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 GHW$ 6FULHP UHOD LD  SHQWUX $  úL RE LQHP  $  = GHW$  ⋅ GHW$ ± 

= GHW $ ⋅ GHW $ ⋅ $−  − = GHW $ ⋅ $ 'HFL  $  = GHW$ ⋅ $ úLDWXQFL
GHW $
GHW $   = GHW $ ⋅ GHW $ >  3ULQXUPDUH GHW $  ≥  úL GHW $   ≥  
D  
  $YHP $ =   D    FX GHW $ = D  − D +  =  D −    D +   3HQWUX
 
  D
 
D =  RE LQHP $ = 2 úLLPHGLDW  $ Q = 2 3HQWUX D = − DYHP
−            
$ =   −     GH XQGH $ =      = (  XQGH ( =     6H GH
     
   −          
    
PRQVWUHD] SULQLQGXF LHF  ( =  ( úLDWXQFL  $  = 
Q Q − Q  Q −
( =  $ 
Q −

 D −  − D  − D   D +  − − 
 
3HQWUXDY^±`DYHP       −  D +  −   = 

 
$ =  − D D − − D  = D −
  − D  − D D − 
    −  −  D + 
 
= D − D +  ,  − (   &XP ,  ⋅ ( = ( ⋅ ,  = (  úL ( =  (  IRORVLQG ELQRPXO
Q Q −

Q
OXL 1HZWRQ DYHP  $ Q =  D −  Q D +  ,  − (  Q = D −  Q D +  ,  + ∑& Q D
N
+
N =

 
 $5+,0('(V1UQRLHPEULHGHFHPEULH

Q
 Q N
+  Q − N − N N − (   &XP ∑ &QN D +  Q − N  − N N − = ∑ &Q D +  Q − N  − N N = 
N =  N =
 
= D +  −  Q −  RE LQHP  $  Q = D −  Q D +  Q ,  + D −  Q −  (  
 

;,GLQ6 VHGHWHUPLQHIXQF LLOHJ5→5GHULYDELOHFXSURSULHWD
WHDF H[LVW I5→5GHULYDELO DVWIHOvQFkW
I  [ + I  \   [+ \
≥ I  + J  [ − J  \  ∀[\∈5
   
'DQùWHIDQ0DULQHVFXúL9LRUHO&RUQHD+XQHGRDUD

6ROX LH 2EVHUY P F  IXQF LLOH FRQVWDQWH YHULILF  SURSULHWDWHD SHQWUX F  vQ FD]XO
XQHL IXQF LL FRQVWDQWH SHQWUX RULFH IXQF LH VHPLFRQYH[  I VH YHULILF  SURSULHWDWHD
GLQHQXQ 9RPGRYHGLF DFHVWHDVXQWVLQJXUHOHIXQF LLFXSURSULHWDWHDGRULW 
 )LHJRIXQF LHFHYHULILF UH]XOW F IHVWHFRQWLQX úLVHPLFRQYH[ GHFL
HVWHFRQYH[ GHXQGHUH]XOW F H[LVW  I +
 [ úL I −
 [ ∀[∈5
 )LHK∈ 5 ∗+ úL[∈5OXkQGvQ [ = [ + K úL \ = \ − K RE LQHP
I  [ + K + I  [ − K ≥  I  [ +  J  [ + K − J  [ − K  VDX I  [ + K − I  [ ≥ I  [ − 
I  [ + K  − I  [  I  [  − I  [ − K
− I  [ − K +  J  [ + K − J  [ − K VDX ≥ +
K K
J  [ + K − J  [ − K
+ 7UHFkQGODOLPLW FkQG K ↓  RE LQHPF 
K
I
 [ ≥ I
 [ +  J
 [ GHXQGH J
 [ =  DGLF  J [ FRQVWDQW 

;,GLQ)LH D E F G ∈∞DVWIHOvQFkW D  + E  = F  + G  úLPD
 D   E
 F G 
 
WULFHD $ =  6 VHFDOFXOH]H $Q Q∈1 

 − G F 
 
− E   D
 
SURI,OLH'LDFRQX&OXM1DSRFD

6ROX LDDXWRUXOXLÌQFRQGL LLOHSUREOHPHLSXWHPVFULH

 
$5+,0('(V1UQRLHPEULHGHFHPEULH

D E
 
 
 
