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3 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / nBTzQ
13 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (x 1325-1297)AoA nj A yhM
15 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kM A A ~
15 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kM A hnBU zQ
21 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B BTvMj nj ~dU j Anj
33 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Q AkBi kC nB n BiBn j ~
33 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /?jM B{Bn
36 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /?kkBwn Sw M An BiBn BvA Aoa
49 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
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53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B{Bn nj BS~h{ B]n w ~

53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /xBUnU BivdAkL
57 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / xBUnU jABi
58 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /nBThM kwA nAjow
61 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / nAj Bi oL@A
62 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kARo~ po
65 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /tnk vekw
66 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k~ kd oTj
68 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oC Bi vekd ozow
69 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / q g{ qi g{
70 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kAS
71 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A o{A ,] u{
76 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B{Bn AkT
81 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Swjo ve
85 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B{Bn Aov
88 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bnkd U njAoM BU S{ow
93 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jU Jqe nBa ~
93 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /jU Jqe M yAo BT]A Bp
98 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / tB kL B
101 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /jU Jqe BA oTwj Se tAo
104 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B\BMnlC Bk@q\U BM joL
108 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / AoA pA nAo qoLU B
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113 / / / / / / / / / / / / / ( pA nj Bw 33)n{ nj j yhM

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115 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /phBw nj kp
119 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / nB \Tv] nj
123 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / @BM nj SBA
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137 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oTwj Ao]B
141 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / J/@/B nj \{ ]pBM
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145 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oLw M kLU z{ ~
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155 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / AjB@B w M Soe
159 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /oLw nj nB BBjnA
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163 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /ATvC
169 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BMoU A nvoQ
170 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / QBQ
171 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jApB A u U
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185 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ZnAk oUB Kv@
187 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B\BMnlC nUBTj ,AoBM @Bd
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,pBC nj ,yUnA /k Jow An BBh kjM pB\ yUnA cv Bo
/jM d BM L] A kBo /Sv{ nj An B SB i
/k{ Tz L] A nj q AkwA B jd j ow
B{pC BL{ yBpn AoM B ,nlC Bpn pA o pA kM
B{pC M O] BM 1pByQ joow ,k{ oBe ovA
Bpo owBUow nj AoA yUnA> :S kC qoLU Bjo nj ovA
kBM B /kAkwn B M @A jo pBC An e B\BMnlC
KzA> :S A </ Bj B\BMnlC
@Bi pA u oiC BU K]@M@K]
pByQ </kAjo w B B\p /k w qoLU Ajo B
joM BL] M ji BM An yAj AoM Aow jApoQ kd ow
/joPw M An B{pC TwoQow ,B{ n@M
oTj pA ,e A nj /k{ T ovA B{pC BL{ RB
Tj RAnAjA M nBTiA U A /S{Aj BU nBTiA nzQ o pA pByQ /1
/jM k{ BzhM
111 . jU Jqe
Ajo@B{ BM A oM L jo SBnj nTwj U kB] Aw

BTA oM dU An BMo{ ,oM qoLU M ovA B{pC
kATn nj qoLU nj jM C oBM nBeA A / FU An o{
un nzQ ] op ,BB Aor /SwA jni M o{ BTA
/jM kBwn n{ po M An ji pA A ,qoLU BMo{
BBU /k{ qoLU pB ,BAi jow ,o k~w o BM
,An M nj /kjM jBTwo L] M An ] BU a ,jM nB
An jAo jd joow /k nAo (B]) B{ o M kj
B\@> :kwoQ pA /kj
M nji nj xAjABi Ao q
nz M Jqe Sj RBB nzQ nAk oLi o ?n
</BM nAjoM An RA`M p oM jp /kAjo nAo n{
T T{Am B nj BC BM An UAeA /jM B\zAj BM
kAi B\ o M knAjoM An BTBw ,kjooM B{pC M @
nBji U BM /kC o nji /kC qoLU M SiBU M /koM
un ,A kMB ow /To An zUnA Zj ] T{Aj
oM> :T ow M /jM xov BM nz i nAjT{now
L nj ,qoLU Ak SzQ Bi /jo SA A </nAjoM Ao jABi
</BQ BM `M BM jp> :T jp Ak An p BQ pA /jM ,BTiBw j
SvAT A k{ Ji a oLM Ao An A BU T{Ak woTwj njAoM M
/kBM B BM
AnAq /So Rn BwC M n{
@Bi M B jn /Tn B] M
AnF /kjM kB nBTA M B] pAnj SzQ nj BSBw wBw o]B
@Bi M An wBw BkBQ jn pB]A kBM BTwA }h{ kT po

pB]A BU kB oT ,pAnj SzQ ,SBw j jke /k njB n{
BnAo Ao]B jAkU oM SBw o /k{ njB n{
@Bi M jn
BAoM An qoLU w AoA yUnA jn oLi AjnA pBU /k{ jqA
Soe B] o M BnAo oTwj AoM yUnA o kT kjnC
/S{m Thw M Bd jM kwoU i /SwA jo@
kM> :S k{ jq M BBQ jd Aor ,nAj@@o A nj
An BBQ </kqM oU BM Ao kAi BB jBA /xBM T{Aj Ao A
M jBp qoLU nj A /jM Swj i BM TiB{ pAo{ pA
jBA /jBTvA BBQ nB jo oBe An nBji bw /jM jo
/kjo Bi BQ pA Swj oj ,kjM jpj `BaB Sz ,BB@
/k{ n{
@Bi jnA B kwn pB]A k{ n oi ,BThL{i
/kzM Bw 33 Ro]B A jo o qo ,Bp C
A] /kz BBw A BwoSB BThw a RBB a
v M qoLU nj nlC Aor Un L ,\ nj /TzoM oQ Tn
AnBTwC Bpo pA AoA yUnA nAo ovA k Ko jM jAj n{
/kk{ kBQ n{ M B]
jABi nBj
oU /kTvo nAp nAp A ov ov
/k{ j nAkj An BC jo ao B jM Thw i nB BB{C
j yhM
n{ nj
( pA nj Bw 33)
\Q ~
ThL{i JAow
phBw nj kp
T{m ,1946 oLBwj 13 BM jB~ ,x 1325 nlC 21 K{ pA wBQ
/kjo BAn A\h o{ M An B /k{ n{
@Bi jnA jM
jAj BwA tnAk nj Ak BN nj Ak ,B{BM nj Ak
B ~i ,A\h B n{ ,j B] ] pA uQ /kk{
L B BUA BnBU ,T{Aj SBA B B{BM nj /jM BzoQ nBvM
nj /S{Ak j] kp A Bw C nj jM jow A ,jL xo
jo Bi ,AovA pA ov kjAj B M oi Bw B nk ,B\C
kwoU B </kjnC o]C B > :jp jAj ,kTv o]C BA jM
/jnB oM j AoM
M o{ z@BUC w Aor ,jM A\h nj ,pn w pA uQ
Bv ,TLA /jM kMvU AoM nB A /jo MAw BkoQ M kwn
,T ,d ,BB ,BjBQ ,nzQ ,BzB] oTj X
pn B BC /kjM BXTwA BC BXA Bkkd ,Aj ,nlCza
/kk{ @BM pB , kM ,A
o /kjo vU SA SoX@A o j M An jAoA ,A\h nj

oj Bo{ @BM M An SA o (BAn) ByhM M An SoX@A
M M UBe ASAk B ,BBQ ,nlC pA o M /kjBTwo
nlC 24 K{ wo Bow nBTA pn w pA uQ /kk{ AqA BphBw
pA nB /kTiAkA An kjo nB B@A nAw nA An B
nj nB /Tv @BM oBv jo B B jM @BM pB A\h
kC oM /k{ jBQ AnF nTwj M /jo U 1nL{Aj BTvA
/kjo SAk nL{Aj BTvA nqM Bw M An B /jM jow Rk{ M A
BU ,jL Tvz AoM B] a ,Bjo pA i /jM o k~BQ pA oTzM B
oTTBw w jke k{ k{Q oM pA B] cL /kjBTvA cL
AoM B S{Aj j] Tv{ Swj AoM B] /jM Tvz oM
/jM S]Be n
Shp <Ki oa> Bw B /kjnC qaB ABdL ,cL j SBw
a knhM qa kTvAT B`M Bp /Sn BQ pA jM
BdL n ,jM pBMow ,B /jo ip An B A BU
nAw pBMn nBM Bnji BvA AA nj An B kkC oiBM /jni
up nBM Bnji B BM An Ak ,nB BM An Ak /kjo@
/kTiAkA An nT@A oU BM An Ak
nAo A oM B S{ow BA kjM joM @BM M L An A BjoPwow
AjrA yhM w nB{ phBw qijBM nq Aod nj So@
BnBLA pA BTvA A /jM B qinp S{j nj BTvA oiC nL{Aj /1
Bw B ,nAja pA yB] M kjo RnB An C Bk Btn /kC JBve M n{
/kjAj jo jni M kjnC (Ki oa)
117 . ThL{i JAow
BwA B\C nj B ,phBw A nj /BM n{ B\BMnlC n]

o M /k{ Sz pKw Rnl ,LQ BBTvMBU ,k{ jAj
] nj ,B jM L kjM jAj B M B BUA kwn
kjM jo oT 3.5 nj 1.5 a Bw M kLU An BC ,B]
oj nBvM B BUA A nj /kjo nAk B\C nj An BC AowA
nAo nBhM C JAhThU ,kjM Ma ,jC
kT kjAj B M tBMo B BT v zU B] M /S{Aj
BpAkAn /kMAhM SeAn BU k oQ An BC k ] koM
M B] nj B AoA kAn /jM ] pA kBBM pBMow jwo BTQ
jM B Ao BBw ,jAj An AoA M ,TQ A /jM jAj TQ
B nB pn o S{Aj B B BUA /jni jnj M B A kAn C @M
/ pnBL BC BM kkC oM B A T jM A
SvM jp] n{ /jM qaB i BAm o]
B ,jM BBC B{A nj , nz pA /jM jAj BvA RBU
bA M ,A pn /jM kM i o pA BA jM k{ RnB
B A Am A /kjAj B M qQJC nB B ,jo SBnj o Am
SvAT v pn ka BU ,kk{ wo j] BM jL jni@MB
keA ow /kkM zi o] uQ C pA k{ nAo jnhM C pA qa
U o] vU SBnj AoM ,jM BkBQ jo oUv ,B{
kjo SB{ Ak jo e An o] pA nAk a BA k{
/k{ nBoM nB A pA A
pA jBp L A /jM qoLU B nAjA un Uk B{ keA
C BM jM jnC ji BM qoLU pA ByBM iAj nj An nAjA Q

AoQM jBA oLT Bo\ pA M BkM A /jo Anm{i
AoM BzTnF ,J/@/B AovA M BBw B{ /k{ kLU J/@/B@
/jAj xpC Bw BAj ,BwA oi B\ ,jM AoA
/k{ jBTwo BoA AjBB M nBM j jM jo ]U K] a B{
M ,kTo Shw nBvM wBw BkBQ ow jn nj ,Bp C nj
ji BM q An kio ,xoTij A kjAj nz pA ZnBi SnF B{
,An Rq B M wBw o]B jM Be nj A /joM
B y{ @BM M iB{ pA pB]A kM ow oBi M ,jM {qPAkj
An ko xovQ A kM B{ /kT{Am nBM An A Uk kjo Akp
1/jBTwo
AjBB M
Shw nBvM phBw nj Bpn C nj kp /AjrA M jooM ,nBM

/Tio T{Aj ao nBMnAi FU AoM B jnC nBz wo /jM
jM k{ ka L qBQ ~d T{m nBM pA i C ka o
ji BM An o ka /j{ AkQ ApnBz nAq nj qa kBM jp tke BA
[ nka ,pKw nAk /jo xB nAq nj TiBw Ao
Ji jo AkQ LQ p nAk LQ nAq nj /jnC Swj M
R~d A pA jBTwA BM jM k B] o M /jM kz nC]
/kAnm nBpn qaB
/jo kp BAow nw B M nA ,w nB{ phBw nj
nj A /SwA d nj BTwji owAow BB{ B BwAoi AovA B JBT /1
~h{ pno jp BSU ,jAo ov oTj ,xoAi jAo jd M yMBT@
/SwA
119 . ThL{i JAow
njB nw /jM jAj Swj pA An yTwAn Swj j B] ] nj A

SwjozM jApC BvA S o B Te (o) nB B M S{Aj
/jAj M A`M AoM o{ oT ,Q SBnj kM ,pn o p A /jM
BA S{Aj jpAj oLB oQ U j nB{ U L nw
T{Ak Q B B\C pA /k jBTwA C pA SvAU yTwj oBiM
nB{ ,SwA jBp pB
jnA B\A nj /kM M An SU> :T A M
nB{ M ,B nj pn /jo L A </j U M w
jAj nw M w /jo nB{ MBo ka ,j o Tn
jBp nB{ A o /jo vU AovA BjABi M An M
k~ SwA jo U dwA 1kjM jAj xnAq /kz
nw M kjAj yLeB M kTo pA An U /k{BM T{Aj nAo
/kk v M An yU oj kjo BzoBi
nAjA w B M Joz xi A] An phBw AB a pB
/jAj B o] B M BnABi jAoA jAkU Sv MB cL o A /jo
/jM ThP JoB ,Bw nBvM nAja B A
a Be B nBz nAoA BM jL Be w nB{ phBw nj
/ BdTwA SM M ATM nBM AT BU k{ Swnj
nB \Tv] nj
jM
kA kjAj B M Ao] JB B xB S phBw nj
o ka BM An o A / BQ Swj nB ji AoM To ~U Am
/jM jAj J/@/B AnF M An xnAq A B{ keA ,BTeA /1
AoA nj A /jo BLTwA B ve BA T{Am B nj BovA pA

/T{Aj B{C nU nji BU BM j o B jM BhQU ovA
/jM jAj owA jqw RBU SvM n{ ,Bp C nj
M kjo Shw BnB Ajo B] M Aod nAq nj Bp KA
Bnj pB n BM An v /jM k] pB Ajo j] nB@
Aow jq S jo BAn nAkzhM qo M An B A /T{Am@
/oM 1]nA
]nA /kwn AjrA nAkzhM qo M BU Tn jBQ oT jqBQ
n> :T ]nA M TvAj oU /jM AjrA yhM nAkBo
jL kAk{ dT kk{ RAnBvi B] ] B{ ,]nA
kBM B{ SwA nBM /Tv nU AovA B /knAj }~hT o
i Aow </ AnnT@A oU AU B kM nBM nBh{
Ajo pA kvM An B{ AkhTwA e k{BM oT> :S kC y{i
k~Tz> :jAj JA] <?SwA nka BB e> :T </k{ nB z
Bw B (o w) BBiM o ,]nA n> :T </k Q 2Mn
B o j j{ Q A BM /k{o Mn 250 jApC nApBM nj An
k~Tz jke B nj nB A> :jAj JA] jo vLU ]nA </koi
q <xBM xAj> jo Bi </jnAj "xBM xAj " Mn
nj yBz Mn 1600 nB A /jnAk K Ji T /SwA jBA
/k jB\A BnB@
/jo jBp BoU BkM jM d J/@/B un ,C ApA nj ]nA /1
Q ,oBe Be nj k{ nBM w j BkM jM n{ B] ] Anj Q A /2
/SwA wn nz@
121 . ThL{i JAow
z jo Bi /kjM T{ Mn k~Tz An B e ,e nj

An Tn ]nA yQ ,nBMj /kvM An <xBM xAj> jo xAo
"xBM
xAj " , Aqq> :S kki BB ]nA /T{Am B nj
knAj nBTiA nj Aw A pA ,nB pA SAo RBBw nj ,B{ A

