GPX
X DE F^`'DUúLGDXQXPHUHGHSDWUXFLIUH
DE F±G ± FHHDFHFRQYLQH
DE F±G ± ±FHHDFHQXFRQYLQH
6ROX LDVLVWHPXOXLHVWHD E F G

3UREOHPD9,,GLQQU
$IOD LWRDWHQXPHUHOHUD LRQDOHDEFGFXSURSULHWDWHDH[LVW QF1QP
DVWIHOvQFkW D Q + E Q + + F Q + + G Q + =
HOHY'RVSLQHVFX*DEULHO2QHúWL
6ROX LH$U W PF D E F G
ÌQWkLV DU W PF QQQQQQQXVXQWS WUDWHSHUIHFWH
'DUQQQQQ Q
Q QQQQQQ Q
Q QQQQQQ Q
&XP D Q + E Q + + F Q + + G Q + = X
X D Q + G Q + = − F Q + + E Q + ⇒ D Q + G (Q + )+ DG Q + Q =
( )
= E (Q + )+ F (Q + )+ EF Q + Q +
1RW PD QG Q±E Q±F Q αúLDG β±EF γQ Q W
2
'LQ ⇒ W ∉ 4'HDVHPHQHDβγαF4
'LQX α + β W + γ W + = X α + β W = − γ W + X
X α + β W + αβ W = γ (W + )

γ (W + )− α − β W
'DUαβX W = ∈ 4 DEVXUG'HFLαβ
αβ
3UHVXSXQHPα 'LQX β W + γ (W + )+ βγ W + W =
'DU W + W ∉ 4 FRQIRUP'LQXβγ

'DF β Xγ 'DF γ Xβ
3UHVXSXQHP GHFL β GLQ X α + γ (W + )+ αγ W + = X αγ
3HQWUXα Xγ 3HQWUXγ X α
'HFLGLQ α + β W + γ W + = Xα = β = γ
5HYHQLQGODQRWD LLDYHP
DQGQ EQFQDG úLEF
'DF DúLEVXQWQXOHX
X F Q + + G Q + = ⇒ F (Q + )+ G (Q + )+ FG Q + Q + =
3HQWUX F X G 'DF G X F 'DU Q Q Q
Q⇒ Q + Q + ∉4⇒FG
'DF D úLF X
⇒ E Q + + G Q + = ⇒ E (Q + )+ G (Q + )+ EG Q + Q + =
'DUQQQQX Q + Q + ∉ 4XEG 3HQWUX
E XG 3HQWUXG XE
'DF E úLF X D Q + G Q + = ⇒ D Q + G (Q + )+ DG Q + Q =
'DUQQQQX Q + Q ∉ 4XDG 'DF D X
G 'DF G XD
'DF E úLG ⇒ D Q + F Q + = $QDORJXD F
'DF F úLG ⇒ D Q + E Q + = ⇒ D Q + E (Q + )+ DE Q + Q =
'DUQQQQX Q + Q ∉ 4 ⇒ DE = ⇒ D = E =
'HFLD E F G

3UREOHPDQU,;GLQQU
Q−  [ + M ⋅ Q P 
3HQWUXILHFDUH[F5úLQF1?^`ILH 6P = ∑   6 VHFDOFXOH]H ∑ 6 P
∞
P+ 
M=  Q  P =
>[@HVWHSDUWHDvQWUHDJ DOXL[*HQHUDOL]DUHDXQHLSUREOHPHGDWHODD;D2,0


6ROX LH)RORVLPLGHQWLWDWHDOXL+HUPLWH
Q −
> Q[ @ = > [ @ + > [ + @ + > [ + @ + + > [ + @
Q Q Q
[  [   [  [ + QP   [ + (Q − )Q P 
/X P[W  + +   ⇒
Q P +  Q P   Q P +   Q P +  Q P +
⇒  =  +
 

 [   [  [ + M⋅ QP 
Q − 
⇒  P  −  P +  = ∑  P +  = 6P
Q  Q  M=  Q 
' POXLPYDORULOH«N«
[ [  [   [ 
X ∑ 6 P = > [ @ −   +   − +   + = > [ @
∞
Q  Q   Q N   Q N + 
−
P =

3UREOHPDQU;GLQQU

6 VHUH]ROYHvQ5HFXD LD
[ + [ + [ − [ − [ − [ − [ + [
+ = +
6ROX LH)LHD [E ±[±F [±[
[ [
$WXQFLDEF [['HDLFLRE LQHP

⇔ D + E(D + F )(E + F ) =
D E F D+E+F
+ + =
&D]XO,DE X[[[±[± X[[ [
)XQF LLOHI[ [I[ [VXQWFUHVF WRDUHúLFRQYH[HGHFLI[ [[H
VWULFWFRQYH[ (FXD LD[[ [DUHVROX LLOH[ [ 'DUVHúWLHF JUD
ILFXOXQHLIXQF LLVWULFWFRQYH[HúLRGUHDSW DXPD[LPSXQFWHFRPXQH'HFLHFX
D LDQXPDLDUHDOWHVROX LL
[ [
 
