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  • Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Solutions-Anderson

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    Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Solutions-Anderson

    Diunggah oleh

    Sachchidanand Bhardwaj

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
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    dari 135
    Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Third Edition John D. Anderson, Jr. Curator of Aerodynamics ‘National Air and Space Museum and Professor Emeritus University of Maryland a Boston Bur Ridge, IL_Dubugne,1A Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota. Caracas KuslaLumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan -Montieal New Delbi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto CHAPTER 1 Li @ pn Rae ea @ P= RE" Geneon ~ C32ekemt re Be M88 ee © To Rae x1 ya7ig 12 “I (pe cos 6 + ty sin 6) ds ® + Se (p, cost, sin6) ds, an ds cos @= dx ds sin 8 =-dy Hence, - $2 @-pode+ f™ Gate day w=- J (e-po-@,-polde+ [™ Gate ay Divide by ge Sqn e(1) -(2ste)feet 12 [ This is Eq. (1.15). Arm IE Cpe sind + 4 0088) a5, + J @¢ sind +t, cos8) ds, a =f" O-pdayt f™ Get ae A= [% tov-pd—@e-paldy+ f° Geax ae (52) feet: (s am EM Cn menayr Eff (yen) de This is Eq. (1.16). Miz J [(p,c0s0 +, sind) (pu sind - x c098)y] d5 + JE Cp, 0058 +4, sind)x + (p, sind + ¢,cos6)y] ds, tes [ Dpaopdxdx- fF Getz.) x ay +2 pepdlydy+ JE Cote dy a Miz= [0 [pe-pd-@e-po)]xax- 1 Gute.) xdy +97 tpe-pd-@e pod) ydy+ J Gutsy dx Divide by goo: J (C.-C, )xex- JF (C, #,) xay + ie (C,, -¢, This is Eq. (1.17), ydy+ f° (Cy, 4C,) ya] 13 Me>/ Mu=- f% @.-p)@) @x-@,-p) f° xdx & Miz=-(@.- Pd) > = Jp Oe pda&=o-pde 1s Fora flat plate, @ = 0 in Eqs. (1.7)— (1.11). Hence, = JS @epyde= J) (2x10 Gt) + 1.19% 105} ex 2x10 Ae box} + [1.19 x 105) L12x10N fo Geena ane J) (731% +288) ax ian 12x 10° cos 10°— 1274 sin 10° = [L105 x 10°N, ‘N’ sino + A’ cosa = 1.12 x 10° sin 10° + 1274 cosa =B.07x10N, Mts= J fpa-p dex J) 2x10" Gey? 1.19.x 10°} x dx ro es eo "Nal 10.595 x 1058] +2x10° 78 x 10° + 1,105 x 10° (0.25) M's = Mis +L’ (old) 10° Ni (578 x10) 112 x 10° 15 0 cy cose. ~ cy sin = (1.2) cos 12° (0.3) sina = e= Gy Sine + cy cose = (1.2) sin 12° + (03) cose = 0.379 16 Gq =C, cosa + eg sina. Also, using the more accurate N’ rather than L’ in Eq, (1.22), we have Hence: a) a Xa/e -2.0 0.0498 1.09 0 0.25 OAL 2.0 044 0.336 4.0 0.639 0.306 6.0 0.846 0.293 8.0 1.07 0.284 10.0 1243, 0277 12.0 1.402 0271 14.0 1.52 0.266 Note that xep moves forward as c is increased, and that it closely approaches the quartes- chord point in the range of a of 10°to 14°, At higher angles-of-attack, beyond the stall (a> 16°), Xop Will reverse its movement and move rearward as c continues to increase. Compare the above variation with the center-of-pressure measurements of the Wright Brothers on one of their airfoils, shown in Fig. 1.28. 17 K=3 (mass, length, and time) f/(D, poy Vac, g)=0 HenceN=5 We can write this expression in terms of N -K = 5 —3 =2 dimensionless Pi products: f (i, Me) where T= f.(Pe, Vex 6D) Th = £4 (Pe, Ver 8) Let Th=pe* Ver c'D im £*)* (6 vy em et) = mass: a+1=0 length: -3a+b+e+1=0 time: -b-2=0 Hence: Let Th=p.? Voc? gt 1 (m £9) (6°) £0 (Ee PyF=0 mass: a=0 length: -3a+ 1+ b+ time: -1-2d=0 Hence: Ih= ve, vee Thus: &M,1h)=f (2 Toe or: . 