An `BM ,X ;k jBTwA BT |Bh{A ~i BnB AoM
B Q ,C ApA nj kp h{ An oj p ,k nAjoM
@Bi
M ]nA ,kM BBw /"xBM xAj " A M /ko u]
ok @BM nj B B ,TzoM BB pA kwn Tj oUBM RBB
/<?Sva "xBM xAj " To jB Be> :S kki A /kj An
Sj BM nB wA M kkC ,kB pn k M T j
MB nj ,B /kjoM AjrA phBw o Mo AoM An B TvBww
pn k pA L pn y{ [Q /jo nB@ B nj pn ,TBnj o]
BU w jke ,AoA AovA B S M BU kC v pA v
/k kwn ,jM o [Qw
Tj LUn B AnF AovA Aor ,v A tEn nj
BC /kjM kC @BM v pA kT{Aj nAo J/@/B BTwj pA o w j
,]nj pA kjo SLd B]oT o pA B vAo BMp M B UU BM
/kkwoQ B RBA jAw
jo~dU AovA o :kT{Aj j] ovA o j phBw nj
pA AovA ;RAoj o Q M AovA j o AoA yUnA
B\BMnlC RAoj o nzQ Sj ] op ,BB Aor o
jAw kT{Aj B RB BA /kjM kn ^nB X
AovA B kT{Aj k~ kjM kC v pA v BA /o

nk C BB AovA BA k AqA v B jB@C M An AoA
o kT v BA M kjo B kTiAkA An M @@B
koM v M (BBMp tnB) AoU AovA AThn i B
/k{ nBkB phBw nj nBMj B k{ T
e kBM ov ,x 1326 SzLjnA A j nj ,kM Bw
nB{ phBw nk , pB n A M An /jo
nj /TwAi w BTwnBM M ov BTA AoM A pA kBwn ,w
B S{Aj j] od BTwnBM AjrA
o{ , ;yhM qo
BM ,nB BM An ov /jM oT jpAj A jke B SBA d BU C
poA ,kz oTij joM BTwnBM M ,k{ kz B tEn j
o pA /k{ kT B\C nj ,SwA M e x }~hT bAo]
Te ,T{Ak qa _ BA oLM Ak Ap AoM T{Aj ,iA
AoU nj jBTA Akj j jB M ,B@B /qaB jni nAk
Tio Mn 32 M AjrA nApBM nj jnC nj g BM An BC /jM T{Am@
koi nU jo B |o ohU jk j ,o nAk Q C BM
/joM BTwnBM M
LQ BBw Ja pA q BM An BUA B jM jow A ,Bpn C
nj A ]T ,kM Uk /T{Aj o jM jo nC]
A /kjo nAk An S BzM B\C nj k{ j AoA
] BL{ o ka B /jM k B\C M jn S{Ak BL
B\C pA An p S nBM j AT jp joLTwj B\C M k{
123 . ThL{i JAow
!jpC An qa BvA M nBpn S{m ZBTeA C /jo U

MAn jni x] B\C M jo BM TvAj oU BMp a
j j AT BjABi C pA M /jM jo nAooM ABTwj
X , C jo , A /kjAj k B M kThQ nU BB
Ji a ,kT{Aj Swj i An AoA Ao]B ,B\BMnlC jo BU
p Bw 150 pA uQ BC /kTv A AoA q B{ji kTvAj
nj B AoA wn RAjB JAjC kPU AoA z M BzL
/jM wo BzB
@BM nj SB
A
nj /jo kp ,phBw nj ,Shw nBvM Ao{ nj ,B [Q B \ B
jo~dU AovA 1947 nC x 1326 SzLjnA oiAA
,TLA /kjAj Soe @BM M nB BM An ,AjrA yhM nj ,w nB{ phBw
/kjM joM @BM M AkTMA B pA An B Aov pA jAkU
C pA hU oBi /k{ jBQ ,`MB CAn BTvA nj ,@BM nj
/SwA Bp C n{ nj ZBTeA o Aq oBM nAj jB M pn
BQ An BnAio{ `M jM BTvA nj B AB nj ov
AqC BTvA `BM Bjo n Sv{ BTvA Ae nj MC o{
/kAjMn An k{ ]T BU B nj /jo@
n{ owAow nj jM kwn BBQ M j B] ] ,BA C nj
jk w Sep BM /T{Ak jni AoM qa /jM kMo] ApnA
BA jo vU ovQ ov ,ji B koi Ao S M {A oQ
A /k{ kkQB kQB BzTwj pA An ovQ ov B{A oQ A]

/jM B\BMnlC n] S
AqM B M AL~ M An B kwn An pA BAn BM nji ,oiBM
nj BM A /kjoM ,M B M BM M ,(d bA nj BqM)
/S{Aj nAo ,nqi Bnj Mo B{ nj ,@BM B{ oT@B\Q
AnAjBow Ao]BU ~i BzBwC ,JA pA L ,BM A
Jqe BM jn AnF BzBwC Uk BC AkBzi BQnA
jo hU AoA wBw Ao]B oBi M An B\C ,B /jM Sv@
/k{ oTv C nj B\BMnlC RAoj o AoLn RzU BU ,kjM
/kT{Am B nBTiA nj Aowow BUA ,oAn nj ,B\C nj
@BM nj L pA d /kjM B\C , ,BBQ nlC ,BB ,nzQ
Swj AnC B TLv kp M B LoU ,B\C nj /jL BM C kpB S{Aj Bi
M ,cL o /k{ U B AoM kT 1A o] C M Ao] TB
SBnj An Bw o] jAj An pn C Q Tn 2
n
/jo
,jM o k jke ,B AoM jM A n{ nB{ Bpn C
nj An B S{Aj ~U AkTMA B\BMnlC Sj A X /k BQ Swj nB@
pn /k jnA ,oUBU qU ,jAn L pA ,o BnB@
u o /kjo UAw o pA kjoM @BM jTwA M An BM B@Bw
/BQ oT /1
kw B /kjAj dU B\C nj An Bo] cL o a {onBMnAi pB /2
/k{ pU d nj
125 . ThL{i JAow
q kwn M SM T /jo SLd ka Sn o SzQ

1:kAi
oiC M BU A BM An kw pA
SwA ka odw BU kAj Ao K{>

<SwA kM nj z Akp M v o
RBB k{ kM BA k{ L BdTA A nj B ,B@
/kjM jo SBh C BM kz An d Sj ~U A M v
jM wBw BkBQ B kjM Bh S] A pA BC kwn o@M
pA /jnBM Bz a nj An B S{Ak n{ AoM Mi ]
pAC A /kjoM @BM jAn M An q] ve nAkAr ATw ,B B
ovA p BM jo nB J/@/B BM BkM A /k{ zQo kAi
/k{ jBTwo AoA M xk{nA
B nj /kjAj ]oU nB TvAj oU BMp B pA Ak o M BC
RB] Bji AoM kT{Am BnBTiA nj p ,q BM
joow koM q An nB A nAjA /jo An nB nBM
RAoj o Se Anj nj ,qoLU BMrj MBw un ,pByQ
/kT{Am@
jnC Swj M Mi ~d kM nB BM ,SM M ] Twj B
,nBi ,RB\qLw /jABi BpB AoM jM xpn BAoM
/T{AjoM ~d T{B L A pA Bqa B\jBM ,k@
jBwA nAk pA ,J/@/B woQpBM B nj ,k{ Akp pA uQ ,BkM /1

kjM jo BLTwA n A BC /jM kAi B jB~U An C jM o{ k{ A
/Tv AnB n{ B\BMnlC nj jM pA
jBTwA TwoQow T{ 1BwAoi AovA B JBT nj B{ keA ,TLA

/jL a Be nj SwA jM A k M p C pA
n] oLn ,AoBM o]o kjAj oLi B M Bpn pA nj
An RAoj o AoLn pA ] 2,BTwA }h{ kB B\BMnlC
oM /SwA jo Rj 3BL@A p nj B{ o M nB AoM
S RBB ,Aok ,Anp pA nB{ ,kjM o k ,BA oA
BT{A BM Ak jM \ B kT{Aj ne q d BwB{ow
oLi jM nzQ jq /kTn B\BMnlC jo 4nkQ B M
Ak M jBTvA AoBM /kkz An kjo A An oLn jn
/jo kwoi nBA nB A pA S k oi
nzQ /j{ B{C Ao]B BM ,jq pA B ~h{ SwAi AoBM
jo o An nz i xBLq z BAor AoLn pA nB{
kAkC njAoM pow Bi M nAoA B nj A pA ,AjA nj
/jo nAqwBPw kAk{ B]MB] BLTwA BMB]B
A M n SLd
nj jAj An nzQ JA] jovi BM AoBM
SA B{ ] Sv{ S o M 5,o]o> :S jo@

nzQ <?Sv n A /jM B\BMnlC j Rke M jAk k]
oM o K A u !AoBM n > :jAj JA] oTo
/189@| ,BB{ B BwA oi AovA B /1
BTwA _nBv w /2
/ AnB pA wn oL Bp pA ,n{ wn oLn
AoBM M T ,AnzMC oq] L{ B{ nj ,@BM oT ka nj nz /3
/jM BTvMBU o
/kT nkQ AoBM M toU pA B\BMnlC n] ShMkM jo /4

/jM M j o o]o Bza wA nzQ AoBM /5
nAkTwBw ,( 1953-1879)
(Yosif Visarionovic Stalin)
127 . ThL{i JAow
</k{ B Sv{ KLw Rke v M q ke pA yM U Ak A

An nzQ hw zi Ak BM oTo gwBQ A k{ BM AoBM
Uw nj u\ /
jo zM , ;<z nUA> :S jo
B M ,B\Aow /S{Ak T hw AnB keA Sn o w
/SzoM jB Be M pA u\ AoMA Apo AoB{
jq A /jo nBU nj jp k M o{ k{ kM yB] pA AoBM
oLn ,kd B Anm{i A] jApnjAoM ,B en
A Oa B{ n Swj Sn ,jo ~dU @BM nj ,B{n{
</SwA }h{ A BTwjo jo kC oLn> :S Bwn Ak BM S{Am@
xB B en ,AoBM oe A pA kM /k{ n B A
B\BMnlC RAoj o oLn B Bjo RzU oLn @ BanB@
/k{
Apo M An AomQ AjA SzoM yB] ow oj AoBM ,Be o M
kM d S nB o op nz kv ,AAoMA
/jo
oU An u\ Ak M BTAM BeAki
BzQ ,Be A BM BA jM toT
@ n nAkTwBw nzQ o]o
p /jL L{i A M kBzQ A kM AoBM /kwn o M
qo T M An nzQ AoBM jM T{m BL@A p B pA T
BAk BxBLq jM A nTwj /jo Rj Sv Jqe
jBC B BoU BM Ao]A zBpn ,\ o{ AoA ,nzQ
SzpBM AoM Bo A jBC yBpn A pA k /k e An ji
/jM k{ A ,q Rn nj ,AoA M
BTwj ,qoLU nj BRAoj Bw Se Bp nj ,nzQ
A /jM jnC n{ M ji BM An C S{Aj { nBvM

M nji
jM nAo pn cL /jo K] ji M An jo ]U
M
,xAnA kAn joM \ AoA M yBpn nAjA oLn AoM nzQ
,d nB{A M ,oj nA kAn kB ,jM AoA A @
/Svz Bo SzQ k{ oBe
pn C BA Svz K k nj RjB L z nzQ
C B qoLU nj 1n{ MBw v ,A n nAoA M ,cL
A d /Svz ] ,B\BMnlC n] nz RnAp Bp
Aoa oU BM {B ,AdBw ,\ Bjq nj /kTvz K
ip /kk{ ip zow w o kAn q] M jo jB~U oM
/S{AjoM oUk] RBeAo] nzQ BA 2jM qaB A d@
nj BM A M B{qQ BA k{ BvBQ nzQ ow ip k
kjo xM eAo] AoM An A k{ jB\A iAj qoi nzQ
B{qQ An{ w pA A o S !kB x M qo oj
UBozU BM An A pB] /k{ A kk{ iAj qoi \ BTwnBM
@Bi@M B] B kjnC @BM AqM L~ nj M BM B M |Bi

/kjoPw
A ,nzQ nBPv@Bi wAo nj ,ji Aohw nj ,AAoMA Apo
s M wBw Ao]B M ,B\BMnlC oLn ,AoBM w pA An B
nj p AAoMA Apo ] A /S SvU nzQ jABi
/J/@/B tB{ow BA pA /1
/kjM B{ji KA kT{Aj B@C pA L pA a /2
129 . ThL{i JAow
jo j nkQ> :jp jBo SwA pAkA { nj kB oBi

</SwA Tn BTwj pA B\BMnlC
BTwn M An A pB] yL M BM nj An nzQ oL Bw pA uQ
kjAj nAo nqM Av\ A n n oM /kjo T @BM nBhTA
/kjo nAmB A wA M @BM nj An BMBi SwA BM p
K] ,BTwA BTwk Ao AkA oTwj BM 1956 nj
AoTA xA@Bd nj q AoBM ,kjM k{ BM BvA B o
jo jMB nj AoBM /SwA jM A nTwj jAnA M nzQ T jo@
,X ;kjM k{ ] jAoA a yAoA /jM o jAoA Tz@
, kM nz RnAp M jM `MB o MB~ jo@B{ d
Se Rk B nj /Sz Q SBnj BM An jBp jAoA Sn J/@/B@
/jo jMB An o Bj `BPU BM A B\BMnlC nj BRAoj Bw
B LoU jAkU pA ,x 1325 Bw nAoA Ro]B pA uQ ,`
M o nAq w ,kjM kC n{ M AoA ko{ o nAqjqBQ
@BM nj B /kk{ nBTo@ B Tz d o pA Th B{
M TwAijAj jo U n{ AoA nj ,An T Bw
/kz ]U _ SwAijAj A M BA jAj dU n{ RBB
AoM oza oTv ,nzQ T pA uQ ,B\BMnlC Sj
T (s Bw) nUB nj jABi A jAoA B /jo U A jABi
oBw nBMnAi BU k{ T{ n{ B\BMnlC Sv Jqe qo
p ,~ B M ,nzQ ov /k{BM FU BC kp ZBTdB
pA U An AoA BjABi pB nk ke nj A /jM Aioi kTAo{
/kjM AoU tB{ow BjABi pA A jABi /jo Bz@o BnB@

vdAkL tk ,xnjA oM Ao xnAj B M S{Aj ovQ ~
nAjA M An ji jM d o M p A /jo kp ,Ben n~
A nBzBQ nAoA /Svz SvM ,B\C nj kBwn v nj fow K
,nzQ ~ /kj AoA M SzpBM pB]A A M , B TB BU k{ WBM
to ,jM jo nAo BQnA M xovQ jAj Swj pA An ji njAoM o{
UoL tnj nzQ S /SzpBM AoA M S{Am B] An yB
pA zUC j kjp w n{ op o Bv AoM jM
/kjo Bj v@
A] pBC nj A /jM Bhi BA pA B TBA 1nzQ o]kw
BSv Aj M ,B\C nj Tn @BM M xAjABi Ao M nB AoM
M ,] S nj ,uPw @BM nj 1919-1917 pA nzQ /jM jBTA
Sv Jqe SAk Jqe Bvw pA jo SB qzM
LU An Btn kB jM orC Bpn o{B ,AoU nj ,Uk q AoA
q\U RAoj o zU nF Btn o pA BkM A /jo
Sj A opSvh nBThji n] zU BM /k{ AoA pA B\BMnlC
BA k{ Bdv ] jnA AoA qo Sj BM jo TwA A
/kk{ nAC BzoQ q xAjABi kTz An A d C M B\Aow
tk ,Bi ~ njAoM ,Benn~ vdAkL tk
AoM ,nzQ Se BBQ Bpn B nj , B jB~U A /jM CAn
nAo Sv{ KLw M jM kC qoLU M AoU pA xoAi kj
/jM jApjA] A A jABi B /1
131 . ThL{i JAow
BM k{ nL\ nBaB n pA B jjopBM AoU M SvAT BRAoj

k kM Rove BT BM BBw A /kBM @BM M nzQ xoAi
jBT A M B~TwA o pA A /S{Ak SzpBM e kB SMo nj
/jM k{
pA SvAU o k{ Tv{ BTwA o pA uQ ,Ben tk
Tz SM /joM An M SzoM pB]A AoA Sj n{ Sj
/kjo jBQ Tz pA An A J/@/B AnF BBM d oiC nj BA koi
/Sv yhMSBn Aka B{ ]Aq kjM T A M AnF
/kjopBM AoA M JAjB{ k SeAoTwA BzBwC nj pn ka kjooM
kBM jn A nj ,Sv B{ F{ MB B{ tBL , nj
Ben tk /kjooM k{ Swnj BnB B j pA uQ /jo nB@
/kjo nB{ BzBwC An Bnj nB B pA An A k{ jBQ Tz pA
/k{ A 1Bjo BzBwC pA R L Tw oLi ,q Uk pA uQ
A M Bv ] pA S{Ak o UB\B a ,MBw n{ nj
1966 nj A /jM A BMo g{ kTo nAo \B SdU o
S{Aj AoTj A BMo /jM @BM Sv Jqe qo T @1967
BnB ,k{ Jvd Jqe j oMj ,A /jM kCnB BAU jo
,Jqe nTwj o ,A BMo /S{Aj ji BnB nj jBp SLX
{ BM An pn wAo jM jAj nTwj A /jo [oU An d BC
s q\ BTeA oTwA ;jM BvB _ nBa nAjA BBM pA Bjo BzBwC /1
B{qQ oTM jM BzQo Ako ,AjoTj ,AoLn L pA ,Tj BM RBB
fn B\C nj {nBw Bo o S{Aj MBw n{ nj An {qQ Bw oUkk]