 D + E
 
D +E  

F G
 
 
   
  
$= D +E ⋅ F +G F + G

 
G F
 
 
−
F + G  F + G 
 
 
E D
−   
D + E

D  + E 
 


   
D E  F   G 
'HRDUHFH   =   úL  =  
   
 +   +
               
 D +E   D +E   F +G   F +G 
D E
UH]XOW  F  ∃ α β ∈     DVWIHO vQFkW = FRV α = VLQ α 
 π
  
D +E 
D + E


F G
= FRV β = VLQ β $WXQFL
 
F +G F + G


 FRV α   VLQ α 
 FRV VLQ  
 
GHXQGHSULQLQGXF LHPDWHPDWLF 
   β β
$ = D + E ⋅
 − VLQ β FRV β  
 
 − VLQ α   FRV α 

 FRV Qα   VLQ Qα 
 FRV Qβ VLQ Qβ  
 
Q
UH]XOW  F  $ =  D + E  ⋅ 
Q     
 ∀ Q ∈ 1 
   − VLQ Qβ FRV Qβ  
 
 − VLQ Qα   FRV Qα 

E G
XQGH α = DUFWJ  β = DUFWJ 
D F

Q +
 + Q[ − Q +   + Q +  [
;,GLQ6 VHFDOFXOH]HOLP Q∈1 
[ →  Q +   +  Q +  [ − Q +   +  Q +  [

SURI,OLH'LDFRQX&OXM1DSRFD
 + α U − 
6ROX LD DXWRUXOXL )RORVLQG OLPLWD UHPDUFDELO  OLP = U  ∀ U ∈ 5 UH
α → α

 
 $5+,0('(V1UQRLHPEULHGHFHPEULH

 
   
 + Q[ Q + −  −  +  Q +  [ Q +  − 
]XOW  / = OLP  =
   
[ →   
  
 + Q +  [ Q +  −  −  + Q +  [ Q +  − 
   
 
+ Q[ +
Q − + Q +[ 
Q −
⋅ Q +
+
Q⋅
Q +[
−
Q[
= OLP  
=
[→
+ Q + [ Q+ − + Q + [ Q+ −
Q +  ⋅ ⋅ Q + 
Q + [ Q + [
−

Q Q +
Q + Q + 
= Q + Q +  =
−

Q +  Q +  Q + Q + 
Q+ Q+
−

;,GLQ)LHIXQF LDI[DE]→5 FRQWLQX SH[DE]úLGHULYDELO SH
DEùWLLQGF  DI  D = EI E V VHDUDWHF H[LVW F∈DEDVWIHOvQFkW I F = 
= I
FF − D − E 
SURI,OLH'LDFRQX&OXM1DSRFD
D+E− [
6ROX LD DXWRUXOXL )XQF LD ) [D E] → 5 )  [ =  YHULILFkQG FRQGL LLOH
I  [
WHRUHPHLOXL5ROOHUH]XOW F ∃F∈DEDVWIHOvQFkW )
F =  
− I  [ −  D + E − [  I
 [ 
&XP )
 [ = UH]XOW LPHGLDWHJDOLWDWHDGLQHQXQ 
I   [

;,,GLQ)LHD∈∪∞XQQXP UUHDO$U WD LF QXH[LVW 
IXQF LLI5→5FDUHDGPLWRSULPLWLY )DVWIHOvQFkWD)V ILHRSULPLWLY SH5D
OXL D I 
SURI0DULXV*KHUJX6ODWLQD2OW

6ROX LH6 SUHVXSXQHPF H[LVW IXQF LLIFXSURSULHWDWHDGHPDLVXV'LQIDSWXOF 
D I = H I OQ D  D ) = H ) OQ D QRWkQG J = I OQ D úL * = ) OQ D YRPRE LQHF *HVWHRSUL
PLWLY DIXQF LHLJÌQSOXVGLQHQXQ YRPDYHDF  H* HVWHRSULPLWLY DIXQF LHL H J 
&RQIRUP FHORU GH PDL VXV H* 
= H J  DGLF  H* ⋅ J = H J  GH XQGH UH]XOW 
J = H J − * úLGHFL J >  SH5/RJDULWPkQGUHOD LDDQWHULRDU VHRE LQH