18 Dw=fi (Pee, Vaey © Gen Cpe Gy) K (mass, length, time, degrees) fz Davy Psy Vacs Cy Bay Cp» Gy) =O Hence, N=7. This can be written as a function of N-K = 7 —4 =3 pi products: Th, Th) =0 where: Th = £4 (Pex Voor ©, Cp, DY Tp = fs (Peo, Van, © Cp» Mex) Ths = £5 (Ou Ves © Gp &) The dimensions of ¢ and o are oy energy _ (force)(distance) _ (mét™*) mass?) mas(*) ss m(*) £7 x7 (Cy! where (°) degrees. po V2 cho D=Th (om £39 (£0 COE PY OP (mE mass: i+1=0 length: -3i+j+k+2n+1=0 n=0 time: -j-2n-2=0 degrees: -n=0 Hence: For [hy Tam eV eD Y PEKO CE CP mass: i=0 i=0 length: -31+1+j+2k+n=0 k=0 time: 2k-n=0 n=-1 For Thy = pal Vad ch of" cy Team eye ry Preyer (ey ey mass: i+0 length: -3i+j+k time: j-2n-2=0 degrees: -n—1=0 or, Gate) 100 [00 . 200 ¥200 Hence, the Mach numbers of the two flows are the same. (#)-2e] ‘The Reynold’s numbers are different. Hence, the two flows are not dynamically similar. TS eae (223)(229) nase 1.739/\200. 2)Y 200 1.10 Denote free flight by subscript 1, and the wind tunnel by subscript 2. For the lift and drag coefficients to be the same in both cases, the flows must be dynamically similar. Hence Mi=M, Qa) pNye, _ P2Vae 2 For Reynolds number: A Ms Assume, as before, that pa VT. Hence 22% AVS vt or, ie 34.65 VE Finally, from the equation of state: 101 x 10° ee R 287 =351.9 @ Eqs. (1) ~ (@) represent three equations for the three unknowns, 2, V2, and Ty. They are summarized below: a) 2) 8) From Eq. (3 p27 351.9T2 Oy Subst. (4) into (2) fy. 3519/ V, < =| 2 ]=3465 Wr) ‘Subst. (1) into (5): 3519 467 34.65 Hence, n qy~ G51NET 465) Fi From Eq (1): V2=16.7 {i 67 \1696 ‘From Eq. (3): p2 oor 35 ke = 07 7, 1696 111 pp=pa-pgdh = 1.01 x 10°~ (1.36 x 10°\9.8(0.2) py [7.43 x 10° Nin} 1.12 Weight = Buoyancy force + lift w B +L B=(15,000) (1.1117) (8), = 1.634x10°N AWW volume air density acceleration (m’) at 1000m of gravity (keim’) —_(am/sec) 1 5 Qe 5 Pa Vee ; 2.1117) G0y? = 500 Nim? n(14)°/4 = 153.9 m? L= qo S Cy = (500X153.9)(0.05) =3487N Hence: W= 1.634 x 10° + 3847= [67x 10N~ 1.13 Let us use the formalism surrounding Eq. (1.16) in the text. In this case, cg = ca, and from Eq, (1.16), neglecting skin friction 2 ca? J™ (c,,~¢,,)av a From Eq, (1.13) in the text, Eq. (1) above can be written as cnt J (Cy, ~Cy,) © sin@ ds) @ Draw a picture: Following our sign convention, note that @ is drawn counterclockwise in this sketch, hence itisa negative angle, -0 From the geometry: - 0=n-9 Hence, sin (-6) =~ sin @ = sin (-8) = cos 6 Substitute this into Eq. (2), noting also that ds = rd and the chord ¢ is twice the radius, ¢ = 2r. From Eq. (2), a== J™ (6,-¢,) cos@rae C,,) cos ode JE, cosas 3 JE ©, cosede 8) Consider the limits of integration for the above integrals. The first integral is evaluated from ‘the leading edge to the trailing edge along the upper surface. Hence, § = 0 at LE and x at TE. The second integral is evaluated from the leading edge to the trailing edge along the hottom surface. Hence, = 2n at LE and r at the TE. Thus, Eq. (3) becomes 1s 5 a5 fl C,costad $41 C,, costae ® In Eq. (4), C,, =2 cos? > for 0< > 133 x 10°90. \ oxfi-(3) ] Vo= (147 mised ‘pi —p2= w Sh= (1.33 x 10°\(0.1) = 1.33 x 10° N/m? po ™ pi— 1.33 x 10*= 1.01 x 10° = 1.33 x 10° 8.77 x 10" Nim pom prt 3 pv? =sa7x10'+ (1.230477 = [OLR Nin Note: It makes sense that the total pressure in the test section would equal one atmosphere, Decause the flow in the tunnel is drawn directly from the open ambient surroundings, and for an inviscid flow, we have no losses between the inlet and the test section. 