/jAj
nj ,x 1346 pn z] /k MBQ BzASwj koM z] BU

jo /S{Aj Bi S { @BM s M ,B\BMnlC n]
Ro{ /kjo BLTwA oMkU A pA AkA p BT{A BM
nAo B vdU okU jn SB q q A BMo SMLd
/So@
L{ M So jnj Akj A BMo ,x 1346 jAjo nj , B jB~U
kjoM kjnC LUo ka An A /jo ]Ao BvB_ pBvAkj
[B oTj ,AkeA BM /j{ kz kBM SAkj kT A M , B TB
{ M kM d ka A@BMo /jo nqU veM PC A M ,

AoTj ]nj M {qPAkj C ,q kM B j /jo k{ nBaj L\
/SB BUnA {qPAkj nj
ovA ,jApnp ve oTj AnjB{ BBMo L A pA oj
n{ M x 1325 nj kjM jApnp oA xnjAoM AoA MBw
/kk{ kBQ
BkBQ Ao]B jn kM pA (J/@/B@) n{ TA BTwj
An TA nF twB] q M An BC pA nB{ S{Aj k~ wBw
tk n BnA ,nQ nQB{ M AU ] C pA k AoA
/jo nB{A no
An jBzQ A ,jM Bw SvM A] B C nj ,jApnp oA
nj wwB] AoM J/@/B nj AkhTwA pA k{ BzQ kM BA SomQ
{B op jM T{m BTA A pA T p /jo nAjji AoA
/jAj n x 1326 nBM nj BUA A /k{ Tz Sn nBM
133 . ThL{i JAow
yUnA nj nj AovA pA ,jApnp ve oTj ,oA nqM njAoM

S{Aj B vU Mo BMp M /jM RBoQ kzAj jo AoA
p nj jkT BJBT jApnp oTj /jo unkU ,@BM BzAj nj
BrA A BM @BM BzAj nj yAoTj qU jM T{ Mo BMp nTwj
nj oU BA /k{ TomQ S BM ,x 1353 nj ,Mo BMp nj wnB
B{ keA BM TwQ A /jM dU BnB oj pA q Mo BMp
/k{ nBvM RBk dT SMBM A pA S{Aj o]Bz
e kzAj nj ,AoA nj oL@A B M S{Aj oUa njAoM ve
]nBi nA RnAp Ski M ,uPw jo ~dU ,wBw
ov M ,`{oi nAkBp Bp nj ,jApnp oL@A /jM kCnj
nBeA v M An jApnp ve q J/@/B /k{ jBTwo v nj AoA
J/@/B BM nB M An xnjAoM nj l BM BU SwAi A pA jo@
ve BA /kjM jAj nBvM k k A M k{ /k KoU
/jo L qo ,jM BzQ q n{ M ji kC pA ,jApnp
w An A ,@BM BzAj MB nj ,x 1353 no{ 21 nj ,oBi @M
Tz ,dBw nj ,bA M ,KUoU kM kjAj nAo nBM BTwj j
/k{
U wBAMA BM B{C
wBAMA ,wBw o]B AoA oB{ BM @1947 qBQ nj nBM Tvh
o BM nB AoM nBM Tvh n{ Sj An A /k{ B{C ,U
@BM M v pA BC UBLU BBTwj SU B\BMnlC RAoj
ka pA uQ U kBP oj @BM nj A SnF Rk /jM jBTwo

Bj pA ,BM ,U wBAMA ov /jo S]Ao v M B
/S{Aj oB{ L jM S~h{BM BAj p AnBhM BMp tnB
Ro{ jp nqM nB M Swj ,v nj ,TwkU BA nj ,U
B BM An wjo BB{ A /jnC Ao M A AoM B] TA
e jnCnj M wn BMp M B Sd Sj BM JnBT@odM
/k{ xkB q Ae MB ]oU
BRAoj nB u\ nj U AnjB{ o{ A
BA SwA BLp BTwoQ o{ , B B~A ,o{ A /jM AoA o{ kAi
M kLU B pA An o{ A kjM TiBw nL\ An nB`M U Btn
:nC op nj An C kM ka /k vBww tn dk
AoA
BB] A ,nj pA Ao pAC zM
B] pA oUJi v] p oUAo A
BQ oiC yhMBA A
F{B oQ BA oQ nz@
AoA , BA , gnBU , L
EU kpo U yQ pA jBTA Ak]
EU kQ o kLBQ B en
EU kLj xC nj @ B Aj
EU kB XM Tzow A
EU kpnC ,U {B ,U }h
135 . ThL{i JAow
RAkMBU oTiA kMBU

kpnC
RAkp Aj bn nBMj kC nj
RAkC SBe k{BM T{mM pA oTM
RAkzi n yAj Bj M kB{BQ n
RAkM A pA zM Se o uQ
nBM An v{B SU pA zM
o@AA Ajpj BvA oM x@
nCo w A oM U u
ow oM B
@Bi k B A M n
oT An |iA tn BnjAoM BM
Sv yQ tn nj A wn AkM U
Sv yi o nj An{ tn
Sv y An A SwA x KeB
Sv yzU B{j k p An yBTwj
Sv yi An B] BoL\n A pA oTM
nj tQBa Ao{ nApBM A BM T{Aj o{ L AkTMA pA
A BQ nj An o{ o kz oBe qo jM o nBvM n{
k ,jU ,n k ,Twn Bw /qoM BnUBTj
/jM n nj B{B kjM Aowdk Ao{ ] pA nM e
nz Bo X ]oU o{ jow M k{ n oi T
Ao Aj nBo{ vekd pA nB{A AAo keA B] B]
yM JBT k] k n{ nj kp Bw 33 o TiAjoQ qoLU
,Se bk nj A] Te nBYC BU nj BA T{ B 150 pA

/jnB n{ nj @Be rkA BS~h{
@BM nj Mqe B wnk jAn ,Bpn pAkAAn
Bpn Svh @BM nj B\BMnlC RAoj o jk\ zU RApA M
oTj TwoQow M ,h jAn ,uPw BnM kd Sok M ,B\BMnlC
Bpn nj B T{ AoM /kjo nB M pBC BzB] ARo~
eno ,o\ o] ,nlC za wBo /kTiAjoQ Mi eqAe
,q ,k] ve ,MBzi ,k{ ,ZMA ,
ASAk kn keA ,o ve ,B k ,pp tBL
/kT{Aj nB jAn Bpn A BM kjM Bv ] pA UBe
AnzMC oq] L{ nj ,BUBM
L~ nj h jAn kTwo qo
Bpn BA k{ U Bw w j pA uQ h jAn /jM ,(@BM jq)
B k jAn wnB Bk /j{ ozT p B B\BMnlC
v BjAn nj An k Bn ASB /kjM Bn ASB
/SzpBM AoA M BU jAj AjA BBw q Q
wBw Ao]B pA U Svj jke k{ nAo B Ro]B pA kM Uk
Ao]B s kzAj L{ ,n A AoM /koM Mqe B wnk M
Sok M q BzB] zU ,Mo B wnk nj ,J] wBw
k{ BBi KUo wnk A nj A /k{ J~ wBw vw A
BLj M BzB] /kjo nBoM Mqe wnk Sok pA An A ,\T nj
B\C pA k{ v An ,nAj A B\C BU ,Tj nBLTA jAj Swj@pA
/Sn o{ BC M
137 . ThL{i JAow
MAn AoA SA BpBw BM BzB{ BiRnBw o pA BQnA nj A

bk nj ,jo MU TBe BM ,BM Bnz BqU nj jo nAooM
jni w M xoU ,kM ShM pA /jo BAohw ,Q Bnkd
/kz yTzpBM M o\ A Ba p jo w Se
wnk A /k{ Mqe wnk jnA jM jAoA pA
A ~dTAnB /jAj xnoQ wBw oKeB tB{nB knB@
/kk{ J~ ,BM cw nj ,Mqe Tj Bz M wnk
gnBU ,jB~TA SwBw wBw jB~TA ,TBj vBoUB v
BMp ,n{ jB~TA BAo] ,wn gnBU ,Sv Jqe
,wB{q B ,nBC ,RBBn ,B\BMnlC oU BMp ,wn
,pBw{B ,vA BMp ,nAkMBve ,nAkBM ,BnpBM ,nAkAe
/jM BzAj A wnj BT{n ] pA pnBz jB~TA nji
nj ,nAm@o RBBdTA { /jM BM ,B wnk nj unkU cw
,A [Q ,xn A nj /SwA nUB xn oM TL ,n{ owAow
wnk A Bw /j{ Jvd jjo j wT w ,Ji nBa
/jo oPw A cw BM An ( 1947-48) Mqe B
oTwj Ao]B
An J/@/B jBA /Tv KU SdU jM jo ue jM BRk
k{ ]T BA kTv KU nj Bv a TvAj TiB{
n B\ o B ve o\ o] ,Ben vdAMA jM
/kjM BzB] oTj o op BC /kTv BLj k KU Ao
B o o nBa A pA Ak o jM @BM nj Uk o k BkM

/kjBTwo J/@/B M nBMnj ~ xnAq@
~dU Bw j o{ pA B ,pBU jM 1948 oLT@A j
,wnk ok cL j SBw jke jM tnj tow /S{m
ok Bi kj k{ oTj jnA /jo nBeA xoTj M Ao ,AA Bi
M Aitnj jo@B{ a /k B M Ao Bza BM
kM A BA jo w /T{Aj nAo AoTeA jn jM A jo@B{ Bd
Twj a ?Ajo nB a kM> :S kkM An w JA] A
o pA kM j SBw kBM ?kAjo RnBeA 1Bnj nB pA AjAj JC M
kBwn B\C M An ji j SBw </ o 2n/// A @ L{ M An Rji
/jo o
wBw Ao]B M BwB{ L{ AnA jAj nAjA A oB
nAjA un jo o An ji A pA uQ /jM BC nBTn oM RnB
SLd Tv a BM Aj /So An AnB{ S{AjoM An U {@
w BM /SwA jo o An xji kC S BA jo
SzQ B{o kTo Ao BpBM o j /kk{ BUA jnA nF
jnA /S{Aj B J/@/B kjoM h BTiBw M Ao /jBTA An M ow
BM K o /k{ nAkkQ BQ M n Q ka k{ pBM nqM nj k{
M o{ kkC BQ B{ji /SiAkA BQ BQ pA Ao BB] k
(Ao qj) Bnj nB M , AoM /S{Aj nAo nqi Bnj eBw nj J/@/B ,Bp C /1
/jM o
nAk B\C nj J/@/B o pA B BkoQ h nBvM jM AL{ n///A /2
/k{
139 . ThL{i JAow
q An kMo RAAo kk An wBL Bj /kjo BK] Tz@

jo Aw a o kjAj M n Byd BC /kjo@pBM
pop C nj Ao ,kM /kjp U pA {B BM An B /k{ MA]
/kTn kT{Am BU
JC nAk ,Bw B AU ,pn o kT{Aj B\C nj Ao T
jM k{ RL [ /kjAj o] M n Nw , SM j
/kC Ak _ /jM TvM Bo\Q Bnj /M TvAU a BA
kkC Aow M K{ /jM {n w nj O ,
Sv jB /kTo u pA kjoM BUA M Ao koQ zU AoM
kkC ,T pA uQ /kkBLva Aw M An 644 nB{
B\BMnlC n] wBwA B 68 jB M jBTwA BM kjo o]@A
AoA M wwB] j M B{ oTwj kT n{
/k{ o{ BTwA kjoM joow BUA M Ao ,kM /SwBoA
Ao jBp A ,TLA /kz B w joow Swj M woQpBM Anj
A /jAj gwBQ kwoQ A jAj nAo odU B U jn
twB] TvAU k RBLYA An wwB] SU SvAU
,jAp{B Aow SzoM n jM A / U BC M An ji jL
/kjnB woQpBM AoM An ,Bi uM ovQ
o pA jM Akp J/@/B Bpop nj oj B S
BnBTn oUzi BM ,Akp un ,nAjBQ ow toQpBM A
/k{ nMn kM RBLU oUkk{
SMn jAoA Akp nj /jM jAoA Akp ,Bnj nB nj ,B j
pn /jM BU BU /jo xqn M o{ kM B jM jBp i

A Bpn !kC nj M BU pA pn ka kC AjAoA w M v
k A /jo BLj An A ow i za BM jo pAoQ u
Ak] pA jnB An jAoA SB A ,kM BA jM k{ o\p@
/Sn k{
j nj oT nBa jAoA w nj An B j Anj C pA B y{
Sw nj /T{Ak pAkAop _ jM TM w p /kAnm jM oT
z{ jM oTTBw a nj SvM o\Q j , w J] B{
/kThn w iAj M An Bow AnBM oM ,pn K{ kT{Ak
SBw pA kM ,z /kAnm An Thw BwoQpBM ,Akp C nj
/kjo nBeA woQpBM AoM Ao ,(JAi B ) K{ jpAj
T Rk{ M kTo w nj Ao ,kjM o nBa w BS M
jo nB BA koM wwB] AoTA pA kTwAi /kjp
BAikM U BMo ,A nj / AoTA B M AhM jM
BC BM B Rw BzBnp oMAoM nj TwAi jM k{ Bv@
/@/// SiA { gM C ,jp { M Ap BM / nB
/jBTA k{ xM kjp T Ao nk C
SBw 24 nj /kjAj Tvz pB]A Akp M ,jAoA Akp nj
M k jBTwA C MAhThU pA S{Aj e SBw y{ Akp
n /jo pBM oM pA An C oM j BM nF jM K~ nAj
Akp nj a fAnw pA B Aj BL kjAj Tvz pB]A p
w S]Be n AoM kjoM q bAoTv M Ao Te /kBQ An
/kjM jAj nAo BUA nB nj a@
141 . ThL{i JAow
J/@/B nj \{ ]pBM
B\C nj Ao TBw kjoM jM k{ B`h w M Ao B@
jp g T{Aj T /jM o op ]nj 25 B\C Bow /kT{Aj
A /kjoM S{Aj Bo ]nj 45 pA yM BUA M kjnC oM Ao
/jM omQBdU kjnA pC nBvM RnAoe ]nj TiA
aBQ TwC BM s TpoM AoQ k{Q B\{ pA oj
{ M BTwA BUA nj Ao kjo U oM An AoQ A /jM kM nBvM
M An AoQ A kM BaBQ BTwC ,uPw /kkBMAi p n
] B t X U /kjo kBioa M o{
jM AnB \{ nF Sv jB /k{ xM B\C BU k{
nkQ A /k dU kAU j jqBQ pA oTzM Aoj> :S
</SwA TwjoMp twB] uQ /k dU j k
jM d A M \{ A /o B M jM A\{ A pA oUkk{
nA{op BM BU Sh Ao BUA { nj ,Akp {qQ ne nj
jo BeA An AoA pw AoAj ,j nBz BM ,kM /kT{Aj
jow JC oj Aj nBz BM /T{Ak uU BA n M
S{m j y{ [Q /ka ow pA |Bi A M oo
kM ow oM jM TQ X o o jBTA o /k{ o{ jnj
jAj nBz BM k{ ]T {qQ kwn {M Be M T /k{
/k{ p y jo ] An Bpw j
TvAU ]pBM B jM k{ ip { Jo pA Bz
B\{ nBjB kA }B q BTzA pA M /zM k n
/SwA Anj C
/kjM jo oTwj nB@Bi B wBw o\ X Ao @BM nj

