CHAPTER TOPIC NO. OF PROBLEMS PAGE NOS.

SOLVED
8 Thermochemistry 20
11 Rates of Reactions 20
12 Chemical Equilibrium 20
13 Acids and Bases 20
18 Electrochemistry 20
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1) A 340-g sample of water was heated from 5.10° to 67.50° C. Calculate the amount of heat
absorbed by water. The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g°C.
q = m s Δt
q = (340)(4.184)(67.5 – 5.10)
q = 8.9 x 104 J

2) When one mole of caffeine, C8H10O2 is burned in air, 2.98x103 KJ of heat is evolved.
3.00g of caffeine is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature is observed to
increase by 9.63°C. What is the heat capacity of the calorimeter?
3.00g x 1mol C8H10N4O2 x 2.98 x 103 kJ x 1000J = 4.60 x 104J
194.22 g 1mol C8H10N4O2
qrxn = -Ccal Δt
4.60 x 104J = -Ccal (9.63°C)
Ccal = 4.78 x 103 J/°C

3) The specific heat aluminum is 0.902 J/g°C. How much heat is absorbed by an aluminum
pie tin with a mass of 352g to raise the temperature from room temp.(25.00°C) to oven
temperature(190.6°C)?
q = m s Δt
q = (352)(0.902)(190.6 – 25.00)
q = 52.6 kJ

4) Magnesium sulfate is often used in first-aid hot packs, giving off heat when dissolved in
water. When 5.00g MgSO4 dissolves in 25.0mL water (d=1.00g/mL) at 25.0°C, 2.25 KJ
of heat is evolved.

a. Is the process exothermic? Yes

b. What is qH2O?
qH2O = - qrxn
qH2O = 2.25 kJ
c. What is the final temperature of the solution?
q = m s (t2 – t1)
-2250 J = (25)(4.184)(t2 – 25.0)
t2 = 46.5°C

5) Urea (NH2)2CO, is used in the manufacture of resins and glues. When 15.0g of urea is
dissolved in 450mL H2O (d=1.00g/mL) at 27.0°C, 31.4 KJ of heat is absorbed.

a. Is the solution exothermic? No

b. What is qH2O?
qH2O = - qrxn
qH2O = -31.4 kJ

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 c. What is the final temperature of the solution?
q = m s (t2 – t1)
-2250 J = (25)(4.184)(t2 – 25.0)
t2 = 10.3°C

6) In earlier times, ethyl ether was commonly used as anesthetic. It is, however, highly
flammable. When ten milliliters of ethyl ether C4H10O(l), (d = 0.714g/mL)is burned in a
bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises from 21.1°C to 40.3°C. The calorimeter heat
capacity is 9.56 kJ/°C.
a. What is the q for the calorimeter?
qcal = Ccal Δt
qcal = (9.56 kJ/°C)(19.1°C)
qcal = 184 kJ

b. What is q when 10.0 mL of ethyl ether is being burned?

q = -184 kJ

7) Acetylene, C2H2, is used in wedding torches. It releases a lot of energy when burned in
oxygen. One gram of acetylene releases 39.7kJ. When 0.560 g of acetylene is burned in a
bomb calorimeter (heat capacity = 1.117kJ/°C), the final temperature of the bomb is
56.7°C. What is the initial temperature of the calorimeter?
qcal = Ccal Δt
qcal = (1.117kJ/°C)(56.7 – t1)
t1 = 36.8 °C

8) In photosynthesis, the following reaction takes place:

6CO(g) + 6H2O(l) → 6O2(g) + C6H12O6(s) ΔH = 3901 kJ
a. Calculate ΔH when one mole CO2 reacts.
1mol CO2 x 3901 kJ = 650.2 kJ
6mol CO2

b. How many kilojoules of energy are liberated when 30.00 g of glucose, C 6H12O6, is
burned in oxygen?
30.00g C6H12O6 x 1mol C6H12O6 x 3901 kJ = 649.5 kJ
180.18g 1mol C6H12O6

9) Given the following thermochemical equations,

C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = -1354.5 kJ
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -297.5 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH = -267.6 kJ
Calculate ΔH for the decomposition of one mole of acetylene, C2H2(g), to its
elements in their stable state at 25°C and 1 atm.
2H2(g) + 5/2 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = -1354.5 kJ
CO2(g) → 2C(s) + 2O2(g) ΔH = 595 kJ
O
2 (l) → H 2(g) + ½ O2(g) ΔH = 267.6 kJ
2H2(g) → 2C(s) + H2(g) ΔH = -491.1 kJ