&D]XO,,EF X[ [X   +   =
  
[ [
 
)XQF LD I ([ ) =   +   HVWHVWULFWGHVFUHVF WRDUHGHFLLQMHFWLY
  
$úDGDUHFXD LDDUHVROX LDXQLF [

&D]XO,,,DF X[ ±X [ = −


'DU[ QXYHULILF [±[±'HFL[F^± `

3UREOHPDQU;GLQQU
Q
'HPRQVWUD L F GDF U G FLQLOH SROLQRPXOXL 3[ ∑ D N [ N DX DFHODúL PR
N =
D  D
GXODWXQFLQXP UXO  Q −  ⋅ ∈ 5 + D N ∈ & N = Q
 D Q  D
 
6ROX LH)LH]N N = Q U G FLQLOHSROLQRPXOXL3[GLQLSRWH] [][ «
[]Q[ UXQGHUF5
  ] ] 
$WXQFL (] + + ] Q ) + +  = (] + + ] Q ) + + Q  =
 ] ]Q  
U U 


(] + + ] Q )(] + + ] Q ) ] + + ] Q  ] + + ] Q


U U U
= =
 
&RQIRUPUHOD LLORUOXL9LpWHDYHP
D Q −
] + + ] Q = − D

 Q  Q  D Q −D

Q ⇒ ]
 ∑ N  ∑ ]  = D D
D
 
 + + N N N Q
 ] ]Q D
=−  =  = 
'LQXOWLPHOHGRX UHOD LLRE LQHP

D Q −D D Q − D Q − D ⋅D D  D
⇒ U = Q − =  Q −  ⋅ ∈5
D QD DQ DQ ⋅ U D Q ⋅ D  D Q  D
=

3UREOHPDQU;GLQQU
'HWHUPLQD LIXQF LLOHI1 W1 FDUHYHULILF FRQGL LLOH
Q N + Q (Q + )
D ∑ (∀)Q ∈ 1
N = I (N )I (N + ) I (Q + )
=
E (FXD LDI[ DUHFHOSX LQRVROX LHLQQXPHUHQDWXUDOH

1LFRODH3DSDFX6ORER]LD
6ROX LH&XPUHOD LDGHODDHVWHDGHY UDW SHQWUXQF1 VFULLQGRSHQWUX
Q
N + Q (Q + ) Q + N + (Q + )(Q + )
QúLQRE LQHP ∑ ∑
I N I N I Q I N I N I (Q + )
= =
N = ( ) ( + ) ( + ) N = ( ) ( + )

6F ]kQGFHOHGRX UHOD LLDYHP

Q + (Q + )(Q + ) − Q (Q + ) (∀)Q ≥
I (Q + )I (Q + ) I (Q + ) I (Q + )
=
5HOD LDRE LQXW HVWHHFKLYDOHQW FXQ QQIQ±QQIQZ
I (Q + ) I (Q + ) Q +
(Q + )(Q + ) Q (Q + ) Q (Q + )(Q + )(Q + )
= − ⇔
I (Q + ) I (Q + ) 
⇔

(Q + )(Q + ) Q (Q + )  Q (Q + ) ( + Q )(Q + )
⇔ = −  −
I (Q + ) I (Q + )
(Q + )(Q + ) (Q + )(Q + ) Q (Q + ) Q (Q + )
⇔ − = −
I (Q + )− I (Q + )− I (Q + )− I ( )−
DGLF (∀)Q ≥ úLDWXQFL (∀)Q ≥
(Q + )(Q + ) Q (Q + ) Q (Q + )
= =
I −
DGLF IQ QQF FQ±∀Q≥XQGHF VDX

IQ FQ −QP'DF vQDIDFHPQ RE LQHP
I ()I ( ) I ( )
=
DGLF I F GHFL IQ F Q ± Q F 1 XQGH

I ( )−
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I ( )−
I F ∈ 1 X[)±GHFLFF1$úDGDUIQ FQ±

QF1 XQGHFF1 $YHPHFXD LDIQ ZFQ±
S(S + )
'DF QHVWHLPSDUQ SDYHPFSS Z F ⋅ = XF[

XFF^`úLDWXQFLQ F F^
`GHXQGHDYHPGRDUQ DGLF Q

'DF Q HVWH SDU DWXQFL Q − = ∈ 1 + úL FXP DWXQFL
F

FF^ `úLDWXQFLQ + ∈ { }GH
F
XQGHQ1 'HFLVLQJXUDYDORDUHDOXLFSHQWUXFDUHHFXD LDIQ DUHVROX LH
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DE ⋅
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ED ⋅
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IDFWRULSULPLDQXP UXOXL DEFG HVWH EF ⋅ DG

2*6 VHGHPRQVWUH]HF PLQ PD[DEEFFG
D + E + F + G =
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2/6HFRQVLGHU PXO LPHD$ ^ « Q Q
`QF1
Q
D$IOD LSF1 SHQWUXFDUHH[LVW %L L = S + FXSURSULHW LOH

S +
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L =
S
LL ∑ ∑ [ = ∑ [
N = [∈%N [∈%S +
E'HWHUPLQD LTF1 SHQWUXFDUHH[LVW &L L = T + DVWIHOvQFkW

T +
L&L&M ∅LM = T + LMúL &L = $
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T
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2001 09-10

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2001 09-10

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Anda mungkin juga menyukai

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