M no BAoTA RAoj o Aow BM jL gw q B@
@BTzj Jo Bpop nj B j ,\T nj /jM BC BA

o A pA A pA kM /k{ nMn B\{ oUShw BM J/@/B@
An Akp Am o] kjAj oU An \{ xn kz B{oTwj qa
/k{ o ka AUB i ,\T nj /kjo ~
j SBw ,BTvp kk{ Bow nj nBM j B\{ A nAjo nj
L o Am , BUA { nj /kjoM ]pBM BUA M Ao ,K{@
,kM AoTA> :S M toQpBM /kjM T{Am toQpBM q n
/< B] x An Am zM
BM jni An TvvnB BnB{ kLo oB A pA yQ ,
Akp nj ,jM k{ To oMAoM SozM ,ThL{i BA
SMBY M oj i a o@A /SwA jL yM nj BA k
BkkTw RB\ o M qo B A Bk@nAjA k k{
yi w nAkTA xoTv zkA nj BU M kTv jL Bod
/koM ow M B] oM Se
kjAk pB]A nBM Te BSv ,jM Akp B j
AjABi jM o A nj Aj RB An Akpo ov @
/knAj nBpn Be a k a
j] BM kpn SB
@BTze Ao{ A oMAoM nj ,Be o M
kw _ /jo AoTA BAoTA BSU pA _ M B\{
A oM A @BM J/@/B nj AkoQ jo BA An ]pBM oM
143 . ThL{i JAow
,nBA /kC Aow v jM pn ka ,B j pA uQ /SwBk

/kjM jo {A o
!
B{ BA BM uLe Bw 25
K{ ,kjM jo@ Bn ji Be M Ao BA B nj ,BTvMBU wAA
/Tn ]pBM BUA M BL ka Ao /kjp Ak Ao kkC Aow M
nBz MB d En ,jM nB ]pBM ,jAp{B Aow
}hz j kM jo nBM A /kAi AoM An v nj |~h
e /jM k{ d B{ BA BM uLe Bw 25 M @Bd kM
BT]A e pA ,uLe BBQ pA uQ ,q Bw [Q T{Ak LUB
/jM k{ od
/kAk{ TiB{ twB] B{ v nj An{ A e L oM kT@
Sep nB BM B\C nj BU { kLU oLw nj ,BB M , AoM
o ?j{ a kpo j ov U uQ> :T /zM An SBB@
k{ M> :kjAj JA] <?jo d @Bd kM An v j{
</SwA
z{ ~
oLw M kLU
B T{ow w M
oj d ka BM Ao (o w An{) BoU En MA pA uQ pn
CAn BTvA M kjo nAw S{Aj B Bw Bw nji nj
q An BC BM BeAki Akpo ov BM RB pB]A Te BC /kjoM
jBQ ,Bw Bnj nB nj ,TwA n nj An B ,pn ka pA uQ /kjAk M
d Bp C nj SwA AoA qo B pA TwAn /kjo@
kT{Aj B\C nj T j An BAkp /jM BAkp S BwA
k~ M B\ An BC kM /k{ ] B\C nj Akp AnAq [nkU M BU
/kjBTwo }hz
kB oBi nj Mi M p TwAn S Akp RBBUA pA ioM
M Bw Bnj eBw nj jM w nBvM d TwAn Akp /SwA
o 1p M w d A /S{Aj |B~TiA jnA pBU BAkp

w nj /S{Aj jkT BL BZoM nAjnBi w ,kM BnAj ,jM
hU n M kjM TiBw nqM BnBLA kB BBTiBw p
/kT
@AnBM BBTiBw A M /S{Aj o oT jqBQ oT B\Q
M pB MBw n{ Mo M] B pA An BAkp BTvp qBQ nj
ke M BAkp nB{ C d M ,BTvMBU ~ nj BU kjnC B\C
BAkp BAnB M /k (oLw) nj o{ pB An BC ,kwn JB~
/kT JBUA
k /kjM kz U BzBo] KveoM BAkp ,B
@A nBM nj
BBC owA kjM j B] ] nj n{ Ako{ BC pA jBp
BM jM k{ LU Bp ,B
@A nBM BTiBw nj /kjM TzpBM k{
jn nj ]T nAkM JAi pA An kC nj Ak M nj k{pBM
nBa AnF ,T{Aj SBA C nj B @A nBM nj ,Bpn pA nj /jo
kjnC iAj M ,kT{Aj U oM An Bzn p ,An BC ovA
nkQ ,RnBMUA Aor o nBa A pA k A kM n M /kTzoM
Bjpj pA o ,BBLAkp AnF Zoi d M /jM ,BC BhQU
U BC AovA /k RnB An B{Bw BU kjo oBd An AjnA pBU
Ba Bjpj pA ,e A nj /kk{ onj Bjpj BM kjAk nAi M
B pA uQ /koM An Aor Oa x kz oM xAa Bw pA
An Bi B jo So] u _ BA kjoM oM BvBQ AoM An Aor
jo o ,jM K\ i AoM ,d A kj BM /jnC BMp@oM
/nAj n yQ Thw Bpn
1. Zone.
147 . oLw M kLU
jke Bp C /jM }hzT nBvM SB kM jo RnBMUA Aor

jM SLd Q nj BM AT w /S{Aj Bw B\Q
nj 1BA SiM
Tw j BU B /jo AkQ M As RjAnA
Ao M An RnBMUA Aor /S{Ak kB kp M kA A /jM Q@
n oAq] M ,jM k A ,uwBj nB{ w ] pA Ak
/kjo kLU
Swj SLd BC BM jo ] ,kjL tn ,An o ka
BC M /jM BTwnBUBU pA Bv oj /jM à A BC pA /k{
pA BzAoM Sv jB </kM np B M kAT v nB kBM> :T@
jke nj ,B /jo SLd BC AovA RnB onj YjBe T{p
np pA BU ,TvM TvL Twj BQ BM ,jM k{ o j
Bw S BBQ BU ,jBdUA A /{BM Ak BM ~ kU
jo tBve
@Boi BoM pA nBvM nj Ao ,kB nAkBQ UnBwA
/kzhM Bn
pA nB BM An Akp jke BBw jM k{ n C
jq oMAoM nj BAkp A /kjo AqA nj o{ oLw M TwAn
AnA ,u , ,o ,w Bp jB nj o nhM Ao]
/kjo nB 2kAo
v o pA nB BM An B ,k{ jBp BAkp nB{ ,Uk pA uQ
oT 1500 jke v BU TwAn nkM o{ pA /kjo nj o{ An
1. Baukht Vanina
/BwC o{
oUnj nj nkM B
/jnAj joMnB O kU pBwBQA B nj pA oUw SwA q kA o /2
/jM An oT nAq jpAj jke

Tw j BU v pA
Q o nj /kjo nB nAw An Akp Ak q An M BBTvA nj
p ,p BAkp Q nj /kjM jAj B] np M An o j o nBa B] M
o k~w Apn B Am o] /jo ] w nBz Rk{ pA Be
JC j j n{ zi B o k~w ,o{ o jpAj ,nBiBw
v o@A oM SAU M T{Aj pB]A j pn /jM k{
/kjo pBM A n M An nj ,S{Aj SAU M pB nBM A oM
/k S]Be n B{ a nj kk{ nL\ nBaB pA BM
v pA nL
BM kwn ,MBw n{ oB] jBdUA ShTBQ ,v M A d M
BTvA Sw M jBQ BQ BM ,uQ Bw J/@/B nF Bj SBe
jo pA ioM ,An nj /jBTA An M ,k{ T oLw M , o{
/kjo JBUoQ BAoM nBw g q B /kkApw j BAoM
kjo Jh An BQ nj k{ nB nAw A pA uQ
o] jAj AoM C ,kT{Aj BLUnA BAkp a Ao\Q o@pA
Q o BAkp BU kjM jo LU iAnw nB BQ nj /Apn
k Soe /jM bAoTv Q o ,A nj /k S]Be n B]B pA
pn 25 nj An oT nAq ov A B k{ K] BAkp Be nB
/
B] UBw B M MpA Ben T{Aj nAo C nj AQ nj
pn ka pA uQ jM AUB ,jnhBw ,oQ jo A /jM nB@
149 . oLw M kLU
A M ,T{Aj h AnF pA An A jo pn w j /jo

M o{ kv] ,pn w j pA kM BA SBnj An yAm o] oBi
/koLM An xApB] BU j A An A o k{ nBaB jo kk@
1woLw nj
U
T o{nj pn ka oLw nj nB BBjnA M kwn pA yQ

A , A oB /jo SBA ,wn w UA qo ,woLw
nj /jM q n{ ] pBwBQA ATv B qo o{
SvM B S{Aj j] jBp T RBvw ,woLw
/jM oTv B\C nj B vw

@AnBM nj /kjAj B]
@AnBM nj An B ,woLw BU nj
,B\C nj /T{Aj niA e j w Rk M nBM ,Apn k{
TiB{ An ok T /kjM kC BTvMpA BTvoU pA AoA
C nj /SB hU BTMo [n pA kz xC nj An ok
nCjB{ yhM yAnC nka ka TB ,Ko jow pow
:Sv oBi nj p B{BwA /kjM AnkpB B`M BC oTzM /jM
,\B o ,ve nQ ve , AB ,B oB
BwA Bn , ,Aoo kA ,A kAB
M BAkp Be nB ,nBM pn ka o /BoMB A]
/kk{ d oBw M BU nj BAkp A /kwn woLw
,AT ,T) TBM eAw Bnz pA nB ,BK{ pA nj
1. Novosibirsk
M ,BC BM ] nj Bnz A /jo U woLw nj (TwA

Mi RBnAkU nB A BAkp /kjM kCnj n{ fow yUnA o~U
B kwn AnB A K{ ow /koUkUoY kwn o M kT{Aj
kT{Aj tBL Swj j Ak o pA /jp joLTwj BC M nBaB@M
/kB{Q tBLM B`M M To np M An yTwj
k{ TiBw Ja pA ,T{Aj SBA C nj B ,nqM B
@A nBM
jo kjnA pC An BAkp Sw d BJa A jwo kwQ
BAkp pA nBvM jM jBp i tBw , ,BBTBA A nj /jM
/k{BM T{Aj TeAn JAi kTvAU BK{
nqM {B Bk jM woLw BU nj pn ka
Bw B ok~w ApA nj BAkp kjo hU B\C nj nAA Ja
BM jM nAo /kjo nB BC AoM BT{A BM Apn o] M
/kj BwA BC nj An BAkp kk] BTBA jAkU TiBw
AB BwC BBQ AoA BTwj oj Ao M q
BzTwA jApC A pA d nj BU jM Mi So /k{ nB M Swj
/kMBTM B M JBTC @
BC BAkp BM wn Bo jM tLd BBw nj
nApC nBz o nj oTzM An BC kjo nBTnkM oM Rk{@M
] o{ v An BC Btn /kjAj nAo T{ Jo jn
BLw BC B BAkp AowA BM ,n A pA kTvAj j B]
A ,BC BAkp nB{ , j M /kjo jnioM
/jM oTzM BS oBw BAkp pA ,kT{mnj BBw
151 . oLw M kLU
oiC ,BA SiM Sw M nB BM An B ,pn ka pA uQ ,Be o M

oLi kM BM ,An B nj /kjo An ,nj o{ nj n{
@Bi
j nj BTwA w v\ /{ jq 1BTa o{ M kjAj
o op ,BBw ,Akp nAq Bj /S{Aj nAo o{ A Ae nj @
Q iAj pA B ,TLA /kjM k{A oU BTwA { M An Bwk
Rnk S M AoTeA oLi A A pA BC n BA kk An BTwA
/jM B{oLn
An A ,SzoM An nj /k{ jApC kA Bw S pA uQ Bp
M BkM BA jM kB BM Bw jnh Swj nB p kj
v\ (n{ AoLn pA ) 2`{oi _ow BT nTwj
/k{ {T B{C i BTwA td
kwn BBQ M S{Aj BwC nB /jM @Be BAkp oM woU
An A pA kjo o /jM kB AnC tBA eAw M qa
kAi k B{ K Bg BA nj B{jBv]A kjooM kp
nC o Bijn B] B ;kwn 3vBvB o{ M nB /k{
n n pA An B@A /S{Ak Q Bijn jM @1948 qBQ /jnAj Bo]
M @A e |~h nBQ
BM An @A jqB{ o kjo U jBQ
M B@A BU BU kz SBw 24 /kjAj BTA Bijn w@C
/kwn BA eBw o{ M ,kM pn j /j{ T nC Oa eBw
1. Chita
pA BTv nz o{ B{ Ae BBM aBnj o{ nj BTv owjow o{

/jM MBw n{ B
oUjow
2. Nikita Sergeyevic Xruscef
3. Komsomolsk
BA SiM B nkM
pA oQ jnAj nAo BTv a [i eBw nj BA B nkM
M pBU , 1BiBw oq] B Bw nj pA /SwA kM TvQ
j nBMSd jp BA /k{ kj ,jM jBTA Btn a
pA eBw o{ A nj p /SiAkA Bw o Bo{ jB M Ao
] nj ,n{ M BoA jB~TA B B oBw BnjBa
/jM kB BBz nBYC ,j B]
BoA Bwn AoM njBM pA BA ,j B] ]
BAkp \U qo M ,j B] ] pA uQ ,nkM A /jM n{ M
SA k{ kLU ,B{ K nj ,BB AjB@B o{ M AqA
ji R M poA M BU SA A /jo AkQ AAo z\A w B
/SwA BM
Bjpj BUB ,BnBTB] :kk{ vU o j M BAkp
q\ BTiBw j BU Sz B{ wBw jAoA Akp /wBw BAkp
A /jM k{ kB\ Akp nAq j BU Sz BC pA Ak o nj k{
SLv M a BA jM d nBvM k{ TiBw Bw o]C pA BBTiBw
Ma BnAj BM ,d AoA nj ,jM BC yB\ BAkp nB{
S BT{AjpBM jAkU /kjM jqA BC jAkU oM TpoM BnjBa
B{jBp Aka Sd Rk o] KveoM BAkp S{Aj j]
AkA B BnjBa BBM pA BBT{AjpBM A /kjM tLd BC nj
/jM d nqM nBvM k{ TiBw BoA
1. Sakhalin
153 . oLw M kLU
BkBM j] k{ C ]T Td BBw L\ T
,wo o BBjnA A nj /jM nB BBjnA nj BnBw jkT
xpC o M ]UM BAM ,kk{ BLA ,nB Thw
/jM jo i knj ze An BBvA
BA M Swj toU kM AoQM SB] jpj BkBM
pA kBM o /SwA gnBU Be nj nBU A kjp ABvA o
B{ na kB BkBM ;jM TB BpBw Aoe jpj nAq ka
Ajpj M nva
B jB w M Bw ,Bw Mo @M
/kjM ok Bh A k] BA kB (B ,e jpj) jB