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10) Given the following thermochemical equations,
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ΔH = -571.6 kJ
N2O(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(l) ΔH = -73.7 kJ
½ N2(g) + 3/2 O2(g) + ½ H2→ HNO3(l) ΔH = -174.1 kJ
Calculate ΔH for the formation of one mole of dinitrogen pentoxide from its
elements in their stable state at 25°C and 1 atm.
2O(l) → H2(g) + ½ O2(g) ΔH = 285.8 kJ
HNO3(l) → N2O5(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = 73.7 kJ
2(g) + 3O2(g) + H2(g)→ 2HNO3(l) ΔH = -348.2 kJ
2(g) + 5O2(g) → N2O5(g) ΔH = 11.3 kJ

11) Given 2CuO(s) → 2Cu(s) + O2(g) ΔH = 314.6 kJ

a. Determine the heat of formation of CuO.
1 mol CuO x 314.6 kJ = 157.3 kJ
2 mol CuO
But since the equation is reversed, ΔH°f = -157.3 kJ

b. Calculate ΔH° for the formation of 17.60 g of CuO.

17.60g x 1mol CuO x 314.6 kJ = 34.80 kJ
79.55g 2 mol CuO
But since the equation is reversed, ΔH°f = -34.80 kJ

12) Obtain ΔH° from the equation

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
ΔH° = Σ ΔH°f prod - Σ ΔH°f react

13) Obtain ΔH° for the following thermochemical equations:

a. 2H2S (g) + 3O2(g) → 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
b. 3Ni(s) + 2NO3-(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 3Ni2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)

14) Calculate ΔH° for

a. The reaction between copper (II) oxide and carbon monoxide to give copper metal
and carbon dioxide.
b. The decomposition of one mole of methyl alcohol (CH3OH) to methane and
oxygen gas.

15) When ammonia reacts with dinitrogen oxide gas (ΔH°f = 82.05 kJ/mol), liquid water and
nitrogen gas are formed. How much heat is liberated or absorbed by the reaction that
produces 345 mL of nitrogen gas at 25°C and 717mm Hg?

16) Find
a. ΔE when a gas absorbs 18 J of heat and has 13 J of work dome on it.
b. q when 72 J of work is done on a system and its energy is increased by 61 J.

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17) Consider the combustion of one mole of acetylene, C2H2, which yields carbon dioxide
and liquid water.
a. Calculate ΔH.
b. Calculate ΔE at 25°C

18) Given the following reactions,

N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = -534.2 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(g) ΔH = -241.8 kJ
Calculate the heat of formation of hydrazine.

19) Brass has a density 8.25 g/mL and a specific heat of 0.362 J/g°C. A cube of brass 22.00
mm on an edge is heated in a Bunsen burner flame to a temperature of 95.0°C. It is then
immersed in 20.0 mL of water (d = 1.00 g/mL, c = 4.18 J/g°C) at 22.0°C in an insulated
container. Assuming no heat loss, what is the final temperature of the water?

20) Microwave ovens convert radiation to energy. A microwave oven uses radiation with a
wavelength 12.5 cm. Assuming that all the energy form the radiation is converted to heat
without loss, how many moles of photons are required to raise the temperature of a cup of
water (350.0 g, specific heat = 4.18 J/g°C) from 23.0°C to 99.0°C?

RATES OF REACTIONS

1) Radium spontaneously decomposes by a reaction of the first order. If it takes 25 1/3 years
for a 1% decomposition of radium, what is its half-life?
[A] = 0.99[A]o

ln 0.99 = -k(25 1/3 years)

k = 3.97 x 10-4/year

t ½ = 1.75 x 103 years

2) If the first order reaction A → B + C is started at noon and 80% of A has been converted
to its products at 2:00 pm of the same day, at what time was 10% of A converted?
[A] = 0.20[A]o

ln 0.20 = -k(2h)
k = 0.805/h

[A] = 0.90[A]o

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 ln 0.90 = -(0.805/h)t
t = 0.13 hours

3) In the first order reaction of type A → B + C, it takes 20 minutes to bring about

decomposition of 30% of the initial substance, what total time would be required to
decompose 60% of it?

ln 0.70 = -k(20 min)

k = 0.018/min

for a 60% decomposition

ln 0.40 = -(0.018)t
t = 51 min

4) The effect of concentration of reactants on the following reaction

2H2(g) + 2NO(g) → 2H2O(g) + N2(g)
is summarized by the following experimental data obtained at 800°C

Experiment NO (M) H2 (M) Rate (M/min)

I 6.00x10-3 1.00x10-3 1.5x10-3
II 6.00x10-3 2.00x10-3 3.0x10-3
III 6.00x10-3 3.00x10-3 4.5x10-3
IV 1.00x10-3 6.00x10-3 2.2x10-3
V 2.00x10-3 6.00x10-3 8.8x10-3
Determine
a. the individual and overall orders
r = k[NO]m[H2]n

r1 = 1.5 x 10-3 = (6.00 x 10-3)m(1.00 x 10-3)n r4 = 2.2 x 10-3 = (1.00 x 10-3)m(6.00 x 10-3)n
r2 = 3.0 x 10-3 = (6.00 x 10-3)m(2.00 x 10-3)n r5 = 8.8 x 10-3 = (2.00 x 10-3)m(6.00 x 10-3)n