07-10) x 10° Jog gm 123, see 38 Vay, Ve=u= constant 9 2 0 20 ¥ vp fh 5 30 Itisap cally possible incompressible flow. o 0 vav-|7 5 EP io9-J0- Met 0 ¥ 39 Hence, the flow is a physical possible incompressible flow, except at the origin where r= 0. ‘What happens at the origin? Visualize a cylinder of radius r wrapped around the line source per unit depth perpendicular to the page. The volume flow across this cylindrical surface is, 31 ff vas a) ‘Since we are considering a unit depth, then we have the volume flow per unit depth. This is precisely the definition of source strength, A. Hence, from (1), Axconstant= ff V> dS @ From the divergence theorem: V- &= Ff war ) Combining Eqs. (2) and (3) ff (9 -V) av = A= constant a Shrink the volume to an infinitesimal value, AV, around the origin. Eq. (4) becomes (w-¥) av= Taking the limit as AV» 0 i > (W-W= tim =o. Hence V-V =o at origin av To show that the flow is irotational, calculate VxV 5 me eee toe ce a2 &@ 4) at 9 6 @ a @ a| 1 a & v. We Vy eo 0 a Hence, Laplaces equation: Fb Fe £ + £ =0+0=0is identically satisfied. a ge Similarly, fory=Vy, 2 & Hence, Laplace’s equation 12 ) 186 r#),4 Ta r is identically satisfied. wk OO Wa Hence, Laplaces equation is identically satisfied. 3.12 The stagnation point is a distance A/2V.. upstream of the source. Hence, A a1 or A=28Ve BAW, ‘The shape of the body is given by x =Varsing + & we 2 on A rsing+ _— or, 34 2.8 25 20 nid 1.0 0.75 1.0033, 1.02 1.072 1.255 1.57 191 254 ‘To plot the pressure coefficient: or, Ve Ve 005 0+ A 2a V. sin ® fo PRESSURE COEFFICIENT 3.13 }- ——*_.—_+ A eR — % via ° Sink Stagnation At point A: Velocity due to freestream = Va. Velocity due to source = 2a(e+d) (note that it is in the negative x-direction) GA) Velocity due to sink = A) elocity due to sit eee (Note that it is in the positive x-direction) Total velocity at Point A: vacve A 1 yA? 2s G0) 2z Grd) From point A to be a stagnation point, Va ~ 0. o-ves Apt +t) 2a “@+b) (rb) ova & [Ete] ver d (2b) 2a [@+b\r—b) | Qe Pb Seasadess wee ay= 2 Q@ Q) Substitute (2) into (1) Va? cos" + (55) Ve sin? At the surface, r=R_ Cp=1-4 sino 3.16 From Eg. (3.93) From Eq. (3.94) (1432) an ‘At any given point (7,0), Ve and Ve are both directly proportional to Ve. Hence, the direction of the resultant, V, is the same, no matter what the value of Va may be. Thus, the shape of the 2 . 3.17 From Eq. (3.119): From Eq, (3.94): Note that Vo/Vw is itself'a function of Va via the second term. Hence, as Vn changes, the direction of the resultant velocity at a given point will also change. The shape of the streamlines changes when V., changes. 