B{MB kjo AkQ onj ok BM Th Bo pA jAoA B@
/kk{ ip Tz q o ka kC yQ jni@@jp
k BjnA d nj Bv AoA BTwj ,Bpn pA nj
nj nqM w M nk C An jo o BA pA o ka jp
kkj An d A oj o ka /joPw B] BU kkM BjnA d
onj BkBM A B] UB nBLU BA BM S{Ak So] u _ BA
BBLAkp Akp v RBA B /jM oj Bv ,TLA /j{
k JjA An wBw BAkp pA M kjAj nTwj BnBLU A M
BC BpBMnB /jM @BwoU d ,Be o M /kzM Te B
x B joLM An qP{C ow kpBM kjo o{ ,X ;jM
@Boi
BMA yLA pA kjo An nB jnBM kM gM pA An
/kT{Ak
BkoQ ,BA SiM nj /jooM A M SwA oTM
BAkp kMvU /k vU An BC BU kjo wnoM An BAkp

Tw o Bv] Bo ,Akp Rk ,Akp KveoM
,kA o , jB w M Ak] An BC ,uPw /jM {qQ w@pA
/kjo AqA ] w Bp ,AnA
kU nBvM BBT{AjpBM BkAjo jM kM i BA nj kp
o ka BBT{AjpBM A nj jL pn /kjo nBTn BAkp BM zi
/ko M pA AnBLU po BT Am ,nApC ,\{ S M
,Akp d nj ,jo p Akp AnAq /S{m Thw M Bp
M BAkp KA /kjM B{S{ow k{ }hz oT AoLM
Be jM Bp BT{AjpBM ,B BT{AjpBM K] /kT{Aj Bw a BU@w
nAj A SzQ pA Bjo Bp /kM Ma nAj BT{AjpBM j A M
kTvAj /kjo j jnj ok AoM kT{Aj BLUnA BM
jBTwo @Boi Shw jow B M w nB AoM jp M @
BM ,BU Uk ka o ,Sq pA L kTwAi n A pA /k{ kAi
/k{ SLd ok
An w nAj ] Twj nBz BM Ajo pA o ,Bpn pA nj
B kk{ B BM jo p /kThn Bp Sv iAj kT{AjoM
nj Be o{ /jo xqC TiA v BM u o /k{ BQoM
p ka kjo pAkAoU M o{ kk{ ]T BBL /jL B
/kjo Ak] pA An BC np M oi BM A BU kk{ Tz jo
@BQ ,Ak] ,S /jM k{ @Be oM v] nBz R{
Boe qa oM iBTv /S{Ak B oj Be K\e
155 . oLw M kLU
WBM pBwAk] A /SB UBi pn C B M v A TLA /jo

/{BM BjAki n a kB{ pn o B jM k{
AjB@B w M Soe
oLT@A 18 ,Ajo kjo A BA SiM nj SBA T w pA uQ
nj SwA AeB AjB@B /k Soe AjB@B Sw M JBUA ,@1949
jAo) nMpoQ@w BM ,oLw o{ B{ ABT nj ,nj o{
o JC Bo] j]) SwA oUjow C pA BA jnAj nAo nAk nj (MBw
nj A JC AkTA KLw Mo BjBM ov nj To nAo oTwA @
C w k{ jB\A o{ AjB@B nj BkM /(k{ nMpoQ w
/kjM k{ jApC BAkp
k{ pBM Akp nj A k{ {n d M /jM jow nBvM qBQ
o nAq Sz B TM k /kjAj Soe eBw w M An BAkp Tw
B\C pA AjB@B o{ :jM k~ /k{ T{AjoM M Bk /jM
Ak BM Tw kBo /jM BvA B BTwn BB /BB BT
SwAn Oa M /kq oe /k{BM BPAn > :jp jBo kM
j{ Jvd nAo SwAn M k Oa M k /k B
</kp oU BM An B{ ,nBiA kM ,Bd AnF
ioM AnC tBA /kwn AnC tBA eBw M ,KUoU o M
Tz j ,wA nj /kq An B nLp X Bow /jM AnCB yB
w nkBvA BTz A pA wA /kjM TiAkA o BQ@tBA
An pn zi o] AnF k{ nAw pA yQ / oj jM
nAw An BAkp ,B xnB{ BM BTeA BM ,kM vU BAkp B
jM k{ To o nj BAkp AoM BBw /kjo Tz@

w BC iAj A S{Ak o\Q BBw A /kk{ BC iAj
An Bw q w BAkp uU pA Be nBhM ,[nkU M /jM k@i
ao /jo BAkp n oM knBM M o{ a@a JC ui
M o{ BAkp jM A /k{ oTzM i tBveA ,S{m
BM pA Tv kk{ nBaB BBd Tz BTQB kjo jBo@@jAj
/jM U BB] /j{ jnA pBU A BU k pBM An 1BnBLA d
Nw nAk Am k o nj /T{Aj AT{C Am
/kjAj B M nM xC SwQ
e u _ kjM jAj B] Bw nBa nj An B , Tz nj
jn o nj nB A AoM /joM oM M S]Be n AoM S{Ak
S]Be n Be nj B\C Ak z kjM jAj nAo BzM Bw
Bpn C /kjM jAj B] An Am BzM BQ o C /kjoM ow@M
/ /// B] jL ,A jL ,kM Am ,k kM M S{m B oM Ba
BvA RBU BM ,oiFU pn w pA uQ B Tz BU kz pn jpAj
k{ BU B JC o] oiC Bpn /kwn B@B [i M ,AAo
/kjoM ow M B jn nBTA nj AjB@B AnF ,wA nj /jM
M BAo] RB~Th L RB~hz o pA AjB@B
oM An p k{ jBQ Tz pA T /SvB nMpoQ@w
kwn BU ,j M /o op ]nj 25 jke A jM jo xQkw
/BBw B /1
157 . oLw M kLU
kC 1oUB pA BAkp B AoM /kjo Bow pA o ka S Akp M

jo ] oUShw Bow jM KwBB BTvMBU BBtBL jM
j k{ jAj B] C nj kBM T BjnA /So oTzM RBU
/S{Aj B eBw pA oT@
/kkz K\T B kj pA o{ BA T{m AjB@B o{ iAj pA
B B M jB i ,kjM kj jBp BTw A pA ,BC
pA uQ kjM AkB kp BAkp o{ A jo /kT{m kjo
jo ZAjpA jo p ,k{ nBkB A nj B{uLe Anj BUA
BM i B{B SwQ n , AoM /kjM jAj zU B
/kjM @B BS pA LoU a jo o ok
/ Be BU kjAj MB o j Bo o M ,kwn BjnA M T
BdTwA w ,kjM k{ kqoM s oB pA ,J/@/B AnF
An o JC A B kBM o JC BU BU kjo An jow JC B@
kj kC oM Be pA T /jqoM BAkp n jow JC BU kjo
/kAT{Am An BAkp s BtBL yB] M joM An BBtBL BU
/kjM joM jo RnB q An BjABi BBz vQA
pBU BtBL A SzQ w ,nA{ BAp , ] nj
|~h nB{ BU kjM Tij oTTBw [Q nj j pAkA nj BanBQ
nj BC /jM 0-1.450 |~h nB{ /j{ T{ C n Akp o
/kT{ An Bo A S owA
o /jM k{ Ji B Am o pA Uk ,BjnA A nj
/k{ T oUB BwC nB M BBLAkp BAkp o nj /1
K{ S{ nj n ,AoA xBM

op nBvM B`M pA ,\B
v SzoM BiqP{C pA S o A /jM jo AkQ nB BiqP{C
BAoM (jM Sw k{ ThQ ] pA Am) B{B nBa w
pn Be o A pA kz wo oT ,Bpn C nj /jnC
nj ,K{ nBM ka /kjo BSlA BBLAkp BA T{Aj oTM
{ M kjAj nTwj kThn oM An ,o op ]nj 25 Bow
o@A kB A nj jni BU kM SBw /MAhM oM n
/jni T ,jo Soe kA v@
pA /jBTA B@BnC kj M BTwj pA o w j BM ,RBvU nj
An Am pn w o] /jM An oT nAq pA yM kj C BU AjB@B
z w Bp k B@BnC nj /jBTA An B BM kjAj BdU
BM k BU Bjo BC /kjo kp 1BR@B B A nj /jM k{
n A B{RB] oa pA kjM Tv] oM kM B BM
M AAkp o@A /k{BM jAs BwC BwA BM kC o@M
qaB {AjBQ AoM kTo An A BR@B ,k{ nB BBjnA pA nAo
jA UU ,z BC M Sj , nj /kjAj tn BB dU
/jM AkA nAo BAkp RApB\ /jAj Am
xow pA B jB~U v o@A jM jow nk M B@BnC A
nAq BM B ,KUoU o M /jp g yBx j ka o ,jBTA
/jo e RAoi pA An ji Sz
kp AkTMA { M ,B{ K jq ,BwC o{ B{ ABT nj BR@B /1

/kjo
159 . oLw M kLU
oLw nj nB BBjnA

w Bp k
Bw jM BB nj w Bp jB pA B@BnC w Bp k
B AoM k A /k{ ZAohTwA C pA Jo w Bp U AnAq
, nAo pA kC JBve M AproA L n{ w
Aop kjo jBTwA jBT n M k A pA jM Bw ka
p@op oTk ka BAj pA BBa oe BM wBp
/k{ ZAohTwA
oT Svj BU k pA An wBp /jM ow j jB A nj nB@
S{Aj j] 1oM ,LUo o nj kjo e Twj B@A BM
Bi BnBLA nj e oMBM BTwj BM ,uPw hU B\C BBp @
nB\A nBM w jo nB k A nj kA Bw /k{
B nj /S{Am B] oM jBp B B] BRnBvi jAj fn kk{
BM B{CB j M BoMB A] B M AoA BQ ,w B j pn
AAo Sep BM /Sv{ _ pA jo o odT o\p M k S
oTvM joM ,B@BnC oT w nj ,B`jB BTwnBM M An A
/jAj B\A An oUBwC BnB k{ oUBU yBQ ,uQ C pA /jo@
/k p yBQ k kp v nj oBe Be nj BoMB
k M A BU jo nB wBp k A nj kA Bw
nj /S{Ak Bi j o k M BTA /TB BTA 2o
/BMp hU AkTMA d /1
2. Nere.
B\C nj , B /kjo An BAkp B] nBM S ka o B\C

A S{Aj wBp pA oTzM xpnA a jM jBp jB
/kjBTwo B\C M An kCnB A] Bo jAoA oTzM jM
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B k{ni ,Bw nj /SwA qBQ BTvMBU nBM B w BTvp
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161 . oLw M kLU
jM kz qB p o jB pA ZAohTwA ,Bp C nj
dU o Apn SvBM Akp o /k{ B\A Swj BM BnB@
B j C /joM nAjBa Bw B o 750 kATM nj BU jAj
S{Aj xpnA Mn Svj Akp o dU jM jo JBve
q Mn pA oT Apn Akp o ZnBh AoM Sj @Be nj
n{ oB] jBdUA nz nj ,ozM pA nBXTwA v /jo
nBXTwA K\ Rk{ A BM BAkp jL yM nj ,TvBww
Aj SvBww n{ kjM BBvA B kk{
j pA uQ BA jM BwoSB nBvM B~dTwA nB /S{Aj An BC nBXTwA
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M An y SvAU ,nBM j M X ,o Te pn o@A
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d Bpn nj BU jo oil An nBMnAi A /jM To nBMnAi
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BU kjo Bv iAj BAj jni M o{ ,Bi Bi e B@
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163 . oLw M kLU
Bi BAj BC /kjoM nBLA M An Bv kkwn ow AnF A

An Bi BAj kTo kk{ BwA SBw ka pA uQ kjM kM An
ka SwA A j{ d oBi pA qo qa /kjAj oM Twnj
kjo ] kjM k{ ZnBi k { M An BAj QAr ovA
BvA BM BnB a wo /kjAj nAo jBTwA jn ,Tv{ pA uQ
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nj nB AoM kjAj B oU An B nBMj ,o BjnA nj nB Bw j pA uQ
ATvC BMC /kjo ATvC kj An AnA kAo jB
j] AjBMC An oj ,C pA uQ jM B{ k\ tBA jq
k\ tBA M] eBw jM i BTA B\C ,A nj /S{Ak
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M ATvC BjnA /kwn o jn kj M BU kz pn w
pA oT j hU n M BjnA j A k{ vU Sv j

BAkp S{Aj nAo kAo k ,BM ATvC nj /kT{Aj B
oT 1500 nAq BA pA BU kjoM B\C M An kCnB Bw
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nj BM BjnA nj ) ATvC kj nj jApC Bp BU
BBv BM An TA B , B\C nj jo nB (BQ BjnA
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pA /kjM kz C AoA nj Ja pA d nAj To o nj o
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v S{Aj oM Bw A /kjM jo jkd nAjnBi Bw BM
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nj BzBnB ow M kk{ SLAo SdU BAkp ,S SBw ,cL
nB ow BTwj A pA BM pn o /kk{ jBTwo ] B k
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165 . oLw M kLU
jke pn /kT{Aj ji nB AoM A kB d oj BTwj

z 2vTnBM _TA BPTwA BM ji 1UM nj cL jpB SBw
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K TwA Bo Ao jo jBTwA So pA j B] ]
Btn M jBp B] B RAnBvi k] fow yUnA BM Bw ka
BA BM uLe Bw 25 M jo oTwj An A B\Aow BA jM jnC jnA
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/jM nBUBU o xji /jM o@ B~AM oThw rn un ,A o /1
167 . oLw M kLU
op o jM pn ka xM B M jAoA pA ,BjnA nj
BTv A xM /k{ TL 1Bw nBM M kT /jM k{
B BM kCnj RnBwA M jM A o joow BoA ko{
M B\C pA k{ BBC owA j B] ] nj A /jM k{ B@
Bd]A BM kM An A q Btn /jM jBTA n{ Bo a
TwAnC A] xM /kjM jo d B{ BA BM uLe Bw 25 M
jAs |Ai BU A /S{Aj jBp SMLd BAkp B nj jM BLp
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pA nBvM jo BTwA kM Bw j Aop k{ o~ k{
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kM M B\C pA kjM Ao AjB@B BU joM B BC pA L BAoA
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oYFU SdU kjM AnkpB jU Jqe BA] RzU BC KB
,A n~U BM T{AkQ j SzM An n{ BSv RBLU
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A SdU MBT nj ,SwA AoU @Bw @A ,\B o
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kA venQ ve /kAjo R j o B oB
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BC pA BU kjo }B An BzBA pA SBj TiBw o\
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/jz TwAi BwoSB Shw BnB@

U jAj nTwj jooQ M Bd nF ] nj nB e pn
S{Aj L nBM jooQ /k T oj B] M jnAjoM An Tinj
BM M enM nF ,\T nj /k kM An w Bqa SvAU
,A nj /Sz An jooQ oU ka { BM BM BoB SBA k
jL u _ /jAj B] M jo kp nB BBjnA nj B
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g xApB] BU kT{Am Be pA A{ nj An A jo uo
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kk ]Twj n B M nqM Aj npkM BM ,k{
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BMoU A nvoQ
BA pA BMoU A nvoQ B M kzAj BAkp B nj
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jBTA BMoU A /jo SBh Rk{ M vvnB MB] o
M ozM AoM ThMkM S@ q] qa vvnB rkA S{Aj
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A /joM ow M jAoA Akp nj ,RBA oTzM /kj \{ nka nB`M
j] BM /kjAj xnApC nBvM kjM jo od B Am pA An
BSeAo] Rk{ oYA nj oiBM A BU jo xpBw qo A BnBz A
/S{mnj Aj] BAM Bwo@SB B\{ k{@jnA
AoM |Bi AoTeA ,kjo Ak 1BUBM An A ,BMoU A
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BLm BBen BM BBLAkp /jM yLm cv TiBLj }h
Am o] ,Shw kM BLU ,Am kT{Ak Mi jnioM
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o nj An xALm wAo BA BM jM B]oMBQ X QBQ ,Be A BM
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jApB
A u U
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BBw Tvk cv RzU tEn nj xnkQ jM Akp
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M ,kjM jo d B{ BA BM uLe Bw 25 M An A ,U /jM
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pn o~ /joM nj M Bw B] o C pA jM jAoA A q]
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w M Aj Aj ,jM k{ onBC Be vTnBM _TA BPTwA kj
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o pA /{ ZnBi BjnA pA oUjp ao kjAj nTwj M
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oj qa o B Q Akp pA oM TvAU BA kkB Akp
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B{dU An BLA T{AjoM Mn 450 q kjM jnC AoM Q
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RBozU Akp pA oM nj BC nAkj kA M jo BeAki ,oiBM
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173 . oLw M kLU
B\A Unw w pA jBTwA BM An no n BnB ,A

kjM oj o w pA o /jBTA An Unw BM nBaB /kjAj
An oT 1500 TvBM B /kjoM o
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175 . oLw M kLU
pA uQ ,nAjA un /kk{ jp Szj nBMS@ S kBz BM