0.5 = 0.5n ¼ = (½ )m
n=1 m=2

overall order = 3

b. the rate constant

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 k = 4.2 x 104/M2min

c. the rate law

rate = k[NO]2[H2]

5) Using the same data in No.4, answer the following:

rate = k[NO]2[H2]
let [NO] = A
[H2] = B

a. What happens to the rate of reaction if [NO] is doubled?

r = [2A]2[B]
the rate is quadrupled
b. Tripling [H2] increases the rate by what factor?
r = [A]2[3B]
the rate increases thrice

6) For the following hypothetical reaction

A(g) + 2B(g) + 3C(g) → 4D(g)
the rate law was found to be
Rate of formation of D = k[A]2[B]
a. Doubling [A] would increase the rate by what factor? 4
b. Doubling [B] would increase the rate by what factor? 2
c. Tripling [C] would increase the rate by what factor? No effect
d. Calculate k from the following data:
[A] = 2.0x10-2 [B] = 3.0x10-2 [C] = 5.0x10-2
Rate of formation D = 4.0x10-3M/min

k = 3.3 x 102 /M2min

7) The data show the effect of the concentration of reactants on the rate of formation of
NOCl gas by the equation
Cl2(g) + 2NO(s) → 2NOCl(g) at 450°C
Expt [Cl] [NO] Rate of NOCl f ormed
(M) (M) (M/sec)
-3 -4
1 1.0 x 10 2.5 x 10 2.6 x 10-10
-3 -4
2 1.0 x 10 5.0 x 10 5.2 x 10-10

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 3 1.0 x 10-3 10.0 x 10-4 1.04 x 10-9
4 2.0 x 10-3 10.0 x 10-4 4.16 x 10-9
5 3.0 x 10-3 10.0 x 10-4 9.36 x 10-9
6 4.0 x 10-3 10.0 x 10-4 1.664 x 10-8
Determine
a. The rate law
r = k[Cl2]m[NO]n

b. The individual and overall orders

r1 = 2.6 x 10-10 = (1.0 x 10-3)m(2.5 x 10-4)n r3 = 1.04 x 10-9 = (1.0 x 10-3)m(10.0 x 10-4)n
r2 = 5.2 x 10-10 = (1.0 x 10-3)m(5.0 x 10-4)n r4 = 4.16 x 10-9 = (2.0 x 10-3)m(10.0 x 10-4)n

0.5 = 0.5n ¼ = (½ )m
n=1 m=2

overall order = 3

c. The rate constant

k = 1.0/M2sec

8) Using the same data in No.7, how would the reaction rate be affected by
a. Doubling the concentration of NO
double the rate
b. Increasing the concentration of NO by 4 times
increase the rate by 4 times
c. Doubling the concentration of Cl2
quadruple the rate
d. Increasing the concentration of Cl2 by 3
increase the rate by 9 times

9) For a reaction of A and B to form C, the following data were obtained from the following
experiments
Expt [A] [B] Rate
1 0.60 0.15 6.3 x 10-3
2 0.20 0.60 2.8 x 10-3
3 0.60 0.15 7.0 x 10-4
Calculate
a. The rate law
r1 = 6.3 x 10-3 = (0.60)m(0.15)n r2 = 2.8 x 10-3 = (0.20)m(0.60)n
r3 = 7.0 x 10-4 = (0.20)m(0.15)n r3 = 7.0 x 10-4 = (0.20)m(0.15)n

9 = 3m 4 = 4n
m=2 n=1

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 overall order = 3

b. The numerical value for k

k = 0.12/ M2min

10) Consider the reaction

3A + B → 2C + D
If the rate of formation of D is 2.0M/sec, calculate
a. Rate of disappearance of A
-1 Δ[A] = 2.0 M/sec
3 Δt

Δ[A] = -6.0 M/sec

Δt

b. Rate of formation of C
1 Δ[C] = 2.0 M/sec
3 Δt

Δ[C] = 4.0 M/sec

Δt

c. Rate of oxidation of B
-Δ[B] = 2.0 M/sec
Δt

Δ[B] = -2.0 M/sec

Δt

11) The decomposition of ammonia in tungsten at 1100°C is zero-order with a rate constant
of 2.5x10-4M/min.
a. Write the rate law
r=k

b. Calculate the rate when [NH3] = 0.750M

r = 2.5x10-4M/min

c. At what concentration of NH3 is the rate equal to the rate constant?

Any value since the rate is independent of the concentration.

12) The reaction

ICl(g) + ½ H2(g) → ½ I2(g) + HCl(g)
is first order in both reactants. The reaction rate is 4.89x10-5M/s when [ICl] = 0.0500M
and [H2] = 0.0150M.