318 L'=peVel = PaV. (1.2330) 0.163 m*/sec 40 3.19 At standard sea level conditions, pam 0.002377 28 7 _ Slog He = 3.737 x 107 —8_ Wed Also V=120 mph = 120 (2) filsec= 176 ne Vas 3 (0.002377) (176)? = 36.8 Ib/f? For the struts: D = 2 in = 0.167 ft. 2377) 187.7)(0167) _ 199 399 3.737 x 10 From Fig. 3.39, Cp = 1. The total frontal surface area of the struts is (25) (0.167) = 4.175 ft. Hence, Drag due to struts; Ds qe S Cp = (3684.1 75)(1) = 153 Ib For the bracing wires: D = Zin 0007s 8 Re = 199382 (20078) = 9312 0167 From Fig. 3.39, Co= #°. Hence, The total frontal surface area of the wires is (80) (0.0078) Drag due to wires: Dy = ge S Cy = (36.8)(0.624)(1) =23 Ib Total drag due to struts and wires = Ds-+ Diy = 153 +23 4 ‘The total zero-lift drag for the airplane is (including struts and wires) Cy, =GeS Cy, = 66.8230)(0.036) = 804.9 Note that, for this example, the drag due to the strats and wires is 17. = 0,58 ofthe total drag —i.e., 58 percent of the total drag. This clearly points out the drag reduction that was achieved in the early 1930°s when airplane designers started using intemally braced wings ‘with one or more central spars, thus eliminating struts and wires completely. 3.20 The flow over the airfoil in Figure 3.37 can be syntheized by a proper distribution of singularities, ic., point sources and vortices. The strength of the vortices, added together, gives the total circulation, I, around the airfoil. This value of T is the same along all closed curves around the airfoil, even if the closed curve is drawn a very large distance away from the airfoil. In this case, the airfoil becomes a speck on the page, and the distributed point vortices appear as one stronger point vortex with strength I’. This is exactly equivalent to the single point Vortex in Figure 3.27 for the circulat cylinder, and the lift on the airfoil where the circulation is taken as the total Fis the same as for a circular cylinder, namely Eq G.140), = po Ver — ~ Ltnte <— Naistence ee wey - Dietribaten, 5 \ ‘ ci oul Bink ett“ hleecs ti ae v 7 . / S| . y a2 CHAPTER 4 41 qe? = pe Ve = (0.002377)(50)" = 2.97 Iie? 2 2 ©, = 0.64 and c,,,=-0.036 L’= ques ¢, = 2.97)(2)(1)(0.64) = B80 Ib per unit span] Mange Se ¢, Des _ ay Dt Hence, the second term in Eq. (1) becomes J vavag a(¥}-0 From the momentum equation, bv De vp (neglecting body forces) ? Hence, the first term in Eq. (1) becomes DV. = los dp DN a=. 4vp &=- Die nee se ‘When p = const, or p = p(p), thea -{ Bo. Hence, fom Eq. 3) 1? § a&~o0 3 Dt Substituting Eqs. (2) and (4) into (1), we obtain 4) or Note: See Karamcheti, Jdeal-Fluid Aerodyna 5 details (pp. 239-242). 44 Murs-peVe f° E1@ aE =-peVe fo ; a £080) 8 GS sin a0 =+ pe Vo S . ant This is Eq. (4.36). == peVo L2aVe JF (1 —cos"6) d0 43 sco. where @.is in radians. Hence 44 46 @ =02-05 (5) ie 02202 (%) *1:(2) 00888-02222 (*) Since x a (1 - 0086), then ( -0.05 +0.25 0S 851.3 Ge), 05 +025 cost, for 09 5 13694 (2) =-0.0223 + 0.1111 cos®, for 1.3694<0< Lee dz = SE (e080 1 a9 = J) (0105-+0.25 coseyfeos0 - 1) a0 - 4 e (0.0223 + 0.1111 cos0)(cos@ - 1) 48 6 5 (0.05 ~0.3 cos + 0.25 c0s*8) d0 (0.0223 — 0.13334 cos@ + 0.1111 cos*6) 48 sine) 5 47 = 02381 _ 6.0726 rad =f 4.78} = &) c, = 2m (ce + G0) where a is in radians Qn = oy B-419) * & cos a6 22 f°" (0.05 + 0.25 e058) cos0 40 * gu (0.0223 + 0.1111 e058) cos8 a0 ale (0.05 c0s0 + 0.25 c0s"0) dd + = Jig, (0.0223 cost + 0.1111 cos’6) a9 al . -0.05 sin + 0.25 (= + — sine) 1," [-0.05 sint Sr S201 aly 2 (0.0233) sind + 0.1111 é