EXPERIMENT-1 To find out the susceptibility of FeCl 3 by Quinkes method.

APPARATUS An electromagnet capable of producing field of the order of 10 4 oersted, power supply unit, travelling microscope or cathodometer, FeCl3, U-tube, water, funnel 100 cc cylinder, weighting bottle, weight box, flux meter connected with search oil. DEFINITION The magnetic susceptibility K of a material corresponds to the ease with which a material can be magnetized using a given magnetic field intensity. So it may be defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetization I produced to the magnetic field intensity H. So we may have K = I/H and since I corresponds to magnetic moment/unit volume, the susceptibility thus defined is also called volume susceptibility. PRINCIPLE If a paramagnetic salt solution (like manganese chloride) or ferromagnetic salt (like ferric chloride) is put in a tube and placed between the poles a magnet then there is a liquid level. If the rise in liquid level is measured accurately, then the susceptibility of the solution can be found. THEORY As the magnetic field between the wedge shaped poles pieces varies along the vertical direction, so the force on the solution will be vertical. Now the force on a substance of volume V which is situated in a nonuniform magnetic field at a place where H is the magnetic field strength is given by

Quinkes method

Where K is magnetic susceptibility of substance and Ko is the magnetic susceptibility of the surrounding medium.If the surrounding medium is air, the Ko (1) Quinkes method

From figure let D be the level of solution in funnel and A that in the narrow tube before the application of the field. Let C and B be new levels respectively with the application of the field. Let the rise in narrow tube corresponding to AB be denoted by h. Let a and a be the cross-sectional areas of the funnel and the tube respectively. As is clear from Figure, the level in funnel has to sink from D to C, so B will be at a higher than the level of the liquid in the funnel. Let d be the level to which liquid has sink in funnel, then a.d = a.h or d = ah/a. Now as h is the rise in level of the solution in a narrow tube and d the fall in level in the funnel the corrected height may be written as (1 + a/a)h. This will correspond to the height of the liquid column supported by the forces due to magnetic field. Let h be the density of the solution and g the acceleration due to gravity then the wt. of the column above the point P is given by (1 + a/a) = h g a (2)

Let us consider that at the section P the magnetic field is negligible. Let x be the vertical coordinate above P, then the force on a liquid element of volume a.dx above the point P is given by (3) [From eq. (1)] The force on the entire liquid above the point P is thereby given as (4) Where H1 is field intensity at upper level and this force balances the weight (1+ a/a) h g a of the liquid column. So from eqns. (2) and (4) we have

Quinkes method

If a <<a the a/a may be neglected as compared to 1. Or This corresponds to the

s=

(5)

of the solution is given by ) e.m.u./gm (6)

K/ = 2g (h/

Now since susceptibility depends on the concentration of salt, we can study the variation of with concentration. Let m be the mass of anhydrous FeCl3 in solution per c.c then a straight line will be obtained in the graph between and m. The straight line does not pass through origin but cuts the . It is because of the contribution of

axis m = 0 at a finite (through negative) value of

susceptibility of the solution due to water, which in other words, means that the numerical value of the intercept gives the mass susceptibility of water ( Let .

be the mass susceptibility of the anhydrous crystals of FeCl 3 then we have, (7)

Let M be the molecular wt. of anhydrous FeCl 3, then molecular susceptibility is given by, (8) The molecules susceptibility is the sum of ionic molecules susceptibilities of Fe +++ and Clions, i.e., (9) Where = 25.1 x 10 -6 e.m.u. This expression can be used to find the molecular

susceptibility of Fe +++ ion. Quinkes method

The magnetic moment of Fe+++ ions in terms of the Bohr magneton is given by

Where k = Boltzman constant = 1.3805 x 10-23 J/K No =Avogadro Number = 6.0234 x 1023 = Bohr magneton = 9.27 x 10-21 e.m.u. T = Temperature in absolute degrees = o K PROCEDURE 1. Calibration of flux meter: make the connections as shown and level the flux meter with the help of screws provided at the base and place the search coil at the centre of the space fluxmeter. The flux meter is calibrated to measure deflection in terms of Maxwell turns. The variations of current can be done by rheostat Rh and the corresponding value noted by ammeter A. Let be the deflection of the flux meter

pointer for a current I and let b correspond to one division deflection in flux meter. Let N be the no. of tubes of search coil and A be its mean area. Then the magnetic field strength of the field in search coil is given by

Since different values of current I will give different values of, corresponding values of H, can be found from above equation.