 
$5+,0('(V1UQRLHPEULHGHFHPEULH

*  [ = J  [ − OQ J  [ ∀[∈5
 $U W PPDLvQWkLF  J  [ ≠  ∀[∈56 SUHVXSXQHPF H[LVW  [ ∈5DVW
IHO vQFkW J  [  =   'LQ UHOD LD  YD UH]XOWD *  [  =   'DF  K  ∞ → 5
KW  = W − OQ W DWXQFL KW  ≥ K =  ∀[∈5
 'LQUHOD LDYRPDYHD *  [ = K J  [ ≥  = *  [  ∀[∈55H]XOW F  [ 
HVWH SXQFW GH PLQLP SHQWUX * 'LQ WHRUHPD OXL )HUPDW *
 [  =   DGLF 
J  [  =  vQFRQWUDGLF LHFXIDSWXOF  J  [  =  $úDGDU J  [ ≠  ∀[∈5'H
RDUHFHJ!SH5YRPDYHDFD]XULOH
 &D],J!SH5
 'DF  ϕ ∞→ ∞ ϕW  = W − OQ W DWXQFL ϕHVWHELMHFWLY  GHULYDELO  úL
ϕ !  'LQ UHOD LD  DYHP * = ϕ J  ⇒ J = ϕ− *   GHFL J HVWH GHULYDELO  SH 5
J
J
J

'HULYkQGUHOD LDYRPRE LQH J = J

− ⇒ −  =  SH55H]XOW DWXQFLF 
J J J

H[LVW  & ∈5DVWIHOvQFkW OQ J  [ + = [ + & ∀[∈5'DUJ!SH5LPSOL
J  [

F  OQ J  [ + >  ∀[∈5úLGLQHJDOLWDWHDSUHFHGHQW VHRE LQH [ + & >  
J  [
∀[∈5FRQWUDGLF LH
 &D],,JSH5
 9RP SURFHGD DQDORJ FD OD FD]XO DQWHULRU SHQWUX D DMXQJH OD R FRQWUDGLF LH
3HQWUXDFHDVWDFRQVLGHU PΨ→∞ Ψ W  = W − OQ W $QDORJFDPDLVXVVH
YDRE LQHF ΨHVWHELMHFWLY GHULYDELO úLΨ!5D LRQDPHQWXOGHFXUJHODIHOFD
PDLVXV
 ÌQ FRQFOX]LH SUHVXSXQHUHD I FXW  HVWH IDOV  úL GHFL QX H[LVW  IXQF LL FX SUR
SULHWDWHDGLQHQXQ 

2*GLQ'HWHUPLQD LSDWUXQXPHUH S T U  V ∈4±=DVWIHOvQFkW
S  + T  + U  + V  =  
SURI$XUHO'RERúDQ


6ROX LH'LQ   +  +  +  =  vPS U LQGFX  RE LQHP
                       
       