sin26)Fyeoe 46 [0.04899 + 0.25 (0.6847 + 0.09800) + 0.1745 + 0.02185 — 0.1111 (0.6847 + 0.09800)] = (0.2561) 2 = 0.1630 = © 8 6508 20 a 2 pis * =f (-0.05 + 0.25 cos®) cos 2840 + ah. (0.0223 * 0.1111 c0s8) cost d@ 05) sin 28 + 0.25, a 4 B38 ys 2 0.0223) sin20 0.1111 SPs Sy, = 2 [0.009800 + 0.2 (0.4899 0.1372) + 0.004371 = 0.1111 (0.4899 ~0.1372)] = (0.0836) 2 - 0.0277 F a-ane £ (0.0277 -0.1630) = 01083 tosZa@e vane ioe sy (0.41630- 0.02779] = P38 ce 4 ce a 48 Experiment Ref.11) Theory % Difference 1-9 39° 416° 6.25% e 0.76 0.782 2.8% 0.095 0.1063 10.6% 49 Mie=-peVe f° Ev@dé fi er@& wo a= £ sind a0 coy. [a 04289, % 4 gnnal y) 2v.(a, =) DA G| With the above, Eq. (1) becomes JT As =cos%0) a0~ 5°" Ay (1 -c0s6) sind sinn0 49 @) Note the following definite integrals: Jf cose sin? a0=0 43 JJ sind sin n0 a0 = 0 JF cos® sind sin 20 49 JF cos6 sind sin n9 49 = 0 Hence, Eq. (2) becomes: = en SD Ag- S At & AL-% Al Cn, => [Ao 3 eri ] 4.10 The slope of the lift curve is _ 065—(-039) = 0.104 per degree 4-(-6) The slope of the moment coefficient curve is 0.037 — (0045) _ x10 per degree From Eq. (4.71), 49 CHAPTERS ie dt x =Raye where ¢ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the loop, directed into the page. By symmetry, the resultant velocity due to the entire loop must be along the x-axis. Hence, 2 i) oe I [a5 cowo= (Ef? # rou _ ATR OP 30 rR 2a? + R?)? 53 aectcres, where a, = 0.1080 per degree = 6.188 per radian wAR From Fig. 5.18: 8 =1= 0.054. 6188 = a = 491 pera. 1+ 2188 4 0054) (8) + 0.0857 per degree Cy =a (a- op-0) = 0.0857 [7- (1.3) = 2779 Co, - SE at ay= O22 01 054) = PTF aR (8) 54 an= 2 = G2" 609 Ss 170 At standard sea level, pe = 0.002377 slugitt ft/ sec Veo= 120 mph (# oe ) = 176 filsec z Po Vo = i (0.002377) (176)* = 36.8 Ib/ft? 49 = 0.1033 per degree 92 per rad S y 2 —— 2450 _ 03916 OS a.8 GRIT 592 592 (602) =4.38 per rad (len) + +032) = 0.0764 per deg, ch (03916)? _ meAR 1(,64)(6.02) 33 Cp, 01267 Dr deS Cy, = (36.8)(170)(0.01267) = 5.6 To be consistent, we will use Helmbold’s equations for both the straight and swept wings, (@) a)=0.1 per degree = 0.1 (57.3) = 5.73 per radian Beet 5:73 = 0304 ZAR” x(6) From Helmbold’s equation for a straight wing, Eq. (5.81), a, vila, /(GAR)} +a, /(@AR) 573 573 Vis (@304? +0304 1349 er radi (b) From Helmbold’s equation for a swept wing, Eq. (5.82), where a, 005 A= 5.73 cos 45°= 4.05 per radian and a, cosa 405 gyi ZAR =(6) wwe have Comparing the results of parts (a) and (b), we re a, cosA a{l+[a, cos /(aAR)} . 4.05 i+ (0215)? +0215 +a, cosA/(nAR) ily conclude that the effect of wing sweep is to reduce the lift slope. Moreover, the reduction is substantial. sd Again, we use Helmbold’s equations, (@) a =5.73 per radian Se _ 573 _ ggg ZAR (3) =e Vi+le, (GARY +a, /(@AR) 573 573 i+(0.608)? +0608 1778 () ag.cos A= 4.05 cosh 4.05 zAR x(3) = 0.43 a, cos A, an 4.05 1+ (043)? 5.202 per radian vl+la, cosA/(@AR)P +a, cosA/(AR) Jn Problem 5.6, with an aspect ratio of 6, we had The lift slope for the swept wing is only 77% of that for the straight wing when the aspect ratio of both wings is 6. In Problem 5.7, with aspect ratio 3, we have Bove _ 2.667 _ = = 083 3.222 ‘The lift slope for the swept wing is 83% of that for the straight wing Conclusion: Wing sweep decreases the lift slope. Moreover, wing sweep affects the lift slope to a greater degree for higher aspect ratio wings than for lower aspect ratio wings. This makes some sense, because the lift slope for low aspect ratio wings is already considerably reduced just due to the aspect ratio effect. sa CHAPTER 6 61 2 o a 20 = 6.00. ore: r’ sind 3d ae (0-0+0)-9 Flow is irrotational. 