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 a. What is the value of k?

k = 0.0652/Msec

b. At what concentration of H2 is the rate equal to 2.50 x 10-4M/s and the

concentration of ICL is 0.117?

[H2] = 0.0328 M

13) In the first order decomposition of acetone at 500°C

CH3-CO-CH3(g) → products
It is found that the concentration is 0.0300M after 200 minutes and 0.0200M after 400
minutes. Find:
a. The rate constant

ln [0.0200] = -k(200 min)

[0.0300]
k = 2.03 x 10-3 /min

b. The half-life

t ½ = 342 min

c. The initial concentration

ln [A] – ln [A]o = kt
ln [A]o = ln(0.03) + (2.03 x 10-3)(200)
[A]o = e -3.10
[A]o = 0.0450 M

14) The decomposition of dimethyl ether (CH3)2O at 510°C is first order with the rate
constant equal to 6.8x10-4/sec. If the initial pressure is 135 torr, what is the partial
pressure after 1420 seconds?
ln [A] = ln [A]o – kt
ln [A] = ln(135) – (6.8x10-4/sec)(1420 sec)
ln [A] = 3.94
ln [A] = 51.4 torr

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15) For the reaction
2N2O(g) → 2N2(g) + O2(g)
the rate constant is 0.033M/min at 838K AND 11.4M/min at 1001K. What is the
activation energy for the reaction?

Ea = 250 kJ/mol

16) For the reaction: 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g), the rate constant is 0.0396M/min at 673K and
13.68M.min at 821K.
a. What is the activation energy?

Ea = 181 kJ/mol

17) The decomposition of N2O5 to N2 and NO3 is a first order reaction. At 55°C, the reaction
has a half-life of 1.67s and at 73°C, the reaction has a half-life of 0.203s. What is its
activation energy?

k1 = 0.415/s
k2 = 3.41/s

Ea = 111 kJ/mol

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18) The decomposition of NO2 is a second order reaction. At 550K, a 0.250M sample
decomposes at a rate of 1.17M/min.
a. What is the rate law?
r = k[NO2]2
b. What is the rate constant at 550K?

k = 1.17M/min
(0.250M)2
k = 18.7 M/min

c. What is the rate of decomposition when [NO2] = 0.800M?

r = k[NO2]2
r = (18.7 M/min)(0.800M)2
r = 12.0 M/min

19) Complete the table for the reaction 2R(s) + 3S(g) → products. The reaction is first order in
R and second order in S.

[R] [S] k Rate

(M2/min) (M/min)
a 0.200 0.200 1.49 0.0119
b 4.95 0.633 0.42 0.833
c 0.100 2.33 0.298 0.162
d 0.0500 0.0911 15.0 0.00624

a. Rate = (0.149)(0.200)(0.200)2
b.

c.

d.

20) Complete the table for the reaction 2A(g) + 3B(g) → products which is first order in both
reactants.

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 [A] [B] K (/Mh) Rate (M/h)
a 0.0600 0.240 1.13 0.0163
b 0.0360 0.500 0.530 0.0954
c 0.238 0.0150 8.04 0.0287
d 0.355 0.140 0.0135 0.000672
a. Rate = (1.13)(0.0600)(0.240)
b.

c.

d.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

1) At a certain temperature, the rate constant for the reaction 3C2H2 ↔ C6H6 is 4.0. If the
equilibrium concentration of C2H2 is 0.60M, what is the concentration of C6H6?
Kc = [C6H6]
[C2H2]3
4.0 = [C6H6]
(0.60)3
[C6H6] = 0.86 M

2) Consider the gaseous equilibrium 2A ↔ 2B + C. Four moles of A are put in a 1-L flask.
At equilibrium, the flask is found to contain 1.0 mole of C. Calculate the equilibrium
constant.
2A ↔ 2B + C
I 4.0 0 0
C - 2x + 2x +x
E 4.0 – 2x 2x x
x = 1.0 mole

Kc = [B]2[C]
[A]2

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 Kc = (2.0)2(1.0)
(4.0 – 2x)2
Kc = 1.0

3) The equilibrium constant for the gaseous equilibrium X ↔3Y is 2.0. A 2-L flask contains
3.0 moles of X at equilibrium. How many moles of X does the flask contain at
equilibrium?
X ↔ 3Y
I a 0
C -x + 3x
E a–x 3x
3x = 1.5
x = 0.5
Kc = [Y]3
[X]
2.0 = (3x)3
(y-x)
2y = 3x3 + 2x
y = 2.2
y – x = 1.7 M
moles of X = 3.4

4) Consider the following gaseous equilibrium 3A ↔ 2B + C. Three moles of A were put

into a 1-L flask. At equilibrium it was found that 0.5 moles of C was present. What is the
value of the equilibrium constant?
3A ↔ 2B + C
I 3.0 0 0
C - 3x + 2x +x
E 3.0 – 3x 2x x
x = 0.5 M

Kc = [B]2[C]
[A]3
Kc = (1.0)2(0.5)
(3.0-1.5)3
Kc = 0.15

5) 4.0 moles of PCl are placed in a 2-L flask.