B{ S jo Ainm pA ,SAoM n kj jBwA M kwn
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jo U AoM tBL Swj n BMo p A /k{ nBvM BnB@
sw BzBwC M B Ao BC /S{Am nBTiA nj q Q L
nj ,q An AjABi BM U B BA { SU BU kjBTwo
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177 . oLw M kLU
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S B@Be kU ,TLA /jM wn BMp M , A nBL]A ,nz A
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/v nj A oLn fB /1
qiBe j M ,BTv]BU BTvoU ,B\BMnlC ,BTvMpA

,sM kT{Aj pnBz AoM pBT Ao{ ,A JC jM kBv
@Bi
A e nj qo Sj /kjM LQ Sz AoM |Bi jAkTwA AnAj
BC S{Aj An nBvM kU BC ySep Bjo Bn]
Bp C nj ,B\BMnlC n] ,BX AoM ;jo nBXTwA A kk{ An
BU nAq 750 Bw jM ,S{Aj S] o [Q jke
jM Akp , RBBA jL M ]U BM /jnC M LQ U @
nB LQ Aq A jnC Swj M oj Rz Ajo pA nB{
~d S{AjoM S{Aj ,S{B AoM ApnBz /jM nA{j Shw
Swj M oiC o BU Sj o jn ~d BU kjo xU BU B@j
kBM nBL]BM ,kC j] M Aov k{ U Aq nj B BeA o@A kC
Mo\U nB nBz A oM /k{ AoL] AnB@LQ BBd LQ pA
,Rk pAnj nj ,LQ nAq nj ,Bp BwoSB Shw nB jM jAj Bz
/jo BC pA An k{ njB BAp SMB
,B kjo nC] An Pwn nBkM Bp MBw n{ nj
nj ,nBkM Bp A pA nBvM /kjBTwo oj Bn] M LU AoM
pA nBvM k{ ApB /kTo nAo Ajo ]U jn ,oj Bn]
Rk pAnj nj (kjM nM BC |~iM) wn Bp BLp M Bp
wn pBw SwBw M k{ KLw An kk] BZAjpA
A Be B\BMnlC MpA ,oU ,]BU n j BjAs /jo nBvM
/SwBxqC
BS joM M pA AoM tn AnAkBp BSwBw oj pA
193 . n{ pA UAkBz
,n{ nj /jM o hnBU zQ kM kk] v jB\A Th

ji M qo BAkp A KB /kjM Akp o a pA yM
,kk{ jApC kkB kp Rnk M BC pA nB{ o@A kTz pBM
BMC pow M SzpBM e kkB o{ oLw B nj o BBQ BU
a A Akpo n{ S B@Be /kT{Ak An ji jAk]A
,uPw /kB BC Aow v kjoM Bo{ M ,T o pA ,An BvA
BA A jABiB B ,B\C nj /kjoPw BBiT M An BC
BC M AkTMA \Q t BU wn BMp M kjo An ~
k{BM B{C wn o BMp BM ,KUoU A M BU kjAj tnj
RAjBTA Km wn JAjC BMp S Kv A
jqw jpAj pA uQ /k xAo An yi zQ o ,@nM
,d kM /kjnB nB M RB\BinB nAq nj An BC Bw
/kC j] M MBw n{ nj kk] S BM SM v
oj pA kjnC Bj M kpo zeA M qB] BA
jM wn S nj BS oj joM dU AoM Sj pn BSwBw
kTo dU An B`M A AnF /kCnj Ao]A M Sk] BM @
A S{ow xkpo jL B jM pA To oLi e qo q njB kjoM
BM kjo k{n |~h BBnAio{ nj B`M A /S{Ak An
/kk{ B] dU ,kk] zM q M ,wn kk] S
wn o MBU q jAoA BwA kjo w ` n{ nj
pA Ao A Bn jBTwA v A M SLv BAnB ] pA /k{BM
BTvMpA nj yAj A B nj ,A /jM wnB RBMjA v kUBwA
<A> kvQ xAjABi B BTA M A pA ,S{Aj |Bi nBLTA

/jM kwoiB nBvM kjM jAj oU Bn M An C jqA
kM A BTwBi ,BTC B@
n{ Bn] nj AB] ByB BBQ pA uQ ,
nj /kkj
nAkU BB nAm Sz AoM AnB ,k{ nAqoM
AjBTwA pA U 150 ne BM wB{ o{ yB , 1970 BTvMBU
pA ,yB BBQ pA uQ /k{ nAqoM BTv]BU nj B] BwB{nB@
kAnk ,o{ oB{ kv kpo , kAB ,AnAkB
nj jo yAi B] nz pBwC o{A nBTh ,A p nkQ
nj ,oo BTC B o M An BB pA nB{ BA Rn
nBYC BTzL w pA jAk]A BMC BjAp ,B BwC qo
B@Ak] Twj A ,jnAk j] C BA o@A /koLM ,SwA hnBU
/LM An kM A BjM BTwBi ATM BU kj KUoU
o Ao TvAU kjo SA j jBzQ BM ,BThL{i
pA zhM ,An M nj / kj qijo B B A pA o jqBQ
,JCoQ BBijn ,B] nj /kj An zoMA jB] ov
z An An xpA An za w BB@A oa BLp BnApqLw
/jo
M BTvMBU Bow
BAj nj SwA AaBnj B jL aBnj B M @
195 . n{ pA UAkBz
A /pB nj ,nBz Uo B T{n nB nj ,qP kz@@M@ow

B kU Bw BM jB~ , 1139 kk{ po p \T nj aBnj
AnB :BB M xoj oAi B njAoM y{ BM kC j]@M ,\@
An BLp A\ ///
jn A , p ,@BC , ,@
aBnj A /jn nB{ M SL nBB{ SwA jAj zU
JC kFU jnAj o{ JC /SwA oT 600 C o 2500
/SwA \ kB{C
o]o M jM k{ jB BM A~h{ BTeAoTwA ,d A nj
M kLU Tn nB BM S{Aj |B~TiA xAjABi o AoBM
BBTvMBU Tj RBB /jM k{ Sj Bwn v BTeAoTwA
So /kjnC B A M SeAoTwA coU AoM An BzBjABi
,AkzAj ,Se Aow KA /jo SB o w AoM d A
nvoQ a /kT{Aj SeAoTwA e B\C nj BzQo Ao{
BTeAoTwA A M A /T{Aj An B A pA jBTwA e jM RBMjA
AoA BaBnj ] M BTwj BUA M pn o jo ow
kk{ AnBM B /jo o oM nj An nBB Tn
yBo BM jp ow yhMRBe k{ni jp i BA So
/jo zi An BBtBL
nj ,Bw k SwA BnqM pA ioM B AjnC l nj ABwA
AkQ An BC BM B{C Twj nBhTA ,BTeA oTwA A M BTvMBU Bow
:jo@
o{ kv n] un ,AnjrA AAoMA Apo /1
S~h{ oUnqM , kd Anke ZBe w /2
B\BMnlC BTvo
B\BMnlC o{ oB{ ,A n k /3
oB{ n k njAoM BzAj jBTwA ,A Bi k /4
}h{ oB{ kv ,Aen Bw /5
S opSvh ,ABi nA /6
opSvh oTj un ,AAkiC B /7
AnC nk B oB{ ,] keA /8
pnBz RzU un pnBz tk ,jApkiC unjA /9
B\BMnlC
k jq jM AoA wBw Ao]B pA A /kv ,kd /10
/jM kzAj Aioi jo kd /jo o Bw
B\BMnlC uBvn oB{ ,eAn kd /11
Swj M B\BMnlC nj o oB{ oUnqM ,
nUA Bn i /12
/k{ Tz Btn
o{ kAi zQo ,AA oL@A S{ /13
AnC kjoi jo zQo ,AkB k /14
pBvC zQo ,AAkiC { /15
zQo oB{ ,pBLj knAo /16
o zQo ,pBLj A /17
nz pBvC ,AoBM o@Al /18
pBvC ,M kM JBwAoA /19
oM nUBAnj nqM kv pBvC ,AM ]Be oq /20
JjA A cw nj Bi S ]nBi nA op ,AAoB oB /21
o
197 . n{ pA UAkBz
Bp nj nj ByhM pA nAkBo ,A yiBM wA /22

~dU
o{ kv nvoQ ,A Bp tBL /23
nvoQ , _vC UBC /24
B\BMnlC Bpn ok BzAj jBTwA ,A oL@A qa /25
BzAj jBTwA kzAj v ,ABMo w /26
BzAj jBTwA , C /27
o SwoQ o tB{"" oB{ , oTj /28
nke oTnqM njAoM ,BTvo , ve /29
nz tB{BMp BTvo , o{ BCkd /30
nz tB{BMp BTvo ,jApaoj pA /31
BzAj jBTwA nvoQ ,Akw o /32
Btn nTwj M o nAkTwBw kv ,A BMo g{ /33
/kwn T M
BAU nBvM oB{ , jB Ro /34
jo ]U jn oB oB{ ,B] Ro /35
tB{w ,AA AnC /36
Ak@BQ p zQo ,AAen AoA /37
SwoQ nBvM AoA B TBA A /Bwn ,jAp o eo /38
/jM K\ jo
jo JLd o oB{ ,nqi M /39
oB{ ,o JLd oB{ ,jApJB nBThM /40
BM Bv B] j ] Bo nB{pn ,Akw jBAjo /41
Tz ~
M SzpBM
SzpBM BA ,wA JA poQ AoA pA Q Bnkd nAo BM
pB]A BM kM B [Q q /k{ B M wBw Ao]B pA nBvM
nz M ,AoA S ]nBi op ,MB\w oTj SA AoA Sj
nUBTj Anj nj {BM v Tvh kB{ ,Aj /TzoM
/joM nj M Bw B] B\C pA k{ jBTwo BB nBLo pow M BTwA
,AoA wA n] Sj pB]A BM Tv v Tvh ,`
oj nBM AjABi Ao ,wA JA pA uQ ,1358 jAjo 17 nj
/T{Am k
@BQ
@Bi M
,nA kz nBvM BThw ,jM pA nj Bw 33 nj
jo jABi pA nj M An A Bp a Aoa ni wFU
jM To nAo A oM okU ,Be o M BA /Ajo ow nz BMo qq
BA Ao M ,Bw cd kB kp nAqwBPw An Aki
/TzpBM AoA M ,AjABi
,k{ MBw n{ M nAo M o\ B TB ,x 1325 nlC B nj

AoA yUnA /jM Ao B BM q , Aor ov ,n BM B M p
1oTij
ovQ j BM /jM jo AkA oTwj An Aor
B\C nj B`M A jnC @BM M An BC RAoj o S{Aj

Bi /jnC Swj M BS foB{ ,s M /kjo R~dU
] pA kpo koQ M n ,@BM nj ,M BM nj nBM
RnkQ o@A ,ovQ> :S Bw w kz] M i{ M ,jo Sj JC
koQ o A M tnA o Bijn pA qo ,S{Aj U pAkA@M
</jo ShMkM nj M nj nAC An B
,xoTij /jo R ,B] nj SzpBM AoA M BkM q n BM
ovQ , foB{ /SwA Bp }~hT {qQ AoU nj , A
/SwA nz Aj{ ,oBe Be nj joM ow M vAo nj ,ynqM
/SwA tk k kp vAo nj q , nPB{ ,yj ovQ
M tnA Bijn pA qo Bi n AnjB{ M ,xB A
pA An y BvA S M Bpn C nkQ /jM koP w@C
SB] nj Bpn C , BA SwA jAj Swj pA An xqa jAj Swj
hw A BA nm A BU jo
nj An A qo ,joM ow M
nkQ nAq ow oM ,AoU M jn w pn /jo SMBY oM An Akjoi
:jo AoTA ji Bi M jow xnAq ow oM An nB{A A Tn
o\p kLU nj uLe nj kM
oj kC oj kC oj nkQ
oMkU a An BwC B
oQ kC oQ Tn A]
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

/A nPB{ foB{ BB M /1
201 . M SzpBM
B]@nkQ jM S v] kM B]@nkQ jM U Swj B~

oQ U Swj pA B~ C To@ B] nj M joM Bw a Aj @ji U
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @
Sm jnj [n
SMo M AnBpn jBT
oj jo K~ k{BM B\@
Sl o SMo M Aj ji U
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

SMAi oM jM Rjni
SMAm o]p C k{
onj B Bv@B BM k{
SMAoi Bi nkQ jo S
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

B] nkQ jAj M pnkA U
Ao\ B nkA Sv jB M
ow A o pA j{ j kBL
AoA SwB B@L TM
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

B U B] A kBM yAk
B AoA Sv T U
oj nkQ k oj An A
B k A j{ kBLM
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

yi BM BM u kAj B\@
yi jo nk T U
o\p M jBTA yi oM p
yk Bzi BM BM Ao
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

SMo M kAj jo @
S TwA nk T U
oj joM Q U nBT M
Si nAi kj RnBwA
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

AUB kM kAj v@
A] o nk T U
oLU
nj jo jM A]
B odM RAT BU
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

Sz Bk jo dU
SMo Bw ww pA kM @
oQ A U pnkA
nj j
Si BnAi BS@
omPM nm B]@nkQ nB @

nj AjABi BA nB nj A pA oM ow M AoU nj ,@A
/kwoi Bd{i nBvM Tv ,Ji jo A B nj
@Bi JC A
RnBw M B eAo B\A AoM An Bpn xAo ,qo
/jM k{ B TB ,nBA /T{Aj kC Sn @BM nj wA n]
kBM kT RnBw nj T / dU TvAU An @BM u ,oj
pA /jo vU T{ An BBU ow B]B vM LT BBU
jABi B{C ,MB\w o AnjB{ ,]nBi op BM ,o
nkQ BM ,MB\w A un ,MB\w Bi oL@A eo , nkQ /T{Aj
AnjB{ ,njAoM o pA /kjM d BTwj MAn AnAj p nkQ
oM L An BBU T{ A M AB ,kM vd ow
n nTwj BM q A /TiBw bo AoA M oUow@a@o SzpBM
ow ,MyQ Ukd MA An AjABi AoM Bnm nk
/jo njB An B BBnm ,nAjA wAo pA uQ q ,@BM nj AoA
BTvo nj ,\ B RBMjA vw nj C
,kM
AZBU oTj ,ov /jo nB B\BMnlC n]
}~hT bAo] ,kM kz] oTj ,ovQ Bp }~hT
oTj ,wo /kjo nB @BM nj B{Bw BTwnBM nj ,k{@TiB{
203 . M SzpBM
,oTij S{Aj BT{A SMBL M ,@BM za BTwnBM nj ,kM w

nj yhM A un M e x }~hT q ,kM kz oTj
BM ,kz q] M ,B SzpBM Ao{ kC Ao BM /jM BTwnBM
Tz BM ,qA Aj nj jo JBve vU LT RBvw
jo@B{ nB Swj AnAq /k{ AoA pB @BM pA @n@
oTij /kjM kC @BM nkM nqM Bw M B pA BeAki SBz AoM
w Ao jM jo ZAjpA B\BMnlC n] ko{ BM A j@M
/k kp B] B nj p kB @BM nj xkpo
j BM BA {A pA oQ Bza BM B /kjM kk An AoA qo Akpo
BBjAp nj BU kC /kC M kA pA nB{ow jB{ oi
/oM ,B] nj kp ApAoAow
EU q BS BM B , kp [n jnj oQ d ,kB{
pA SiC gnBU pA kBM /k{BM BkC nAo Aoa kATM ,SwA jM
k{BM TvAU JBT A o@A /SiB{ pBM An kC An T{m VjAe B
,` AkBi A Bo\ Q Se RBBLT{A pA kA
/SwA jM k{BM kBMBUpBM An v vvnB B] zkA }B
Q B S pA jo k{ poQ wA JA Bd{i
;jApC jBMC BM AoA j Swj nj Swj nAkA /kTB Bn
/BBM w o pA nB AoA
oB~U
207 . M SzpBM
A Swo
<C>
85 ,cTAMA ,BMBUC
85 ,BnoA ,BMBUC
85 ,tow ,BMBUC
85 ,Sijw ,BMBUC
85 (ozow) jB ,BMBUC
115 ,w ,@z@BUC
196 ,{ ,AAkiC
196 ,B ,AAkiC
196 ,unjA ,jApkiC
177 ,124 ,116 ,112 ,108 ,100 ,99 ,98 ,(joow) BoAkL ,nlC
101 ,(j ATw) BMo ,xBU nC
19 ,16 ,(kM M ) nlC