 =   VDX   +   +   +   =  
                       
  +  +  +

   
GHXQGH S =  T =  U =  V = 
   


 
 $5+,0('(V1UQRLHPEULHGHFHPEULH

2/GLQ6 VHDUDWHF HFXD LD [  +  [ +   =  \ −   + \  +  \ +   

DUHRLQILQLWDWHGHVROX LLvQPXO LPHDQXPHUHORUQDWXUDOHQHQXOH
SURI1LFRODH3DSDFX6ORER]LD


6ROX LH'XS HIHFWXDUHDFDOFXOHORUHFXD LDGHYLQH  [  +  [ +  =  \  +  ⇔  [  + 

+  [ +  =  \  +   DGLF   [ +   −  \  =   1RWkQG ] =  [ +   RE LQHP HFXD LD
]  −  \  =  2VROX LHDHFXD LHLHVWH  ]  \  =  'HPRQVWU PvQFRQ
WLQXDUHF HFXD LDDUHRLQILQLWDWHGHVROX LLvQ1 )LH  ]Q  \Q  RVROX LHDHFXD
LHLH[LVW RVROX LHSHQWUXVSUHH[HPSOXúLF XW PRDOW VROX LHGH
IRUPD  ]Q +  \Q +  = D]Q + E\Q  F]Q + G\Q  'DF   ]Q +  \Q +  HVWHVROX LHSHQWUX
DWXQFL ]Q+ −  \Q+ =   DGLF  D] Q + E\Q   − F]Q + G\Q   =   FDUH GXS  HIHFWXD
UHD FDOFXOHORU GHYLQH D  − F   ]Q − G  − E   \Q + DE − FG  ]Q \Q =   &XP
]Q −  \Q =   LPSXQHP FRQGL LLOH D  − F  =  G  − E  =  DE − FG =   &XP R
VROX LHDHFXD LHL D  − F  =  HVWHDF DWXQFLFHOHODOWHGRX UHOD LLGHYLQ
G  − E  =  E = G  GH XQGH VH RE LQH E G  =    'HFL SHUHFKHD GH úLUXUL
 ]Q  \Q  Q ≥   GDW  SULQ  ]  \  =   ]Q +  \Q +  =  ]Q +  \Q   ]Q +  \Q   UHSUH
]LQW  VROX LH D HFXD LHL  &XP ] =  [ +   DWXQFL SHUHFKHD GH úLUXUL  [Q  \Q  Q ≥  
GDW  SULQ  [  \  =   [Q +  \Q +  =  [Q +  \Q +   [Q +  \Q +   UHSUH]LQW  VR
OX LHDHFXD LHLGLQHQXQ (YLGHQWDYHPRLQILQLWDWHGHVROX LLSHQWUXF  [Q + > [Q úL
\Q + > \Q 

2/GLQ)LHE≥RED] GHQXPHUD LHúLS∈1 6 VHGHPRQVWUH]H
F SHQWUXRULFH N ≥ E H[LVW XQXQLFSROLQRP 3N ∈=[;]GHJUDG  N FXSURSULHWDWHD
F  3  VHVFULHQXPDLFXFLIUHGH∀L≥SWRDWHVFULHULOHVHFRQVLGHU vQ


L FLIUH

ED]DE
*DEULHO'RVSLQHVFX2QHúWL


5H]ROYDUH1XPLPSROLQRPNEXQXQSROLQRP3∈=[;]GHJUDG  N FXSURSULHWDWHD
GLQ HQXQ  9RP DU WD F  SHQWUX RULFH N ≥  H[LVW  SROLQRDPH NEXQH )LH

EL −   EL −  
Q =   = E L − +  + E +  =  $WXQFL E − Q  + Q = E −   + ⋅
E −  E − 

,
L RUL

E −  E L − 
L
= 
  'HFL GDF  4 = E −  ; +  ;  DWXQFL 4 H EXQ 3ULQ

E − E −  

⋅ =
L RUL

 
$5+,0('(V1UQRLHPEULHGHFHPEULH


LQGXF LHRE LQHPF  4 $ 4 $  $ 4 HNEXQ∀N≥  4 $ 4 $  $ 4 = 


N RUL
 


N RUL L RUL


= 
,  ∀ L ≥  ∀ N ≥  $úDGDUDPDU WDWF H[LVW SROLQRDPHNEXQH∀N≥

 L RUL 


 )LHDFXPN∈1 IL[DWúL3XQSROLQRPNEXQGHJUDG P =  N $WXQFL∀Q≥S

 EQ −   E J Q − 
3 = XQGH J Q ∈1∀Q≥S
 E −  E −


  EQ − 
'HFL J  Q  = ORJ E   +  E −  3    úL

  E −  

 Q + −   
  +  E −  3  E


 E −  
J  Q +  − J  Q  = ORJ E   
 
  +  E −  3  E −   
Q 
  E −  
   
3E[ +  
 + E − 3E[ +  3 [ E − 3 [
+
'HFL OLP JQ + − JQ = ORJE OLP = ORJE OLP = 
[→∞  + E −  3 [ 
+
Q→∞ [→∞

E − 3 [
3 E[ + 
 ORJ E OLP = ORJ E E P = P 'HFL  J Q +  − J  Q Q ≥ S HVWHXQúLUGHQXPH
[ →∞ 3  [
UHvQWUHJLFRQYHUJHQWODPGHFLH[LVW  Q ≥ S FX J Q +  − J Q = P ∀ Q ≥ Q 
  EQ −   
EP  E −  3  +  − 
 EQ + −   E J  Q + P −   E −   
P  E −  E −
Q P
$WXQFL 3  E −   E −  
   