PCl5 ↔ PCl3 + Cl2
When equilibrium is established, the flask is found to contain 0.40 moles of Cl 2.
Determine the equilibrium constant for this reaction.

PCl5 ↔ PCl3 + Cl2

I 2.0 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 2.0 – x x x

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 x = 0.2M

Kc = [PCl3][Cl2]
[PCl5]
Kc = (0.2)(0.2)
(2.0 – 0.2)
Kc = 0.02

6) If HI is 25% dissociated according to the equation 2HI ↔ H2 + I2 at a given temperature.

a. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of HI, H2 and I2 if we start with 10 moles
of HI in a 1.0-L container
2HI ↔ H2 + I2
I 10 0 0
C - 2x +x +x
E 10 – 2x x x
10-2x = 7.5
x = 1.25
[HI] = 7.50 M
[H2] = 1.25 M
[I2] = 1.25 M

b. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant

Kc = [H2] 2[I2]
[HI]2
Kc = (1.25) 2(1.25)
(7.50)2
Kc = 0.0278
7) A mixture containing 1.000 moles of H2(g) and 1.000 moles of CO2(g) is placed in a 1.000L
container at 800°C. At equilibrium, 0.491 moles of CO2(g ) and 0.491 moles of H2O(g) are
present.
H2(g) + CO2(g) ↔ H2O(g) + CO(g)
Calculate
a. The equilibrium concentrations of H2(g) and CO2(g)
H2(g) + CO2(g) ↔ H2O(g) + CO(g)
I 1.000 1.000 0 0
C -x -x +x +x
E 1.000 – x 1.000 – x 0.491 0.491
x = 0.491
[H2], [CO2] = 0.509 M

b. The equilibrium constant

Kc = [H2O] [CO]
[H2][CO2]
Kc = (0.491) 2
(0.590)2
Kc = 0.931

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8) A mixture containing 0.075M of HCl(g) and 0.033M O2(g) is allowed to come to
equilibrium at 480°C
4HCl(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)
At equilibrium, the concentration of Cl2 is 0.030M
a. What are the equilibrium concentrations of HCl, O2 and H2O?
4HCl(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)
I 0.075 0.033 0 0
C - 4x -x + 2x + 2x
E 0.075 – 4x 0.033 – x 2x 2x
2x = 0.030 M
x = 0.015 M
[HCl] = 0.015 M
[O2] = 0.018 M
[H2O] = 0.030 M

b. What is the rate constant at 480°C?

Kc = [H2O]2 [Cl2]2
[HCl]4[O2]
Kc = [0.030]2 [0.030]2
[0.015]4[0.018]
Kc = 890

9) At 100°C the equilibrium constant for the reaction CO(g) + Cl2(g) ↔ COCL2(g) is
4.57x109/M. If 1.00 mole COCl2 is confined in a 1.00-L container, find the concentration
of CO after equilibrium.
COCL2(g) ↔ CO(g) + Cl2(g)
I 1.00 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 1.00 – x x x
-10
1/Kc = 2.19 x 10 Test equation:
[acid ]
≥ 1000
Ka
Kc = x2__
(1.00-x)
x = 2.19 x 10-10
2

x = 1.48 x 10-5 M
[CO] = 1.48 x 10-5 M

10) Analysis of an equilibrium mixture of N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 showed concentrations of H2

and NH3 to be 0.60M and 0.20M respectively. If the equilibrium concentration is 0.37,
what is the concentration of N2?
Kc = [NH3] 2
[N2][H2]3
[N2] = (0.20) 2__
(0.37)(0.60)3

17
 [N2] = 0.50 M

11) Consider the reaction CO + H2O ↔ CO2. Into a 1-L vessel are placed 5.0 moles CO and
3.0 moles H2O and the system is heated to a reacting temperature. At equilibrium,
analysis shows the presence of 1.5 mole CO2. What is the value of the equilibrium
constant?
CO + H2O ↔ CO2
I 5.0 3.0 0
C -x -x +x
E 5.0 – x 3.0 – x x = 1.5
[CO] = 3.5 M
[H2O] = 1.5 M