62 Ve=0, Vex VV 3S PSI GSO ee * 1a a Vi VaqzS+0+0=0+040= ra 8 The flow is a physical possible incompressible flow, 63 For the sphere: © (0-5 Forthe cylinder: (Cy =1-4 sin" Attbe top ofthe sphere: 9 = 7/2, hence 1.25 (Co)ephere = > 5/4 For no manometer deflection, (Cp)spnere = (Caen. ~4sin’8 sin’@ = 0.5625 sind = 0.75 Hence: a = 48.64 The pressure tap on the cylinder must be located at an angular position 48.6° above or below the stagnation point 56 CHAPTER 71 p=pRT _p _ (7892116) RT (1716934) (0.0103 slug 72 (@) - A going ds A yl ee R216 Lyyqg_ft ib y-1 04 slug °R e= 6,7 =4290 (934) 14.007 x 10° 5 slug h= opT = 6006 (934) 45.610 x 10° ee) slug (©) For a calorically perfect gas, cp and c, are constants, independent of temperature, Hence, we have again = 600 - slug tb slug °R oy = 4290, Also, at standard sea level, R=519°R. Hence E=4290 (519) = 2.227 x 10° <= n= 6096 (519) 43.117 x108 & slug bp —hy = ¢p (Ta - Ti) = (1004.5)(690-288) feos x 10% Joule kg | ey (Ta - Tr) = (718.5)(690-288) =12.884 x 10° a 8 Th_p me 0 joule =3)= a = (1004.5) f£n—— - (287) fn 8.656 4258.2 ey Ong“ fa = (10045) fn Fe - (287) fn a Po _ 435 x 10° = =r 0.6186 ke/m? RT, (287)(245) 74 po= : oa } 06186 a fo.saoa *S. 359 kein) RT (287(259) 76 py=RT, hencey= BE P 58 w= 3(Q) 5 Note: } atm = 1.01 x 10°N/m? 1 p (02)(L01 x 10°) For an isentropic process: Lepr? ey eye How oyrrr=- bop! 43536 x 10° 2 * Gayo x 10) a R__ (LAYITIG) _ gop g_ ft To (04) slug °R noah+ © =oT+ we ~ (6006)(480) 300)" 3.708 x 108 KD 2 2 2 78 Let e)res* total enthalpy of the reservoir= cp (Te)res 9 (h.)_= total enthalpy at the exit = c Te + —* For an adiabatic flow, hy = constant. Hence (s)res = (Bo)e (Toles = Cp Te + colTabres = Cp 3 {2 & [Jus ~ Te] = f2(10045)1000 — 660) =|896.4 m/sec (0.6101 x 10%) _ poR (0819287) ow oo oats (2) ;T= (2) 262.1 (#3) = 247.6 °K rs \pe/ Po! Loe 262.1 °K Since the flow is isentropic, itis also adiabatic. Hence, bo = constant (LOL x 10°)(0.61- 05) + (300)? = 3422 m/sec 0819 % error (5372) x 100 = (0.8194 (yer roa\ee 71 T=Te|2} =262.1 {2} ips) \o6t =24K ‘v= -f2(1004.5)(262.1~ 214) + (300)" =432 m/sec [2(.01 x 10°(0.61-03) + (300) =408 mise 0819 132 -. 7) soorr~ (22082) 00 = 55 7.13 From Eq. (7.53) n+ constant 2 From Eqs. (7.6b) and (7.9), ay From the equation of state, RT=plp @ Combining Eqs. (1) and (2), ar {Pe 5) Hence, Eq. (7.53) can be written as (p) v? x (P) 4% <. yale) a -onstant, 4 In the limit of y -> 0, Eq. (4) becomes 6 + constant p+ Yeo V"=constant which is Bemoulli’s equation. Hence, the energy equation for compressible flow can be reduced to Bemoulli’s equation for the case of y— oo. Hence, the ratio of specific heats for incompressible flow is infinite, which of course does not exist in nature. This is just another example of the special inconsistencies associated with the assumption of incompressible flow, i., constant density flow, which of course does