= E 3 +
 E −  E − E −
 = =
 
EQ −  EP − 
∀ Q ≥ Q 1RWkQG [ = ⇒ 3E[ +  = E P 3 [ + SHQWUXRLQILQLWDWHGH
E − E −
YDORUL[úLILLQGRHJDOLWDWHSROLQRPLDO DUHORF∀[∈5
EP −
 1RWkQGFX F = úL 3 = D + D [ +  + DP [ P FX DL ∈= DP ≠  GHGXFHP
E −
F  D + D E[ +  + D E[ +   +  + DP − E[ +  P − + DP E[ +  P = E P D +  + E P ⋅ 
⋅ DP [ P + F ∀[∈5(JDO PFRHILFLHQ LLúLDYHP

 
 $5+,0('(V1UQRLHPEULHGHFHPEULH

DP −E P − + DP&P E P − = E P DP −

 P−
 DP −  E + DP −&P −E P −  + DP&P E P −  = E P DP − 



D + D +  + D + D = E P D + F
   P − P 

PDP
'HDLFL DP − + DP ⋅ P = EDP − ⇒ DP − = úL E  − DP −  = DP −&P − + DP&P GH
E −
XQGH VH DIO  DP −   vQ IXQF LH GH DP  3DV FX SDV VH DIO  DL  vQ IXQF LH GH
DP  L =  P −  'HFL 3 = α4 XQGH4DUHFRHILFLHQ LFRPELQD LLOLQHDUHGHPEúL
α∈5 'DF DUPDLH[LVWDXQSROLQRP 3
NEXQVDUGHGXFHF 3
 β4'HFL
α4 E[ +  = αE P4  [ + F
 ⇒ α − β4 E[ +  = E P α − β4 [ ⇒ 4 E[ +  = 
β 4 E[ +  = βE P4  [ + F


= E P4  [ ⇒ F =  DEVXUGDUUH]XOWDE 
 $úDGDUH[LVW XQXQLFSROLQRPNEXQ∀N≥

2/GLQ)LHQ≥ D E ∈1 ±^`úL $ % GRX PXO LPLGHQXPHUH
QDWXUDOHFXSURSULHW LOH
 L ^[ − \ [ ∈ $ \ ∈ %` = ^   Q` 
 LL ^E\ − D[ \ ∈ % [ ∈ $` = ^ D D   Q − D` 6 VHDUDWHF  QD E − D úLV 
VHDIOHWRDWHPXO LPLOH$úL%FXSURSULHW LOHGHPDLVXV
*DEULHO'RVSLQHVFX


5H]ROYDUH'LQLGHGXFHPLPHGLDWF $úL%VXQWILQLWH)LHGHFL $ = ^D   DN ` 

% = ^E   E S ` FX  ≤ D <  < DN   ≤ E <  < E S 
&RQVLGHU PSROLQRDPHOH I = [ D +  + [ D  J = [ E +  + [ $WXQFL



E 

     LL  Q
 
I  [ J   =  [ L  úL I  D  J  [  = 
  
[ α  [ −β  =
∑ ∑ ; α −β = ∑ ∑ E
∑ [ − Dα  ⋅
[ 
   α∈ $  β∈% 
 α∈ $ L = [   α∈ $ 
β∈%

   LL  Q −
⋅  [ Eβ  =
∑ [ Eβ − Dα =
∑ ∑[ D
∀[≠ 


 β∈%  α∈ $ L =
  β∈%

−
 [Q − [ Q −      [ QD 
GLQ I  [ J   = [ ⋅ ⇒ I  [ = [ ⋅ J  [E  = 
[ − [ −    [  
⋅ ⇒ D⋅ ⋅
 [ J  −  J  − D 
 [ [D [ 

 
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[ QD − 
⇒ J  [ E  = [ QD J  [ D  SHQWUXDFHOHYDORULDOHOXL[SHQWUXFDUHRSHUD LLOHDX
[D −
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