Kc = [CO2] 2
[CO][H2O]
Kc = (1.5) 2
(3.5)(1.5)
Kc = 0.29

12) Consider the reaction 2A + B ↔ 2C + D. Initially, 3.0 moles of A and 5.0 moles of B are
placed in a vessel and reacted. At equilibrium, 0.5 moles of D is found. What is Kc?
2A + B ↔ 2C + D
I 3.0 5.0 0 0
C - 2x -x + 2x +x
E 3.0 – 2x 5.0 – x 2x x
x = 0.50
2.0 4.5 1.0 0.5
2
Kc = [C] [D]
[A]2[B]
Kc = (1.0)2 (0.5)
(2.0)2(4.5)
Kc = 0.028

13) Consider the following equilibrium at high temperature 2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) ↔ 2CO(g) +
4H2O(g). The equilibrium constant is 0.045. The concentrations of O2, CO and H2O are as
follows: [O2] = 2.00, [CO] = 3.00 [H2O] = 1.00. what would be the concentration of CH4
at equilibrium?
Kc = [CO]2 [H2O]4
[CH4]2[O2]3
[CH4]2 = [CO]2 [H2O]4
Kc [O2]3
[CH4] = (3.00)2 (1.00)4
2

0.045 (2.00)3
[CH4] = 5.0 M
14) Carbon monoxide and water react at 1000°C to give the ff equation:
CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2

18
 Into a 1-L vessel is placed initially 0.750 moles CO and 0.500 moles H2O. Analysis at
equilibrium shows the presence of 0.200 moles H2. Find the value of Kc.

CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2
I 0.750 0.500 0 0
C -x -x +x +x
E 0.750 – x 0.500 – x x x
x = 0.200
0.550 0.300 0.200 0.200
Kc = [CO2][ H2]
[CO][ H2O]
Kc = (0.200)(0.200)
(0.550)(0.300)
Kc = 0.242

15) Consider the following reaction at 600°C

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)
Initially, 4.0 moles NH3 is placed in a 1.0-L container. At equilibrium, 3.0 mole H2 are
found in the container. Determine Kc.
`
2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g)
I 4.0 0 0
C -x +x + 3x
E 4.0 – 2x x 3x
x = 1.0
2.0 1.0 3.0
3
Kc = [N2][H2]
[NH3] 2
Kc = (1.0)(3.0)3
(2.0) 2
Kc = 6.75 but the equation is reversed, therefore:
Kc`= 1/ Kc
Kc` = 0.15

16) State the direction in which each of the following equilibrium systems would be shifted
upon the application of the stress listed beside the equation.
a. N2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2NO(g) (endothermic) T↓ ←
b. 2NOBr(g) ↔ 2NO(g) + Br2(g) P↓ →
c. 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)↔ Fe3O4(g) + 4H2(g) P↑ ←
d. C(s) + CO2(g) ↔ 2CO(g) P↓ →
e. C(s) + CO2(g) ↔ 2CO(g) + C(s) no effect
f. N2O4(g) ↔ 2NO2(g) [NO2]↑ ←
g. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) + catalyst no effect
h. BaCl2 H2O(s) ↔ BaCl2(s) + H2O(g) - H2O(g)→

17) For the reaction 2NO2(g) ↔ N2O4(g)

19
 At a given temperature, 1.0 mole NO2 is placed in a 10.0-L container. After
equilibrium is established, there are 0.20 moles N2O4 present. Calculate Kc at this
temperature.
2NO2 ↔ N2O4
I 0.1 0
C - 2x +x
E 0.1 – 2x x
0.06 0.02
Kc = [N2O4]
[NO2] 2
Kc = (0.02)
(0.06)2
Kc = 5.6

18) For the reaction 2HI(g) ↔ H2(g) + I2(g) Kc = 0.016 at 500°C

If 1.0 mole HI is placed in a 2.0-L container and allowed to come to equilibrium
at 500°C, calculate the equilibrium concentrations of HI, H2 and I2.
2HI(g) ↔ H2(g) + I2(g)
I 0.50 0 0
C - 2x +x +x
E 0.50 – 2x x x
Kc = [I2][H2]
[HI] 2
0.016 = x2___
0.50 – 2x
x + 0.032x – 8 x 10-3 = 0
2

a = 1; b = 0.032; c = -8 x 10-3
x = 0.075

[HI] = 0.326 M
[H2], [I2] = 0.072 M

19) Using the value given for Kc in the previous number, calculate
a. Kc for the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) ↔ 2HI(g)
Kc` = 1/ Kc
Kc` = 63
b. Kc for the reaction HI(g) ↔ ½ H2(g) + ½ I2(g)
Kc` = √ Kc
Kc` = 0.13
c. Kc for the reaction ½ H2(g) + ½ I2(g) ↔ HI(g)
Kc` = 1/√ Kc
Kc` = 2.8
d. Kc for the reaction 4HI(g) ↔ 2H2(g) + 2I2(g)
Kc` = Kc2
Kc` = 0.00026