, so the

2. Fill a U-tube which is thoroughly cleaned with a solution of FeCl3 in water containing 25 gm of a hydrated salt (FeCl3.6H2O) per cc for the solution. 3. Now insert the narrow limb of U-tube vertically between the pole pieces of the electromagnet and adjust the funnel limb so that when the magnet is energized the meniscus is in the central region of the uniform magnetic field. Illuminate the meniscus with an electric lamp and view it through a travelling microscope or a Quinkes method

cathetometer. Bring the horizontal crosswire of microscope on the meniscus and note the reading. Also note the corresponding current in the ammeter. 4. Switch off the current and again bring the cross-wire on the meniscus and take a reading. Note the fall in height h of the meniscus for a particular current. Repeat the experiment values of magnetizing current. 5. Repeat the experiment by changing the concentration of the solution. OBSERVATIONS (a) For calibration of fluxmeter. No. of turns of search coil, N = . Mean area of search coil A = . No. of Maxwell turns/division b = .

Magnetic field, Deflection of Sr. No. Current i flux meter

Plot a curve between current and magnetic field H1, it will be a straight line, it will be a calibrated curve of fluxmeter because it gives the value of magnetic field H1 corresponding to any value of given current.

(b) For Mass Susceptibility of Solution

Molecular wt. of FeCl3, M = (56 + 3x35.5) = 162.5 gm Molecular wt. of hydrous salt = 162.5 + 6(2+16) = 270.5 gm Quinkes method

Room temp. T = .o K Mass of weighting bottle = m1 g Mass of bottle + FeCl3 = m1 gm Mass of FeCl3 = (m2- m1) gm = 20 gm (say) Volume of solution = 100 cc Mass of hydrated salt/c.c = 0.20 gm/cc

Calculation for Concentration m 270.5 gm of FeCl3.6H2O contains 162.5 gm of FeCl 3 Therefore, 0.20 gm/c.c of FeCl3.6H2O will contain = (162.5 x 0.20)/270.5 gm/cc Therefore, Concentration m = 162.5 x 0.20)/270.5 = ..gm/cc

Sr. No.

Current (i)

Corresponding field H from H1 2 graph H1

Initial position of (cm)

Final position

Fall height

in

the of (cm)

the (cm)

meniscus

meniscus

Quinkes method

Plot a curve between H12 and h, which will give a straight line from the graph. Mass susceptibility of the solution is given by
s=

2.g h/H12 = 2g PQ/OQ

Take similar observations for different amounts of hydrated salt in the same volume of solution. Calculate the concentration m and susceptibility (c ) Mass susceptibility of water
w s

for each set.

Tabulate the above observations Sr. No. Concentration m in gm/cc Susceptibility

s

e.m.u. /gm

Quinkes method

From the graph

w=

P o = e.m.u. /gm = 0.72 x 10-4 at 20oC

(d) Mass susceptibility of anhydrous FeCl 3

Where

and m are substituted for a particular set.

(e) Molecular susceptibility of Fe +++ ion We have Also we have

Magnetic moment of Fe+++ ion using the relation

Quinkes method

Where k = 1.3805 x 10-23 J/K No = 6.0234 x 1023 = 9.27 x 10-21 e.m.u. T = oK PRECAUTIONS 1. Check the joints between rubbers and glass tube so that there is no leakage of solution 2. Choose only the prescribed values of magnetizing currents 3. Solution should be prepared carefully so that salt is dissolved uniformly. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Due to evaporation of water the results obtained are slightly less than the actual values. 2. Due to non-uniformity of the narrow limb bore, error due to surface tension may occur. 3. Since the bore is very narrow, so there may be deformation of the liquid in the tube due to application of magnetic field and so the rise or fall of the liquid meniscus may be read wrongly.

ADVANTAGE In this case no correction for susceptibility of dust particles present in the solution is required.

Quinkes method

Oral Questions: Q.1What are magnetic materials? Q.2 What are paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials? Q.3 Why is Ferromagnetism found in soilds only and not in fluids? Q.4 What is magnetic moment? Q.5 What is magnetic susceptibility? Q.6 What is Quinkes method?

Quinkes method