not exist in nature. This is why we have stated earlier in this book that incompressible flow is a myth. As to the question whether Bernoulli's equation is a statement of Newton’s second law or an energy equation, we now see that it is both, For an incompressible flow, the application of the fundamental principles of Newton's second law and the conservation of energy are redundant, both leading to the same equation, namely Bemoulli’s equation. However, philosophically this author feels strongly that Bemoulli's equation is fundamentally a statement of Newton’s second law ~ it is a mechanical equation. This is how we derived Bemoulli’s equation in a very straightforward manner in Chapter 3. For the study of inviscid incompressible flow, we need only to apply the fundamental principles of mass conservation and Newton’s second law. The principle of conservation of energy is redundant and is not needed, APTER 8 81 = PRT= JONI 04 mised 82 Gle=Glet wi (1385)? Te=To- 5 Se 3R 2e, 2(6006) ac= ORT, AYITIGVS593) = 929.1 °R Ye _ 1385 M=— + 9291 a) 83 a= ORT, = /(14)@87)G00) = 347.2 msec Me. 20 on a 3472 From Tables: s2= 1.104 and Pe = 1.412 P To= 1.104 T= 1.104 (300) =B31.2 °K) TeTal pom 1412 p= 1412 (1.2)= [1694 at) = BE Pe . (9.528)(1.412) = 0.7455 P Po 0.7455 p= 0.455 (1.2) = 9.8946 atm rn T, T* = 0.92 300) =B76 R] T2786) 0.8333 (1.104) = 0.92 333 m/sec a 84 a= GRT = f(14)0716)(700) = 1297 frisec Me ees a 1297 From Tables: 22= 2.058 and 2. = 12.5 “ P T,=2.058 T= 2.058 (700) = [1441] Po= 12.5 p= 12.5 (1.6) re T (0.8333) (2.058) = 1.715 as t E T= 1.715 T= 1.715 (700) = [12007 BY _ P* Po © 528125) 66 P PP pr = 66 p= 6.6 (1.6) =[10.56 ain} at = JPRT* = (TAHITI 1200) = 1698 fusee 85 From Tables: Hence, for the test section flow, 4 p= 7.824 (1) = 7.824 atm T= 18 T=18 230)=414°K 64 Since the flow is isentropic, both p, and Ty are constant throughout the flow. Also, in the reservoir, M * 0. Hence, the reservoir pressure and temperature are Po™ 7.824 atm Te= 414K 8.6 From the Standard Altitude Tables, at 10,000 ft, Poo = 1455.6 Ib/ft” and T. = 483.04 °R From Table Al: For M.= 0.82; Pe = 1.893, P ForM Since the flow is isentropic, p. = constant and T, = constant Los. 5 <> (1.555) (1455.6) 795 1-595) 0455.) coo T 87 From Table A2: 22 = 7,72, £2 =3.449, 238, Pi pi Pa M + = 0.4601 Py Pe, Hence, p= 2 p72 (1)= Lata Py The eh = 2.238 (288) = (445°) Pi (G01 x 10° RT, (287)(288) = 1.222 kg/m? = £2. 5, =3.449 (1.202) = HB kg ? 9.181 (1) = Past ama Pe = (287) ¢n 0.460) Rén ss P2 21933. From Table A.2, My=3.0 ay Thus, i= (12.06) (1)= Py 89 AS) Ra 0928 2 9.499 Pe, From Table A2: Mi=23 6 JUHATHAIES = 1796.6 fisec Mp ar = (0.4695)(1796.6) = [843.5 fused 8.11 Is the flow subsonic or supersonic? For sonic flow, 2.=—1 p 0528 higher than 1.555. Hence, the flow is subsonic. Prom Table A.1, for 1.893, which is 1.555, M= 0.82. am \pRT = (@G87N288) = 340.2 m/sec V=Ma= (0.82)(340.2) = 278.9.n/sec 728 2116 means that a normal shock wave exists in front of the nose of the Pitot tube. From Table A.2, for 8.12 The ratio 645 is larger than 1.893. Hence, the flow is supersonic. This Po, _ 77128 = 3.645, My = 1.56 iy 2116) J@AYA7I6NS19) = 1116.6 fi/sec fused a> RT Vi=Mi a1 = (1-56(1116.6) =

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