20
20) For the reaction 2A(g) + B(g) ↔ 2C(g) Kc = 0.18 at 200°C
Calculate Kc for
a. 2C(g) ↔ 2A(g) + B(g)
Kc` = 1/ Kc
Kc` = 5.6
b. A(g) + ½ B(g) ↔ C(g)
Kc` = √ Kc
Kc` = 0.13
c. C(g) ↔ A(g) + ½ B(g)
Kc` = 1/√ Kc
Kc` = 2.8
d. 4A(g) + 2B(g) ↔ 4C(g)
Kc` = Kc2
Kc` = 0.032

ACIDS AND BASES

1) What is the pH value of

a. 0.010M HCl (100% effective ionization)

[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = − log[ 0.010 M ]
pH = 2.0

b. 0.30M NaOH (90% effective ionization)

[OH − ]
%i =
[ BOH ]
-
[OH ] = (0.30M) (0.90)
[OH-] = 0.27M

[
pOH = − log OH − ]
pOH = 0.57

pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 – pOH
pH = 13.43

c. solution of HCl in which the H+ concentration is 8.0M?

[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = − log[ 8.0M ]
pH = -0.90

2)

21
 a. Given pH = 10.46; calculate [H+], [OH-], and pOH.
[ H + ] = 10 − pH
[ H + ] = 10 −10.46
[H+] = 3.5 x 10-11 M

K w = [ H + ][OH − ]
1.0 × 10 −14 = [ H + ][OH − ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] =
3.5 × 10 −11
[OH-] = 2.9 x 10-4 M

pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = 14.00 – pH
pOH = 14.00 – 10.46
pOH = 3.54

3) What is the pH value of

a. 0.050M HNO3 (100% ionized)

pH = − log H +[ ]
pH = − log[ 0.050 M ]
pH = 1.30

b. 0.80M KOH (85% effective ionization)

[OH − ]
%i =
[ BOH ]
-
[OH ] = (0.85) (0.80M)
[OH-] = 0.68M

[
pOH = − log OH − ]
pOH = 0.17

pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 – pOH
pH = 14.00 – 0.17
pH = 13.83

c. solution of HCL in which the hydrogen-ion concentration is 5.0M?

[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = − log[ 5.0M ]
pH = -0.70

4) What is the hydroxyl-ion concentration of solution in which pOH = -0.27?

22
 [OH − ] = 10 − pOH
[OH − ] = 10 0.27
[OH-] = 1.9M

1.0 × 10 −14 = [ H + ][OH − ]

1.0 × 10 −14
[H + ] =
1.9M
[H+] = 5.3 x 10-15M

5) Given pOH = 5.80; calculate [H+], [OH-], and pH.

[OH − ] = 10 − pOH
[OH − ] = 10 −5.80
[OH-] = 1.6 x 10-6 M

pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 – 5.80
pH = 8.20

[ H + ] = 10 − pH
[ H + ] = 10 −8.20
[H+] = 6.3 x 10-9 M

6) A certain organic acid has one replaceable hydrogen and in 0.010M aqueous solution is
0.18% ionized. What is the ionization constant of the acid?
[H + ]
%i =
[ HA]

[H+] = (0.0018) (0.010M)

[H+] = 1.8 x 10-5 M
x = 1.8 x 10-5 M

Ka = 3.2 x 10-8 M

7) Lactic acid is a monobasic acid with an ionization constant of 1.6x10-4. What is the
lactate-ion concentration in 0.5.M solution of the acid?

HC3H5O3 → H+ + C3H5O3-
I 0.50 0 0

23
 C -x +x +x
E 0.50 – x x x
x2
Ka = Test equation:
(0.50 − x)
[acid ]
x 2 = (1.6 × 10 −4 )(0.50) ≥ 1000
Ka
x = 8.9 x 10-3M
[C3H5O3-] = 8.9 x 10-3M

8) Formic acid is a monobasic acid that at a certain temperature is 3.2% ionized in 0.20M
solution. What is the ionization constant of formic acid at that temperature?

HCHO2 → H+ + CHO2-
I 0.20 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 0.20 – x x x

[H + ]
%i =
[ HA]
+
[H ] = (0.032) (0.20M)
[H+] = 6.4 x 10-3 M
x = 6.4 x 10-3 M

x2
Ka =
(0.20 − x )
(6.4 × 10 −3 ) 2
Ka =
(0.20 − 6.4 × 10 −3 )
Ka = 2.1 x 10-4

9) A certain organic amine acts as a mono-acidic base in aqueous solution. A 0.050 soln. has
a hydroxyl-ion concentration of 7.5x10-5M. What is the pH value of the solution, and the
ionization constant of the base?
[
pOH = − log OH − ]
pOH = 4.12

pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 – 4.12
pH = 9.88

24
 Ka = 1.1 x 10-7

10) Ethylamine is a derivative of ammonia and in aq. soln. is a mono-acidic base. At a certain
temperature, a 0.30M solution of ethylamine has a pH value of 12.11. What is the
ionization constant of this base at that temperature?
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = 14.00 – 12.11
pOH = 1.89