24 ,o] ,BT{C
25 , ,{C
101 ,vdAkL ,B@C
66 ,50 ,jd ,oC
34 ,33 ,(ow) oC
34 ,oC x ,oC
34 ,(ow) wBAMA ,oC
68 ,vekd ,oC
49 ,jd ,oC
42 ,40 ,39 ,kjA ,kBw oC
<A>
195 ,189 ,128 ,127 ,(Apo) AAoMA
63 ,AkwA ,jApcTAMA
136 , ,ZMA
64 ,59 ,6 ,nB]B B{keA
100 ,oA ,BveA
29 ,(nPB{) Q BnkeA
132 ,BM@ ,AkeA
196 ,keA ,]
60 ,56 ,51 ,(keA {qQ) keA ,keA
219 . A Swo
25 ,kA\ ,@A nA
102 ,jA] ,nBzUnA
17 ,() keA ,MjnA
189 ,kw@kd ,jBMjnA
101 ,(ATw) nQwnA
101 ,99 ,74 ,(BM) nA
74 ,( oTij) ve ,nA
101 ,99 ,(ozow) ve ,nA
121 ,120 ,(Aow) ]nA
45 ,kAB]kw ,jBMCkwA
60 ,23 ,M ,nBThM@kwA
89 ,(oTj) nBkwA
43 ,(vAzTd) ve ,nBkwA
99 ,98 ,8 ,oL@A ,AkwA
18 ,@B{ ,A BwA
149 ,Bn ,BwA
194 ,nBTh ,o{A
26 ,keA ,n{A
26 ,vdAMA ,pAoA
47 ,ZoA ,nBzA
94 ,vekd ,nBzA
23 ,AMA ,poLA
23 ,(OUow) tBL ,poLA

75 ,i BA
50 ,(kLPw) keA ,keA oA
85 ,(Q B ov) AoA
59 ,oA ,AoA
104 ,9 ,8 ,BzB] ,nBzA@oA
6 ,vekd ,nBzA oA
82 ,81 ,80 ,79 ,59 ,23 ,Aoa ,o@A oA
60 ,23 ,nBThM Ukd ,]@oA
24 ,{ ,BwoA
23 ,(ozow) ,jB@oA
23 ,AKLe ,jB@oA
42 ,41 ,oBz oA
74 ,( oTij) wA ,oA
66 ,45 ,UApo ,oLoA
26 ,BTA
147 ,146 ,RnBMUA
4 ,pA
75 ,BQjqA
78 , ,jqA
180 ,179 ,178 ,A@BvA
163 ,@BvA
221 . A Swo
174 ,173 ,_AA
<J>
197 ,wA@ ,A@yiBM
172 ,166 ,165 ,_TA BPTwA ,vTnBM
195 ,190 ,189 ,188 ,187 ,129 ,128 ,127 ,126 ,AoBM
196 ,o@Al ,AoBM
188 ,126 ,o]o ,AoBM
59 ,58 ,56 ,(kwA nAjow)o] ,nBThM
196 ,JBwA oA ,M@kM
139 ,Bi uM
77 ,ve ,^M
135 e ,nM
165 ,(oTj) jnAjA ,yM
167 ,xM
197 ,nqi M
90 ,80 ,50 ,46 ,o ,o]nlM
74 ,(q{j) ,njBM
167 ,78 ,Bw ,jLM
102 ,26 ,(joow) AoM
80 ,AZo ,A oM
85 ,(Q B ov) oM
100 ,(i]ow) M
23 ,nBw ,BM
23 , ,BM
136 ,kd ,BnM
19 ,BiBC ,B{ kM
185 ,184 ,183 ,180 ,179 ,178 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,vd ,kM
104 ,AkwA ,kM
6 ,vAA ,kM
24 ,AoA ,kM
202 ,177 ,107 ,
AZBU ,kM
202 ,kz] ,kM
17 ,ve ,kM
35 ,@ve ,kM
18 ,ynj ,kM
203 ,w ,kM
102 ,w ,kM
19 ,Bive ,B{@kM
20 ,(Bia@Twn) @ve ,B{@kM
19 ,@Bn ,B{@kM
18 ,17 ,(kApnBL) kMBAp ,B{@kM
19 ,A Bip ,B{@kM
19 ,j Bip ,B{@kM
223 . A Swo
20 ,(BvAk\) tBL ,B{@kM

20 ,oL@A ,B{@kM
19 ,@ ,B{@kM
19 ,16 ,@ ,B{ kM
19 ,Bpkd ,B{ kM
19 ,Ukd ,B{@kM
19 ,Bi Uo ,B{ kM
19 ,Bi ~ ,B{ kM
20 , k ,B{@kM
19 ,kd ,B{@kM
102 , ,kM
202 ,107 ,vd ,kM
108 ,104 ,20 ,10 ,4 ,AcT ,kM
203 ,kz ,kM
4 ,o~ ,kM
104 ,77 ,67 ,30 ,28 ,20 ,10 ,7 ,Ak ,kM
19 ,BiBC ,B{ kM
<N>
170 ,QBQ
115 ,101 ,(AjU ovA) BjBQ
33 ,wBL ,BQ
23 ,n~ ,qoQ
23 ,oB ,qoQ
101 ,Ao~ ,B{qQ
51 ,AoMA ,BQ
177 ,124 ,116 ,112 ,109 ,108 ,9 ,(Aor) jd ,BBQ
168 ,149 ,ve ,ve@nQ
24 ,w ,AQ
75 ,oB ,AQ
87 ,29 ,28 ,BnkeA ,Q
108 ,71 ,23 ,o{A ,Q
29 ,Bnke ,Q
@Aoa (o@A oA) ,jAsQ
71 ,23 ,AKLe ,jAsQ
23 ,ASB ,jAsQ
23 ,vekd ,jAsQ
23 ,w ,jAsQ
23 ,oB ,jAsQ
110 ,109 ,100 ,kd ,jApoQ
50 ,(kAoz)ve ,BoQ
202 ,Ukd ,MyQ
125 ,110 ,109 ,BwA ,pB@yQ
,126 ,124 ,121 ,115 ,111 ,110 ,109 ,9 ,(jApjA])o] ,nzQ
188 ,131 ,130 ,129 ,128 ,127
130 ,~ ,nzQ
225 . A Swo
50 ,(kAoz) ve ,BoQ
<R>
97 ,87 ,86 ,85 ,75 ,73 ,68 ,(Q B{Bn ov)
AZBU
175 ,53 ,(xBUnU ov) BBUBU
25 ,foB{ ,yhMZBU
18 ,17 ,M]BU
27 ,( ATw) MAoU
25 ,A ,oU
100 ,jv ,B{oU
135 , ,jU
74 ,69 ,61 ,58 ,57 ,56 ,55 ,54 ,53 ,43 ,AoA ,xBUnU
53 ,oòQ ,xBUnU
74 ,53 ,24 ,( nAjow) vdAkL ,xBUnU
53 ,oa ,xBUnU
75 ,58 ,54 ,53 ,nQo ,xBUnU
53 ,oCx ,xBUnU
75 ,74 ,58 ,54 ,53 ,24 ,{ ,xBUnU
<Z>
104 ,ve ,oMB]
50 ,46 ,kd B]
111 ,109 ,Aw ,kB]
136 ,ve ,k]

41 ,M@fo]
125 ,ve ,q]
49 ,(OUow) o]
80 ,(nBMnj jBQ) BC o]
92 ,76 ,75 ,72 ,ko ,]
59 ,(Aok) jd ,]
196 ,keA ,]
102 ,(Aow) ve ,Rj]
38 ,ABA ,BLB]
,137 ,136 ,115 ,109 ,ARo~ ,BzB]
79 ,o{jnA ,]
<^>
,136 ,115 ,wBo ,nlC za
<b>
61 ,kd ,kw ZBe
136 ,116 ,ASAk ,UBe
196 ,ok ,AM ]Be
182 ,181 ,A ve
43 ,kASze
227 . A Swo
98 , ,e
77 ,Bi@Ake
21 ,(nPB{) Q Bnke
<f>
61 Bi@L ,pBi
41 ,BMoBi
25 , ,{C@Bi
98 ,(ow) jAjAki
79 ,59 ,50 ,BinBAki ,nBAki
87 ,@e n ,oi
151 ,_ow BT ,`{oi
77 ,(nATwA) Biovi
136 ,MBzi
7 ,Abn ,i
75 ,BA ,i
<j>
24 ,ARo~ ,AijAj
75 ,oL@A ,BTwjAj
43 ,(vA Y) k ,njAj
171 ,C ,uAj
110 ,100 ,AoM ,yAj

178 ,115 ,d@ ,BzAj
69 ,62 ,61 ,56 ,51 ,oL@A ,nAj
101 ,Bn ,BoMj
24 ,o{A@oA ,Bzinj
50 ,45 ,kd ,Bnj
25 ,BTvT{j
43 , ,T{j
196 ,A ,pBLj
196 ,knAo ,pBLj
197 ,pA ,jApaoj
29 ,kAS~ ,BzTj
87 ,48 ,29 ,
AS~ ,BzTj
59 ,(kA@\) ,BzTj
147 ,nB{ ,uwBj
<l>
104 ,nBAl
108 ,6 ,kAkwA ,nBAl
25 ,Bi AkwA ,nBAl
25 ,Biovi ,nBAl
75 ,BnBAl
229 . A Swo
<n>
100 ,BAj@un
196 ,kd ,eAn
25 ,@ ,kLA n
131 ,~ ,Ben
137 ,102 ,vdAMA ,Ben
24 ,oA ,Ben
24 ,oA ,Ben
24 ,BUoA ,Ben
104 ,M Sen
196 ,Bw ,Aen
197 ,AoA ,AAen
135 ,Bw ,Twn
79 ,(BioL@A) o ,T{n
78 ,59 ,(A B@B) Bn ,T{n n
79 ,Bio@A po ,T{n
25 ,ve ,k{n
25 ,kAu{o ,k{n
41 ,BAk{n
75 ,Bk{n
136 ,101 ,keA ,kn
196 ,(
oUA) i ,Bn
,46 ,45 ,44 ,33 ,31 ,30 ,29 ,28 ,27 ,25 ,23 ,21 ,7 ,Q B{Bn
,66 ,65 ,62 ,61 ,60 ,59 ,58 ,55 ,54 ,53 ,52 ,51 ,50 ,49 ,48 ,47
,83 ,81 ,80 ,79 ,78 ,77 ,76 ,75 ,74 ,73 ,72 ,71 ,70 ,69 ,68 ,67
196 ,96 ,95 ,89 ,88 ,87 ,86 ,85
136 ,102 ,ASB ,Bn
193 ,Bn
88 ,83 ,27 ,26 ,24 ,oA ,B]Sn
23 ,oB ,] Sn
100 ,w ,n
101 ,(tk) n
107 ,kz ,Bn
189 ,jn
101 ,oL] ,rjn
<p>
31 ,ke ,kA p
26 , np
132 ,oA ,jApnp
133 ,oL@A ,jApnp
133 ,132 ,ve ,jApnp
197 ,tBL ,A Bp
101 ,AkwA ,Bkp
231 . A Swo
136 ,tBL ,pp
<t>
148 ,B] UBw
27 ,jA] ,kBw
76 ,po ,kBw
87 ,nB]B Apo cTAMA ,kAnBw
25 ,Bkd ,BBw
43 ,A@nBw@Pw
105 ,TAn ,MAow
63 ,kT nAjow
57 ,53 ,(xBUnU ov) vAnow
104 ,(ATw) w
17 ,nke Bw
102 ,o] ,Bw
100 ,(ATw) w
59 ,o] ,w
202 ,oL@A ,MB\w
202 ,o ,MB\w
119 ,nw
59 ,(ow) w
197 ,jBAjo ,Akw
197 ,o ,Akw
61 ,ZBekd ,kw
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101 ,(ATw) nQB{
160 ,(ow) B@B{
60 ,(kLPw) kd ,ThMB{
102 ,(Aow) oQ K{
26 ,oL@A ,o{
100 ,en ,o{
119 ,118 ,117 ,99 ,keA ,B{
118 ,kio ,B{
118 ,ko ,B{
23 ,{ ,B{
75 ,keA ,{
75 ,AoM ,{
96 , ve ,B{
92 ,ve ,anB{
76 ,75 ,72 ,71 ,(SikB{) Q u{
77 , ,k{
90 ,S ,B{
79 ,59 ,(A {)ve ,{
233 . A Swo
101 ,jv ,{
136 , ,k{
102 ,oT{{
135 ,56 ,2 ,vekd ,nBo{
59 ,(oTj) ABeA@g{
69 ,49 ,46 ,qi g{
187 ,MjnA kA g{
69 ,q g{
197 ,kd ,@@o{
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159 ,149 ,A] ,BoMB
86 ,vd ,pAo{@Aj@KeB
197 ,Ro , jB
23 ,oA ,jB
79 ,63 ,(kAnB) oL@A ,jv
24 ,ZoA ,nB
28 ,24 ,~ ,nB
26 ,AKLe ,dd
26 ,B\n ,k
168 ,149 ,AB ,
85 ,(Q B{ Bn ov ,B]BU)
46 ,Bz kAS
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196 ,oB ,AAoB
67 ,65 ,44 ,42 ,kABkw ,BLBL
180 ,B ,Ao
17 ,@B{ ,A KwB
103 ,LwB
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197 ,AnC ,AA
19 ,@B{ ,A tBL
24 ,~kw ,BwBL
28 ,(nPB{) Q@BoAkL
186 ,njBAkL
62 ,kARq
87 ,48 ,29 ,(Q B{Bn ov) BzTj
AS~
42 ,oA ,oBz
24 ,Ao~ ,k
24 ,ARo~ ,k
200 ,(Aor)
200 ,A ,
200 ,n ,
200 ,nPB{ ,
235 . A Swo
200 ,foB{ ,
183 ,nqM ,
183 ,177 ,\ ,
197 ,qa ,A@oL@A
196 ,S{ ,AA@oL@A
197 ,AnC ,AA
138 ,AA
196 ,nA ,A Bi
93 ,92 ,91 ,90 ,89 ,88 ,86 ,76 ,28 ,(nPB{) Q@Bo
197 ,o ,jAp
183 ,nqM ,
183 ,177 ,\ ,
36 ,B{
139 ,ve ,
122 ,120 ,pB ,@
43 ,k\AkL Bw ,kA
194 ,kAnk ,
194 ,kAB ,
<>
25 ,o
89 ,87 ,28 ,(nPB{) Q@Bn
197 ,(B\BMnlC oB{)
<>
137 ,120 ,100 ,ve ,B
87 ,85 ,29 ,(SikB{ vAk) Q B
180 ,(B ,Ao) ,Bi B
87 ,nB]B ,B{ dT
43 ,kd ,jq io
84 ,83 ,81 ,Swjo
84 ,83 ,81 ,ve ,Swjo
82 ,BiAw ,Swjo
60 ,AkwA B@B ,po
87 ,65 ,63 ,62 ,42,37 ,29 ,22 ,vdAkL ,BoBo
79 ,48 ,kd ,o
132 ,no
40 ,Bio
40 ,S ,j
65 ,64 ,63 ,62 ,56 ,37 ,(kARo~)po ,po
74 ,o ,po
< >
78 ,(B{Bn Bw) wB
237 . A Swo
168 ,149 ,oB ,B