[OH − ] = 10 − pOH
[OH-] = 10-1.89
[OH-] = 0.013 M

Kb = 5.9 x 10-4
11) Calculate the pH of each of the following aqueous solutions:

a. 2.17x10-3M HCl
[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = -log [2.17 x 10-3M]
pH = 2.66
b. 0.100M NaHSO4
[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = -log [0.100M]
pH = 1.00
c. 0.150M HNO2
[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = -log [0.150M]
pH = 0.82
d. 7.50 x 10-2M NaOH
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 – (-log[OH-])
pH = 14.00 + log (7.50x10-2M)

25
 pH = 12.88

12) Calculate the pH of an aqueous solution containing acetic acid at an analytical

concentration of
a. 3.00 x 10-1M
[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = -log [3.00 x 10-1M]
pH = 0.52
b. 3.00 x 10-10M
[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = -log [3.00 x 10-10M]
pH = 9.52

13) A 0.0722M solution of a weak acid has a pH of 3.11. Calculate the Ka of this acid.
[ H + ] = 10 − pH
[H+] = 10-3.11
[H+] = 7.8 x 10-4 M

Ka = 8.5 x 10-6

14) A 0.250M solution of a weak base has a pH of 9.91. Calculate Kb.

pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = 14.00 – 9.91
pOH = 4.09

[OH − ] = 10 − pOH
[OH-] = 10-4.09
[OH-] = 8.1 x 10-5 M

Kb = 2.6 x 10-8

15)
a. What is the pH value of a solution of which the hydrogen-ion concentration is
2.8x10-3M? Is the solution acidic or alkaline?
[ ]
pH = − log H +
pH = -log [2.8 x 10-3M]

26
 pH = 2.55, acidic

b. What is the pH value of a solution of with a pOH value of 4.17? Is the solution
acidic or alkaline?
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 – pOH
pH = 9.83, alkaline

16) What is the hydrogen-ion concentration of a solution of which the pH value is -0.55?
[ H + ] = 10 − pH
[H+] = 100.55
[H+] = 3.5 M

17)
a. What is the pOH value of a solution which the hydrogen-ion concentration is
5.2x10-4M? Is the solution acid or alkaline?
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = 14.00 – (-log[H+])
pOH = 14.00 + log (5.3 x 10-4M)
pOH = 10.72, acidic

b. What is the hydroxyl-ion concentration of a solution of which the pH value is

9.27? Is the solution acid or alkaline?
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = 14.00 – pH
pOH = 4.73, alkaline

[OH − ] = 10 − pOH
[OH-] = 10-4.73
[OH-] = 1.9 x 10-5 M

18) The ionization constant for ascorbic acid HC6H7O8 is 8.1 x 10-5. Calculate [H+] of 0.10M
ascorbic acid.
HC6H7O8 ↔ H+ + C6H7O8-
I 0.010 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 0.010 – x x x
Test equation:

[acid ]
≥ 1000
Ka

x2 = 8.1 x 10-5
x = 2.8 x 10-3
[H+] = 2.8 x 10-3

27
 19) Propanoic acid, HC3H5O2 is 0.72% ionized in 0.25M solution. What is its ionization
constant?
[H + ]
%i =
[ HA]
+
[H ] = (0.25) (0.0072M)
[H+] = 1.8 x 10-3 M

Ka = 1.3 x 10-5

20) What are [H+], [C7H5O2-] and [HC7H5O2] in a 0.50M solution of benzoic acid if the
ionization constant is 6.4 x 10-5.?
HC3H5O2 ↔ H+ + C3H5O2-
I 0.50 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 0.50 – x x x

Test equation:

[acid ]
≥ 1000
Ka
x = 5.7 x 10-3
[H+] = 5.7 x 10-3 M
[C7H5O2-] = 5.7 x 10-3 M
[HC7H5O2] = 0.49

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

1. For the cell diagram

Zn | ZnSO4(1.00M) || CuSO4(1.00F) | Cu
a. Write the anode reaction
b. Write the cathode reaction
c. What is the overall equation?

2. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ ↔ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ 4H2O

3.
4.

28
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

29
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Calculations of Analytic Chemistry 6th Edition

Leicester Hamilton & Stephen Simpson
• Analytic Chemistry 6th Edition
An Introduction
Douglas Skoog, Donald West & James Holler
• Analytic Chemistry
Principles and Techniques
Larry G. Harris
• Analytical Chemistry
An Introduction
Douglas Skoog & Donald West
• College Chemistry 7th Edition
G. Brooks King, William Caldwell & Max Williams
• Fundamentals of Chemistry
Fred Redmore
• Chemistry
Principles and Reactions
William Masterton & Cecile Hurley

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