64 ,59 ,54 ,8 ,B{keA ,nB]B
63 ,58 ,B{@@kd ,nB]B
110 ,jd ,AkwA B
127 ,en ,B
171 ,A@u@U ,jApB
26 ,ov B
127 ,jBMB kd B
54 ,ve ,p@A o
43 ,9 ,7 ,(BoA) @ve ,p@A o
54 ,8 ,(AoB) wBAMA ,p@A o
8 ,(o@A nAjow) d ,p@A o
197 ,132 ,131 ,@g{ ,A@BMo
197 ,w ,ABMo
15 ,nU ,Ko
89 ,AkL ,Ko
70 ,46 ,(kAS) BwA ,Bz
70 ,MM ,Bz
71 ,70 ,ovi ,Bz
71 , ,Bz
71 ,70 ,oB ,Bz
135 ,qoLU Ao
128 ,n ,A@
58 ,Bi
100 ,ve ,Bo~
26 ,@kw ,
102 ,101 ,oB ,oL
109 ,42 ,keA ,A
110 ,92 ,76 ,74 ,72 ,71 , ,A
168 ,149 ,kAB ,A
72 ,59 ,(AA) AoMA ,pAo{ A
197 ,Ro ,B]
26 ,oA ,
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56 , ,BiAnB@
177 ,176 ,pB@
24 ,S{jnp ,Bio{@kB@B@
99 ,k~AkL ,yhLB@
25 ,kd ,BBw B@
181 ,124 ,122 ,121 ,115 ,112 ,111 ,o] ,BB@
39 ,({)
B@
26 keA ,n\@
72 ,54 ,kp Bio@
239 . A Swo
136 ,100 ,k ,B@
<@>
188 ,(Aor) Bno@
197 ,AA AnC@
136 , ,q@
135 ,k ,@
15 ,nUoA ,Bn@
<>
89 ,BBnA
26 ,k ,B\n
134 ,133 ,wBAMA ,U
25 ,@ ,\
43 ,ABv
197 ,_vC UBC ,
80 ,vT
<>
23 BwA ,B
165 , ,vTB
25 ,Aw ,BMpo B
171 ,B
196 ,k ,AkB
87 ,43 , k ,kAk\
26 ,RAjBvAk\
25 ,@A nA kA\
25 ,en ,\
137 ,136 ,o] ,o\
84 ,BioBM kd
60 ,44 ,(nB]B) Apo vekd
,79 ,78 ,76 ,75 ,74 ,58 ,53 ,48 ,34 ,32 ,25 ,Q B{ Bnkd
199 ,137 ,97 ,92 ,91 ,88 ,86 ,84 ,82
58 ,nB]B B{ kd
195 ,Anke w , @kd
196 , ,kd
109 ,o] ,kBw@kd
109 ,k\ ,kkd
87 ,29 ,28 ,(nPB{) Q Bn@jd
65 ,50 ,(tBQow) kAn ,nBTh
66 ,65 ,50 ,45 ,44 ,43 ,vekw ,tnk
43 ,(Aok) jd ,]
118 ,111 ,jd ,jAo
118 ,ov ,jAo
241 . A Swo
135 ,keA ,AA o

27 ,kBw ,AA o
108 ,Uo ,Uo
89 ,jApk{o
92 ,(BA Tv) ve ,Tv
59 ,Bn kz
64 ,AkL ,Tv
68 ,67 ,66 ,50 ,47 ,(vA k~) kd , k~
47 ,vd , k~
130 ,vdAkL ,Ben n~
25 ,o
51 ,nB]B B{ kAo
91 ,90 ,oL@A ,kT
102 ,(ow) ~
197 ,C ,
80 ,vnB`
118 ,Rq ,
43 ,(A pBT) Uo ,BUo
115 ,Aj
63 ,AoMA ,jApz
168 ,158 ,149 ,o ,\B
86 ,85 ,nU ,[Qo
38 ,ABA ,BLB] Apo

45 ,Bnkd ,z jApo
166 ,(Aow) A@o
168 ,149 ,kA ,Aoo
45 ,Bnkd ,z jApo
116 ,vd ,B
100 ,B
50 ,AU
<>
103 ,(nATwA) B
27 ,BiwBAMA ,KB
100 ,(ovA) k\
100 ,(j ATw) \
24 ,kd ,\
(Y oA) 84 ,83 ,81 ,61 ,50 ,39 ,38 ,30 ,kd ,A\h
100 ,eoAkL ,k
89 ,wBAMA ,Ao
39 ,BveA ,Ao
64 ,(AoA nj uA nBTh op) Bo
89 ,o~
136 ,108 ,ve ,o
243 . A Swo
90 ,B{ S
89 ,kw ,v
88 ,79 ,59 ,(Sn nAjow) ,k
88 ,vd ,k
111 ,99 ,kMB ,A
24 ,yAjoA ,ShM
24 ,BiAKLe ,ShM
102 ,(joow)
<>
132 ,BnA
89 , ,BBnA
70 , ,twA
170 ,169 ,(nvoQ) BMoU A
43 ,(kA Y) ve , Y
132 ,99 ,nQB{ ,nQ
196 ,135 ,n k ,A
196 ,k ,A
168 ,149 , ,
115 ,T
136 ,eno ,
197 ,nBThM ,jApJB
171 ,126 ,w ,_nBv

107 ,BA ,jo
</>
143 ,139 ,jAp{B
60 ,@k ,SAk
89 ,yhMo
24 ,oBMkd ,nBzA k{
26 , ,S
163 ,47 ,jC ,oT
<>
103 ,B\nB
BzAj d
50 ,46 ,Uo ,BQAjq
104 ,ve ,jq
44 ,43 ,io ,jq
109 ,An ,B
104 ,90 ,Bnkd ,
188 ,z@BUC ,
4 ,pk
From Kings Palaces to

Siberian Jails
Gholamhoseyn Bigdeli
National Library and Archives of the I.R. of IRAN

Tehran, 2009

Az Kakh Hay Shah Ta Zndan Hay Sybry

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Az Kakh Hay Shah Ta Zndan Hay Sybry

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Format Tersedia

oLw BAkp BU B{ BfB pA

AoA wA n] BhMBT jBwA BpBw

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . j

53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B{Bn nj BS~h{ B]n w ~

113 / / / / / / / / / / / / / ( pA nj Bw 33)n{ nj j yhM

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . nBa

171 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bn pBCow ,BTwA o

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 2

/jooM nj An wA M SzpBM SB nj @BM nj ~dU ,Akp

ow pA BU jAj o BA M  nAq tBPw An U !AnBjnoQ

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 4

,B@B tk j TwoQBT C ,wA y M Ao pA A pA

kM BQoj Bw A M Lv A /SwA kM vd B

;Tv ,BipA kpo ,Bipk jBeA jA pA B{ kM

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 6

BzSep oj ySep BBj Bwo S B BxU \T ,

,` Ao] ,k ,RAnBMo{ ,jnA :pA jM RnBL RBj A

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 8

x za Bi@Ak nB A  kk{ oT Bv nqM BB

RBU pA oYFT nz BAoe B kBz BM kjM SBi

B{BM nj B y{ ,j M /k{ jU Jqe jnA 2AkwA

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 10

An ~dU B ZnAk @BM nj SB A Bw 26  kC @BM M k{

SwBn pA s M ,AoA wA n] BhMBT jBwA BpBw

/SwA k{ TiB{ Bn Rn M  M SwA jBAj M @n  A A /1

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 16

A Kv A jo cT An nBj C  B BA jnCnj RnBwA M An A

kM B kM A pBLB] Ako A , 905 nj ,kM Bw k

AoA Sw ShU

jpAj o oiC BU BMp wnB Ao{ omU ,nlC kzUC kM nlC M  /1

Bwjoi w pA ,nke Bw o pA uQ ,kM Bi ve

/SvM qoLU nj , AkBi Ako pA MjnA keA kiC An ZAjpA A k

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 18

AU /AjnC M An BC 1B{ B{ kM ,kM k]@[Q

p nkQ ,kApnBL M K ,B{ kM BikMBAp

xBLq yUnA AnAmBM k{n AnAjow Tvh pA BwA@B{

kM AkBi AoA nqM Bjoow pA A /BwA B{ A]

/BTvoU AnkpB @Be ,AoA nBvPw ,B{ kM A Bip

,A tBL B{ Mo BUC , ,B{ kM Bi

/RAo @Be BwAoi MoM

BMp M oza MjA nBYC jM nz Bv Tv

pBM  Se oT q ,B{ kM j Bip

BTvA ,BC ,BTwk nj AoA `A A /A tBL B{ SwAn

,BwAoi nBvPw RAo @Be ,B{ kM Bi Uo

K p nj UBFU KeB oB{ ,Tv{ i A

nlC M) njBM tnB ,uPw Ao{ @Be ,B{ kM BiB C

nAqTki nB@Ak k{n AnAjow pA ,B{ kM Bikd

/BA Ak ,Bo @Be

,kzUC Aj KeB ,nlC M }hT ,B{ kM Bi 

BhMBT nj ji BLp i BM B{ kM Bi Uo RBFU nBYC pA nBvM /1

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 20

/BwC oTj Bhp w

 |B~TiA B{njB nTwj M A ,B{ kM Bi k

/jo nB@ An kz Mo ,o{A \

/(OUow) {BM ,B{ kM

cv `U knBa BM A jke ,kM Bi AcT ,nkQ eo

 kk] zBo RAoj o ApB\T AowB\T

B\BMnlC RAoj o Ak Bo kBo pB

,BTwo{ nj An BBTvMBU AoU nj An BBTvp ,Bwjoi Anj pA

oLw B@Akp BU B{ B@fB pA . 22

wnoM pA kM ,k{ B BTvMj jnA B jB~U jB jo kpo

B\C nj An BKwA ,@ oM B ,BBTvp  jM nqM nBvM k{Qow nBU sB /1

~h{ nB{  q B vAo\ kpo , B Bi BwA

 z  2Bin un ,poLA OUow kpo ,poLA BiAMA

53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B{Bn nj BS~h{ B]n w ~

171 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bn pBCow ,BTwA o

/jooM nj An wA M SzpBM SB nj @BM nj ~dU ,Akp

ow pA BU jAj o BA M nAq tBPw An U !AnBjnoQ

,B@B tk j TwoQBT C ,wA y M Ao pA A pA

kM BQoj Bw A M Lv A /SwA kM vd B

;Tv ,BipA kpo ,Bipk jBeA jA pA B{ kM

BzSep oj ySep BBj Bwo SB BxU \T ,

,` Ao] ,k ,RAnBMo{ ,jnA :pA jM RnBL RBj A

x za Bi@Ak nB A kk{ oT Bv nqM BB

RBU pA oYFT nz BAoe B kBz BM kjM SBi

An ~dU B ZnAk @BM nj SBA Bw 26 kC @BM M k{

SwBn pA s M ,AoA wA n] BhMBT jBwA BpBw

/SwA k{ TiB{ Bn Rn M M SwA jBAj M @n A A /1

A Kv A jo cT An nBj C B BA jnCnj RnBwA M An A

AoA Sw ShU

jpAj o oiC BU BMp wnB Ao{ omU ,nlC kzUC kM nlC M /1

Bwjoi w pA ,nke Bw o pA uQ ,kM Bi ve

/SvM qoLU nj , AkBi Ako pA MjnA keA kiC An ZAjpA A k

p nkQ ,kApnBL M K ,B{ kM BikMBAp

kM AkBi AoA nqM Bjoow pA A /BwA B{ A]

,A tBL B{ Mo BUC , ,B{ kM Bi

/RAo @Be BwAoi MoM

BMp M oza MjA nBYC jM nz Bv Tv

pBM Se oT q ,B{ kM j Bip

,BwAoi nBvPw RAo @Be ,B{ kM Bi Uo

K p nj UBFU KeB oB{ ,Tv{ i A

nlC M) njBM tnB ,uPw Ao{ @Be ,B{ kM BiBC

nAqTki nB@Ak k{n AnAjow pA ,B{ kM Bikd

/BA Ak ,Bo @Be

,kzUC Aj KeB ,nlC M }hT ,B{ kM Bi

BhMBT nj ji BLp i BM B{ kM Bi Uo RBFU nBYC pA nBvM /1

/BwC oTj Bhp w

|B~TiA B{njB nTwj M A ,B{ kM Bi k

/jo nB@ An kz Mo ,o{A \

cv `U knBa BM A jke ,kM Bi AcT ,nkQ eo

kk] zBo RAoj o ApB\T AowB\T

B\BMnlC RAoj o Ak Bo kBo pB

B\C nj An BKwA ,@ oM B ,BBTvp jM nqM nBvM k{Qow nBU sB /1

~h{ nB{ q B vAo\ kpo ,B Bi BwA

z 2Bin un ,poLA OUow kpo ,poLA BiAMA

BM SwA kp oBe Be nj ] Sn BioB /SB oU ] Sn

/SwA Ao{ @Bw kp @A q A /T kwA nAjow

/jB oA ozow jABi pA ,jB oA AKLe

jAsQ Bi oB 4jAsQ Bi AKLe ,jAsQ

/S{mnj 1372 nj ,AQ Biw ow ,BC o oiC @

nj jM u\ kB A oM A /kz M An ShM BB{

pA ,Ben BUoA AovQ ,Ben BioA Ben BioA

/nA tB{ow nqM B@

/A KB ,wnk Mo ovA kpo ,nB Bi ZoA

RAjBw pA ,BwBL Bi ~kw kpo ,nB Bi ~

wnk un ,B] Sn (joow) nB jApoAi ,AijAj ARo~

/nBAl AkBi pA ,nBAl Biovi nBAl Bi AkwA

/@A nA kA\ kpo ,\ Bi en

,BBw B Bikd ,o o BB M njAoM j `

k{n pAo tnAk nAmBM ,o k{n veApo ]Be

jo U Sw A M An A B{Bn ji jM (k) Bnkd

An A /S{Am nBjB M nBvM R\ Bn BJBT ji

,hnBU wn jBwA nAk oTzM nj jM wo k nj SwA MBve Bw /1

/BAo] ,(kA) BioA

/RBBn ,o{ BioL@A

BjApnqM Ai pA A /v{i i ,n\ BikeA

AoM BiBn Bo M BU jM k{ K] A xi i /jM AnkpB

/JB Rn nj B zB] ,pAoA vdAMA

/S{Am oYFU B j] nj jM Bji ovA J

TvB{ ovA ,AAo kBw nz jABi pA ,kBw ATw /kC A

nj B kBo Mo AovA pA ,nB Bi ~ ATw

RB kk] R~dU jM k AovA pA A /B BTvMj

/TzoM kTn unqn nji BM BC </jzM woU kBL @

nj v BM Ao C oLi k{ BBTvMj z{ t A jo@B{ nB

TzoM BA An pA kj jq pA An A T x 1320 no{

pA /S{Ak An Szj qAtA o nk S{ Rnk C oj

jM T{m Bn kU pA B ka p /jM pB B

Bi wBAMA B M S{Aj njAoM AoU nj ,Bn njB ,oC@x

n A Lo A BM BU kAjo Q Bnkd AoM BpAjoQBTwAj A pA /1

35 . Q AkBi kC nB n BiBn

yUnA nj j B] ] BBQ BU jM wn nBji bw q@B) v@B vv /1

C vv k{ ZnBi pA {B Ak BM B kvM MB d

@BoU nBM j Apn o oiAA nj /kz

?kkBwn Sw M An BiBn BvA Aoa